多智能体与元胞自动机结合及城市用地扩张模拟

运用多智能体(Agent)和元胞自动机(CA)结合来模拟城市用地扩张的方法,将影响和决定用地类型转变的主体作为Agent引进元胞自动机模型中,Agent在CA确定的城市发展概率的基础上,通过自身及其周围环境的状况,综合各种因素的影响做出决策,决定元胞下一时刻的城市发展概率。运用Agent的决策结果,对CA模型中以随机变量体现的不确定性通过Agent决策行为给予地理意义的新解释。以城市郊区—樟木头镇为例,对1988～1993年城市用地扩张进行了模拟研究,取得了良好的模拟效果。     

基于动态约束的元胞自动机与复杂城市系统的模拟

为获得复杂城市系统更理想的模拟效果,提出时空动态约束的城市元胞自动机(CA)模型。用不同区域、不同时间新增加的城市用地总量作为CA模型的约束条件,形成时空动态约束的CA模型,并利用该模型模拟1988—2010年东莞市和深圳市城市扩张过程。结果表明,利用CA模型模拟的1993年城市用地总精度比静态CA模型提高了5.86%,而且模型中的动态约束条件可以反映城市发展的时空差异性。     

分析学习智能元胞自动机及优化的城市模拟

元胞自动机被广泛应用于城市及其他地理现象的模拟,模拟过程中的最大问题是如何确定模型的结构和参数。该文提出一种基于分析学习的智能优化元胞自动机,该模型在逻辑回归模型的基础上,基于分析学习的智能方法,寻找元胞自动机模型的最佳参数。该方法允许用户控制空间变量影响权重,进而模拟出不同的城市发展模式,可为城市规划提供重要参考。     

基于GIS的地理元胞自动机模拟框架及其应用

提出了一种基于GIS的地理元胞自动机模型框架:SimUrban,用于城市发展和演化的模拟与预测。该框架基于面向对象技术,在GIS环境下利用VS.NET开发而成,可以集成遥感和GIS数据以及新的转换规则和地理CA模型,从而模拟城市演化并进行精度评定。以上海市嘉定区为例,在SimUrban环境下利用基于主成分分析(PCA)的地理CA模型模拟了该区域1989-2006年城市发展和演化过程。     

元胞自动机的地理过程模拟机制及扩展

地理空间、地理梯度、地理流和空间关系是经典地理学进行地理过程分析常用的4个基本概念,元胞自动机(CA)作为复杂空间系统研究的重要工具。分析表明,其与经典地理过程分析理论具有类似地表达机制,因而能有效地进行地理过程模拟。但由于标准CA是一种更广泛抽象的空间模型,其对地理特征的描述存在一定局限,限制了其更真实地模拟地理过程的能力。论文提出了基于地理特征的CA概念模型,深圳特区土地利用演化的实证研究表明,地理特征CA概念模型具有极大的应用价值。     

地理元胞自动机模型研究进展

元胞自动机(Cellular Automata,简称CA)是一种基于微观个体的相互作用空间离散动态模型,其强大的计算功能、固有的平行计算能力、高度动态及空间概念等特征,使它在模拟空间复杂系统的时空动态演变研究具有较强的优势。文章回顾了元胞自动机的发展历程,阐述了CA在地理学中的主要应用领域和研究进展,在此基础上,以现实世界地理实体及现代城市扩张特征为视角,分析目前CA研究所面临的问题,并对其未来的研究趋势进行了初步探讨,认为以下3个方面将是未来CA研究的热点：① 利用不规则元胞及可控邻域的CA模型,对不同规则或不同邻域地理实体的模拟研究;② 采用三维元胞自动机对现代城市扩张进行立体化模拟,以克服二维CA模型的缺陷;③ 将矢量元胞自动机模型应用于地理实体的模拟研究,进一步提高模拟精度。     

基于分区域的元胞自动机及城市扩张模拟

元胞自动机用于模拟城市扩张具有很好的空间建模能力,通常采用的建模方式将影响因子的空间条件作为线性要素对待,而在元胞转换规则建模中考虑影响因子的空间非线性特征更逼近真实状况.该文提出一种基于分区域的元胞自动机模型,通过划分各个全局影响因子的重要性子区域,计算不同类型区域中各因子对土地利用转换的影响强度,从而得到全区域的空间非线性转换规则.利用该模型模拟东莞市1988-1993年的城市扩展过程,并与Logistic模型模拟结果对比,表明这种有空间约束条件的分区域元胞自动机模拟精度更高,能有效模拟城市扩张的空间格局.     

地理元胞自动机模型的尺度敏感性及原因

地理元胞自动机模型的模拟精度会受到元胞尺度的影响。以杭州市土地利用变化模拟为例,分析了元胞尺度分别为50m×50m、100m×100m、150m×150m和200m×200m时地理元胞自动机模型的模拟精度,对地理元胞自动机模型的尺度敏感性进行了分析;并从元胞转换规则入手,研究了元胞自动机模型尺度敏感性产生的原因:(1)元胞尺度会对地理元胞自动机模型的模拟精度产生影响,元胞尺度越精细模拟精度越高;(2)元胞自动机模型的尺度敏感性与元胞尺度相关,在有些尺度区间上表现得明显,而在有些尺度区间上表现并不明显;(3)孤立元胞是元胞自动机模型尺度敏感性产生的主要原因。研究表明,随着元胞尺度的增大,元胞空间的孤立元胞增多,这些孤立元胞本身及其周围元胞具有较低的邻域函数值和较小的转换概率值,并影响了地理元胞自动机模型的模拟精度。     

元胞模型在地貌演化模拟中的应用浅析

元胞自动机是一个时空离散的动力学模型,是复杂系统的研究方法之一。从80年代后期开始,在许多领域都得到广泛的应用与发展。地貌是一个非线性动态复杂系统,元胞自动机模型(或更广意义上的元胞模型)为研究复杂地貌系统的动态演化提供了新的方法论工具。本文根据近些年国内外该领域的研究成果,对元胞模型在地貌演化模拟中的应用及进展进行了探讨,并分析了元胞模型方法在地貌演化模拟中的优势和不足。     

顾及城市空间结构信息的元胞自动机模型构建及其应用

利用衡量新增斑块空间邻接关系的多阶景观扩张指数定量识别城市组团的空间特征,结合城市组团所表现出的城市空间结构信息,构建基于MLEI的元胞自动机城市扩展（MLEI-CA）模型。针对武汉市1990、2000、2013年3期遥感影像数据,运用MLEI-CA对武汉市城市扩展进行模拟,通过与Logistic-CA模型对比验证该模型的适用性。研究结果表明,MLEI-CA模型更加准确地揭示城市扩展的空间演变过程,MLEI-CA模型精度优于Logistic-CA模型,Kappa系数、城市用地的精度分别提高6%和4%。     

Parallel cellular automata for large-scale urban simulation using load-balancing techniques

Cellular automata (CA), which are a kind of bottom-up approaches, can be used to simulate urban dynamics and land use changes effectively. Urban simulation usually involves a large set of GIS data in terms of the extent of the study area and the number of spatial factors. The computation capability becomes a bottleneck of implementing CA for simulating large regions. Parallel computing techniques can be applied to CA for solving this kind of hard computation problem. This paper demonstrates that the performance of large-scale urban simulation can be significantly improved by using parallel computation techniques. The proposed urban CA is implemented in a parallel framework that runs on a cluster of PCs. A large region usually consists of heterogeneous or polarized development patterns. This study proposes a line-scanning method of load balance to reduce waiting time between parallel processors. This proposed method has been tested in a fast-growing region, the Pearl River Delta. The experiments indicate that parallel computation techniques with load balance can significantly improve the applicability of CA for simulating the urban development in this large complex region.     

基于遗传算法自动获取CA模型的参数

本文提出了基于遗传算法来寻找CA模型最佳参数的方法。CA被越来越多地应用于城市和土地利用等复杂系统的动态模拟。CA模型中变量的参数值对模拟结果有非常重要的影响。如何获取理想的参数值是模型的关键。传统的逻辑回归模型运算简单,常常用来获取模型的参数值,要求解释变量间线性无关,所以获取的城市CA模型参数具有一定的局限性。遗传算法在参数优化组合、快速搜索参数值方面有很大的优势。本文利用遗传算法来自动获取优化的CA模型参数值,并获得了纠正后的CA模型。将该模型应用于东莞1988~2004年的城市发展的模拟中,得到了较好的效果。研究结果表明,遗传算法可以有效地自动获取CA模型的参数,其模拟的结果要比传统的逻辑回归校正的CA模型模拟精度高。     

Simulating urban growth by integrating landscape expansion index (LEI) and cellular automata

Traditional urban cellular automata (CA) model can effectively simulate infilling and edge-expansion growth patterns. However, most of these models are incapable of simulating the outlying growth. This paper proposed a novel model called LEI-CA which incorporates landscape expansion index (LEI) with CA to simulate urban growth. Urban growth type is identified by calculating the LEI index of each cell. Case-based reasoning technique is used to discover different transition rules for the adjacent growth type and the outlying growth type, respectively. We applied the LEI-CA model to the simulation of urban growth in Dongguan in southern China. The comparison between logistic-based CA and LEI-CA indicates that the latter can yield a better performance. The LEI-CA model can improve urban simulation accuracy over logistic-based CA by 13.8%, 10.8% and 6.9% in 1993, 1999 and 2005, respectively. Moreover, the outlying growth type hardly exists in the simulation by logistic-based CA, while the proposed LEI-CA model performs well in simulating different urban growth patterns. Our experiments illustrate that the LEI-CA model not only overcomes the deficiencies of traditional CA but might also better understand urban evolution process.     

基于近邻传播聚类元胞自动机模型的武汉城市扩散和聚合过程同步模拟

元胞自动机（CA）作为城市时空动态模拟应用最广泛的模型,可以有效模拟填充式和边缘式城市扩张过程,但是在飞地式扩张模拟方面稍显不足。本文提出一种改进CA模型—APCA,在传统CA基础上利用近邻传播聚类（AP）搜寻城市扩散增长的“种子点”,实现城市增长扩散过程和聚合过程的同步模拟。以武汉市为研究区域,使用APCA模拟其在2005—2025年间城市扩张的时空过程。结果显示：① APCA在设置“种子点”数量为1~8个时模拟总体精度均高于Logistics-CA,当“种子点”数量为6时,模拟新增部分精度最高,达到0.5217;② 2015—2025年武汉市飞地型增长面积约为8.67 km²,占新增城市用地总面积比例为6.30%;③ 武汉市1995—2025年间“先扩散后聚合”的城市扩张过程符合城市增长相位理论。APCA在一定程度上了完善了传统二维平面CA框架,将城市扩张模拟维度由面维扩展到点维,为准确展现城市用地空间扩展规律提供参考。     

A partitioned and asynchronous cellular automata model for urban growth simulation

Cellular automata (CA) models are used to analyze and simulate the global phenomenon of urban growth. However, these models are characterized by ignoring spatially heterogeneous transition rules and asynchronous evolving rates, which make it difficult to improve urban growth simulations. In this paper, a partitioned and asynchronous cellular automata (PACA) model was developed by implementing the spatial heterogeneity of both transition rules and evolving rates in urban growth simulations. After dividing the study area into several subregions by k-means and knn-cluster algorithms, a C5.0 decision tree algorithm was employed to identify the transition rules in each subregion. The evolving rates for cells in each regularly divided grid were calculated by the rate of changed cells. The proposed PACA model was implemented to simulate urban growth in Wuhan, a large city in central China. The results showed that PACA performed better than traditional CA models in both a cell-to-cell accuracy assessment and a shape dimension accuracy assessment. Figure of merit of PACA is 0.368 in this research, which is significantly higher than that of partitioned CA (0.327) and traditional CA (0.247). As for the shape dimension accuracy, PACA has a fractal dimension of 1.542, which is the closest to that of the actual land use (1.535). However, fractal dimension of traditional CA (1.548) is closer to that of the actual land use than that of partitioned CA (1.285). It indicates that partitioned transition rules play an important role in the cell-to-cell accuracy of CA models, whereas the combination of partitioned transition rules and asynchronous evolving rates results in improved cell-to-cell accuracy and shape dimension accuracy. Thus, implementing partitioned transition rules and asynchronous evolving rates yields better CA model performance in urban growth simulations due to its accordance with actual urban growth processes.     

How much past to see the future: a computational study in calibrating urban cellular automata

The objective of this computational study was to investigate to which extent the availability and the way of use of historical maps may affect the quality of the calibration process of cellular automata (CA) urban models. The numerical experiments are based on a constrained CA applied to a case study. Since the model depends on a large number of parameters, we optimize the CA using cooperative coevolutionary particle swarms, which is an approach known for its ability to operate effectively in search spaces with a high number of dimensions. To cope with the relevant computational cost related to the high number of CA simulations required by our study, we use a parallelized CA model that takes advantage of the computing power of graphics processing units. The study has shown that the accuracy of simulations can be significantly influenced by both the number and position in time of the historical maps involved in the calibration.     

Characterization of neighborhood sensitivity of an irregular cellular automata model of urban growth

The neighborhood definition, which determines the influence on a cell from its nearby cells within a localized region, plays a critical role in the performance of a cellular automaton (CA) model. Raster CA models use a cellular grid to represent geographic space, and are sensitive to the cell size and neighborhood configuration. However, the sensitivity of vector-based CAs, an alternative to the raster-based counterpart, to neighborhood type and size remains uninvestigated. The present article reports the results of a detailed sensitivity analysis of an irregular CA model of urban land use dynamics. The model uses parcel data at the cadastral scale to represent geographic space, and was implemented to simulate urban growth in Central Texas, USA. Thirty neighborhood configurations defined by types and sizes were considered in order to examine the variability in the model outcome. Results from accuracy assessments and landscape metrics confirmed the model’s sensitivity to neighborhood configurations. Furthermore, the centroid intercepted neighborhood with a buffer of 120 m produced the most accurate simulation result. This neighborhood produced scattered development while the centroid extent-wide neighborhood resulted in a clustered development predominantly near the city center.     

Coupling fuzzy clustering and cellular automata based on local maxima of development potential to model urban emergence and expansion in economic development zones

ABSTRACT

Modeling urban growth in Economic development zones (EDZs) can help planners determine appropriate land policies for these regions. However, sometimes EDZs are established in remote areas outside of central cities that have no historical urban areas. Existing models are unable to simulate the emergence of urban areas without historical urban land in EDZs. In this study, a cellular automaton (CA) model based on fuzzy clustering is developed to address this issue. This model is implemented by coupling an unsupervised classification method and a modified CA model with an urban emergence mechanism based on local maxima. Through an analysis of the planning policies and existing infrastructure, the proposed model can detect the potential start zones and simulate the trajectory of urban growth independent of the historical urban land use. The method is validated in the urban emergence simulation of the Taiping Bay development zone in Dalian, China from 2013 to 2019. The proposed model is applied to future simulation in 2019–2030. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can be used to predict urban emergence and generate the possible future urban form, which will assist planners in determining the urban layout and controlling urban growth in EDZs.     

Simulating land-use dynamics under planning policies by integrating artificial immune systems with cellular automata

Cellular automata (CA) have been increasingly used in simulating urban expansion and land-use dynamics. However, most urban CA models rely on empirical data for deriving transition rules, assuming that the historical trend will continue into the future. Such inertia CA models do not take into account possible external interventions, particularly planning policies, and thus have rarely been used in urban and land-use planning. This paper proposes to use artificial immune systems (AIS) as a technique for incorporating external interventions and generating alternatives in urban simulation. Inspired by biological immune systems, the primary process of AIS is the evolution of a set of ‘antibodies’ that are capable of learning through interactions with a set of sample ‘antigens’. These ‘antibodies’ finally get ‘matured’ and can be used to identify/classify other ‘antigens’. An AIS-based CA model incorporates planning policies by altering the evolution mechanism of the ‘antibodies’. Such a model is capable of generating different scenarios of urban development under different land-use policies, with which the planners will be able to answer ‘what if’ questions and to evaluate different options. We applied an AIS-based CA model to the simulation of urban agglomeration development in the Pearl River Delta in southern China. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed model can be very useful in exploring various planning scenarios of urban development.     

A high-performance cellular automata model for urban simulation based on vectorization and parallel computing technology

Cellular automata (CA) models can simulate complex urban systems through simple rules and have become important tools for studying the spatio-temporal evolution of urban land use. However, the multiple and large-volume data layers, massive geospatial processing and complicated algorithms for automatic calibration in the urban CA models require a high level of computational capability. Unfortunately, the limited performance of sequential computation on a single computing unit (i.e. a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU)) and the high cost of parallel design and programming make it difficult to establish a high-performance urban CA model. As a result of its powerful computational ability and scalability, the vectorization paradigm is becoming increasingly important and has received wide attention with regard to this kind of computational problem. This paper presents a high-performance CA model using vectorization and parallel computing technology for the computation-intensive and data-intensive geospatial processing in urban simulation. To transfer the original algorithm to a vectorized algorithm, we define the neighborhood set of the cell space and improve the operation paradigm of neighborhood computation, transition probability calculation, and cell state transition. The experiments undertaken in this study demonstrate that the vectorized algorithm can greatly reduce the computation time, especially in the environment of a vector programming language, and it is possible to parallelize the algorithm as the data volume increases. The execution time for the simulation of 5-m resolution and 3 × 3 neighborhood decreased from 38,220.43 s to 803.36 s with the vectorized algorithm and was further shortened to 476.54 s by dividing the domain into four computing units. The experiments also indicated that the computational efficiency of the vectorized algorithm is closely related to the neighborhood size and configuration, as well as the shape of the research domain. We can conclude that the combination of vectorization and parallel computing technology can provide scalable solutions to significantly improve the applicability of urban CA.