历史地理

TU9842007010595明清时期江南城镇的空间分布=Spatial distribution of cities in Jiangnan of Ming and Qing dynasties/陆希刚∥城市规划学刊.—2006(3).—29~35以空间为线索,通过历时性和共时性研究相结合的方法,对明清时期江南城镇及其与区域社会经济发展的关系进行整体分析研究,并通过比较研究对明清时期江南的地位和城镇特征进行探讨.明清江南为克服生存压力,形成了建立在“斯密型成长”基础上的商品经济以及相应的城镇空间分布.江南模式代表了前近代时期常态发展的最高水平,其城镇具有以下特征:商业职能为主而工业职能薄弱,生活性…     

近六百年来长江三角洲地区城镇空间与城镇体系格局演变分析

基于历史文献、古地图和现代遥感数据,引入历史学古代城镇形态复原方法,复原（提取）明代以来长江三角洲地区113座城镇7个时间断面（1461年、1820年、1930年、1970年、1980年、2000年和2010年）下的城镇边界,采用扩张速率、扩张效率、首位度指数和位序-规模法则,分析了近六百年来区域城镇空间与城镇体系等级规模演变格局。取得以下研究结果：\mathrm{①}研究时段内,区内城镇用地总规模由205.98 km²增加到6442.19 km²,扩大了31.27倍;城镇扩张经历了萌芽阶段（明清时期）、起步阶段（民国至改革开放前夕）、成长阶段（改革开放至2000年）和加速阶段（2000—2010年）,城镇扩张速率不断加快,但扩张效率有待提升;\mathrm{②}在城镇等级规模空间格局上,明清时期南京与苏州为区内的一级城镇,民国后,上海逐渐取代其地位,从五级城镇发展成为区域核心城镇,四级以上城镇主要集中在长江干流沿岸和太湖流域,五级以下城镇大多集中在安徽;城镇体系呈首位型分布,城镇首位度较高,且改革开放后的城镇首位度较明清与民国时期要高,不同等级规模城镇之间差距扩大,大城镇优势较强。近30年,长江沿岸城镇发展加速,苏锡常都市圈、南京都市圈等逐渐形成并快速发展。     

国土资源

F124.5 2003021489西藏高原的景观、资源价值及其合理开发/徐凤翔//地理(复印刊)一2002(l)一43一45(尧)BeF129.9,F323.24 2003021490长江中下游岸线资源的特征及其开发利用二The character-isties of the waterfront resourees in the middle and lower reaeh-es of the Yangtze River and their exploitation and uril俪rionz/王传胜,王开章//地理学报一2002,57(6)一693一700 运用大比例尺水下地形图,在岸线资源总量勘查的基础上,评价了长江中下游千流岸线的水深条件、岸线稳定性条件和建港自然条件,分析了本区域岸线资源的基本特征,提…     

《明清珠江三角洲城镇发展与生态环境演变互动研究》评介

<正>自20世纪70年代后期以来,随着人文地理的复苏,中国历史地理学呈现出了蓬勃发展的态势,历史城镇地理学作为中国历史地理学的一个重要研究领域,已经开始从以往单个城镇的历史地理研究向区域城镇地理研究方向发展,但是断代性质的区域城镇地理研究仍然是比较薄弱的环节,理论和方法有待更进一步完善和提高。2014年4月长江出版社出版的吴宏岐教授新著《明清珠江三角洲城镇发展与生态环境演变互动研究》,选取明清     

《明清长江流域山区资源开发与环境变迁》评介

位于我国西北、西南、中南地区交界地带的秦岭大巴山地区,在明清时期我国普遍兴起的山地开发中具有典型意义.武汉大学张建民教授的<明清长江流域山区资源开发与环境变迁--以秦岭大巴山区为中心>一书(武汉大学出版社2007年11月出版),以其丰富翔实的资料、宏观与微观结合的视野、条分缕析的缜密分析,对明清时期长江中上游我国重要经济区与生态区的秦岭大巴山地区山地经济与地理环境变迁作了全面深入的研究,在一定程度上填补了国内历史上山地经济开发与环境变迁研究的空白.     

WINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL FACTORS OF SURFACE SEDIMENTS IN THE SEA AREA NORtHWEST OF THE ANTARCTIC RENINSULA

Analysis and study of clastic and clay minerals of surface sediments and their chemical composition in the sea area northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula enable the authors to divide this area basically into four mineralogical provinces: (1) the mineral ogical province of coast and island shelf of the Southern Shetland Islands, (2) the mineral ogical province of the eastern Bransfield Strait, (3) the mineral ogical province of the western Bransfield Strait, and (4)the mineral ogical province of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Finally, the relationships between the mineral distribution and geologic, structure, material sources, glaciers, currents, and environments are briefly described.     

2000年来中国瘴病分布变迁的初步研究

中国古籍里所说的瘴病主要是指恶性疟疾一类的传染病,它主要发生在热湿的气候环境和夏秋季节。2000年来,由于人为的作用和气候的变迁,其主要分布范围具有逐渐南移的趋势:战国西汉时期以秦岭淮河为北界;隋唐五代时期以大巴山长江为北界;明清时期则以南岭为北界。历史时期瘴病的流行,是导致瘴病分布区域社会经济发展相对缓慢的重要因素之一。     

Composition and flux of nurtients transport to the Changjiang Estuary

Based on the results of water sample measurements of nutrient concentrations at the Datong Station of Changjiang River from 1998 to 1999,combined with historiceal data of water quality,seasonal variations of nutrient concentrations and nutrient transports are discussed.Tthe following results have been obtained:(1)the fluxes of the nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen increased by time0series from 1962 to 1990,even if runoff volume had a little variation;(2)the concentrations and fluxes of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)increased notably with time,but those of th dissolved silicon(DSI)decreased pronouncedly,and (3) the concentrations and fluxes changed synchronously with time between the Datong Station and the Changjiang Estuary.     

国土资源

P748 2007021543安徽无为县长江岸线资源评价与开发研究=Resources eval- uation and development of waterfront along Changjiang River mainstream:a sample on the Wuwei county metropolis/曹卫东,曹玉红…//安徽师范大学学报．自然科学版．—2006, 29(6)．—586～590运用GIS手段,遴选了岸前水深、岸线稳定性、岸前航道水域宽度和后方陆域场地条件四项评价,对无为县长江     

基于RS与GIS的三峡库区(重庆段)人居环境适宜性评价

To explore geographical differences in quantitative characteristics and spatial pat-tern of human settlements environmental suitability (HSES) in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA),terrain,climate,hydrology,vegetation and other natural factors were selected to build the livable environmental evaluation,and the quantitative analysis was conducted through Remote Sensing(RS) and Geographic Informational System (GIS) to reveal geo-graphical characteristics and spatial patterns of HSES.The results are obtained as follows:(1) inhabitants of the TGRA of Chongqing are concentrated in the area with moderate high HSES,which is 78% of the total population distributed in 48% of the study area;(2) the HSES is closely related to the terrain,and it forms an arc-banded spatial succession pattern:relatively low in the northeast and the southeast while comparatively high in the west and the south;(3) large numbers of people are distributed in the area with low suitability (with higher population density than the average of the western China),but economic development level in these areas is quite low.Moreover,these areas are ecological sensitive and fragile,many kinds of eco-environmental problems have been caused by human activities.Therefore,population migration and layout are reasonable options for the development of these areas.     

内蒙古浑善达克沙地南缘~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)复合示踪研究（英文）

Wind-driven soil erosion results in land degradation, desertification, atmospheric dust, and sandstorms. The Hunshandake Sandy Land, an important part of the Two Barriers and Three Belts project, plays important roles in preventing desert and sandy land expansion and in maintaining local sustainability. Hence, assessing soil erosion and soil accumulation moduli and analyzing the dynamic changes are valuable. In this paper, Zhenglan Banner,located on the southern margin of the Hunshandake Sandy Land, was selected as the study area. The soil erosion and accumulation moduli were estimated using the ~(137)Cs and ~(210)Pb_(ex) composite tracing technique, and the dynamics of soil erosion and soil accumulation were analyzed during two periods. The results are as follows:(1) the regional ~(137)Cs reference inventory was 2123.5±163.94 Bq/m~2, and the regional ~(210)Pb_(ex) reference inventory was 8112±1787.62 Bq/m~2.(2) Based on the ~(137)Cs isotope tracing analysis, the erosion moduli ranged from –483.99 to 740.31 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1). Based on the ~(210)Pb_(ex) isotope tracing analysis, the erosion moduli ranged from –441.53 to 797.98 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1).(3) Compared with the earliest 50 years, the subsequent 50 years exhibited lower soil erosion moduli and accumulation moduli.Therefore, the activities of local sand dunes weakened, and the quality of the local ecological environment improved. The multi-isotope composite tracing technique combining the tracers ~(137)Cs and ~(210)Pb_(ex) has potential for similar soil erosion studies in arid or semiarid regions around the world.     

2020 年《地理学报》办刊进展

2020年《地理学报(英文版)》(Journal of Geographical Sciences, JGS)来稿511篇,出版12期,刊文116篇,刊发2092页。2020年《地理学报(英文版)》组稿出版专辑4个,即30卷第1期全球与区域地表特征和社会经济情景研究专辑(Global and Regional Land Surface Characteristics and Socioeconomic Scenarios)、30卷第4期长江经济带国土空间开发与保护专辑(Development and Protection of Territorial Space in the Yangtze River Economic Belt)、30卷第6期地球关键带生物地球化学专辑(Biogeochemistry in the Earth’s Critical Zone)、30卷第11期中亚城市化、资源与环境专辑(Urbanization, Resources and Environment in Central Asia)。     

Adaptive evolution of the rural human–environment system in farming and pastoral areas of northern China from 1952–2017

The theory on the cyclic adaptation between society and ecosystems sheds new light on the evolution and internal structure of human–environment systems. This paper introduces the risk index(RI) and adaptation capacity index(ACI) to evaluate the rural human–environment system. An evaluation index system for the adaptability of rural human–environment systems is configured in the context of climate change and policy implementation. On this basis, the stages, features, dominant control factors, and evolution mechanism were examined vis-à-vis the adaptability of the rural human–environment system in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner from 1952 to 2017. The main results are as follows:(1) The evolution of the rural human–environment system can be divided into three stages, namely, the reorganization and rapid development stage(1952–2002) with population, cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland increasing by 260%, 13%, 134% and 16.33%, respectively. The rapid to stable development stage(2003–2010) with population increasing by 2.8%; cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland decreasing by 2.3%, 13.6% and 10.7%, respectively. The stable to release stage(2011–2017) with population, cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland decreasing by 2.6%, 0.2%, 10.6% and 3.8%, respectively.(2) With the passage of time, the ACI of the rural human–environment system first increased slightly(–0.016–0.031), followed by a slight decline(0.031–0.003), and culminating in a rapid increase(0.003–0.088). In terms of spatial patterns, adaptability is high in the middle, moderate in the north, and low in the south.(3) The evolution of adaptability in the rural human–environment system was mainly controlled by the per capita effective irrigation area(22.31%) and the per capita number of livestock(23.47%) from 1990 to 2000, the desertified area(25.06%) and the land use intensity(21.27%) from 2000 to 2005, and the per capita income of farmers and herdsmen(20.08%) and the per capita number of livestock(18.52%) from 2010 to 2007.(4) Under the effects of climate change and policy interventions, the cyclic adaptation of the rural human–environment system was propelled by the interactions between two kinds of subjects: farmers and herdsmen on the one hand and rural communities on the other hand. The interaction affects the adaptive behavior of the two kinds of subjects, which in turn drives the cyclic evolution of the system. As a result, the system structure and functions developed alternatively between coordinated and uncoordinated states. Small-scale adaptive behaviors of farmers and herdsmen have a profound impact on the evolution of the rural human–environment system.     

Analyses of spring mean circulations for major and minor dust storm years in China–Mongolia area

To better understand the dust storm (hereafter DS) inducing circulation in the China–Mongolia (CM) DS activity area, the spring mean circulation features and differences on lower levels in three subregions of the CM DS area for the major- and minor-DS years have, as a whole (not partly), been analyzed, utilizing the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalyzed gridded data, the observed DS frequency data in the CM area, and the composite analysis method. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Judging from the differences in the DS-inducing systems, dust origins, paths of invading cold air, and main DS-strike areas, the whole CM DS area is roughly divided into the three subregions: the East-, Middle- and West-CM subregions (in this paper, referred to as E-, M-, and W-CM). (2) In major DSs during spring over the E-CM, the middle- and lower-level troughs or cyclones over the Japan Sea and northeastern China (NEC) dominate. The invading cold air along the northeastern (NE) or north by east (NE) path often causes the DS in the E-CM region. But nearly the opposite is true in minor DS during spring in E-CM. (3) In the major DS during spring over the M-CM region, the Mongolian troughs or cyclones are the main DS-inducing systems. The strong invading cold air along the northwestern (NW)- or north by west (Nw) path causes the DSs in the M-CM region. (4) In the major DSs during spring over the W-CM region, the South Xinjiang heat lows prevail, the intruding cold air has a western path, and creates the DSs in South Xinjiang. (5) In the past 50 years, the DSs over the M-CM region have had the most severe impact on the preceding three subregions of the CM DS area. Overall, DS activities over all of three regions of the CM area decreased in the past (particularly, over M- and W-CM regions since the mid-1980s. But there existed a short and sudden increasing in E-CM in the years 2000–2002. (6) It is circulation changes and desertification evolutions that cause the yearly and decadal changes of DS in CM area, especially the former. With the backdrop of global warming in the future, perhaps the decreased DS activities over M- and W-CM will persist for some time again, and special attention should be paid to ones over E-CM or to the individual DS events over M- and W-CM.     

华南弧形海岸岸线形态与地貌发育模式

Coastline configuration indexes of 34 typical arc-shaped coasts in South China are investigated by the method of principal component analysis, and meanwhile deposition and geomorphologic features of arc-shaped coast are also analyzed. The results show: (1) The configuration of arc-shaped coast in South China is of the characteristic of variability and complexity. (2) The wave power and the openings of the bay are the decisive factors to result in the changes of the configuration of the arc-shaped coast in South China, however, incidence direction of the wave has no effect on configuration development of the coast. (3) Commonly, geomorphologic modes of the arc-shaped coast system in South China consist of barriers, lagoons and tidal-inlets, and can be divided into four types:the openings of the bay leaning to the east, the openings of the bay leaning to the south, the openings of the bay leaning to the west and the openings of the bay leaning to the north.     

新疆气候时空变化特征及其趋势(英文)

Temperature and precipitation time series datasets from 1961 to 2005 at 65 meteorological stations were used to reveal the spatial and temporal trends of climate change in Xinjiang, China. Annual and seasonal mean air temperature and total precipitation were analyzed using Mann-Kendall (MK) test, inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, and R/S methods. The results indicate that: (1) both temperature and precipitation increased in the past 45 years, but the increase in temperature is more obvious than that of precipitation; (2) for temperature increase, the higher the latitude and the higher the elevation the faster the increase, though the latitude has greater influence on the increase. Northern Xinjiang shows a faster warming than southern Xinjiang, especially in summer; (3) increase of precipitation occurs mainly in winter in northern Xinjiang and in summer in southern Xinjiang. Ili, which has the most precipitation in Xinjiang, shows a weak increase of precipitation; (4) although both temperature and precipitation increased in general, the increase is different inside Xinjiang; (5) Hurst index (H) analysis indicates that climate change will continue the current trends.     

三江源区径流演变及其对气候变化的响应(英文)

Runoff at the three time scales(non-flooding season,flooding season and annual period) was simulated and tested from 1958 to 2005 at Tangnaihai(Yellow River Source Region:YeSR),Zhimenda(Yangtze River Source Region:YaSR) and Changdu(Lancang River Source Region:LcSR) by hydrological modeling,trend detection and comparative analysis.Also,future runoff variations from 2010 to 2039 at the three outlets were analyzed in A1B and B1 scenarios of CSIRO and NCAR climate model and the impact of climate change was tested.The results showed that the annual and non-flooding season runoff decreased significantly in YeSR,which decreased the water discharge to the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River,and intensified the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin,but the other two regions were not statistically significant in the last 48 years.Compared with the runoff in baseline(1990s),the runoff in YeSR would decrease in the following 30 years(2010-2039),especially in the non-flooding season.Thus the water shortage in the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River Basin would be serious continuously.The runoff in YaSR would increase,especially in the flooding season,thus the flood control situation would be severe.The runoff in LcSR would also be greater than the current runoff,and the annual and flooding season runoff would not change significantly,while the runoff variation in the non-flooding season is uncertain.It would increase significantly in the B1 scenario of CSIRO model but decrease significantly in B1 scenario of NCAR model.Furthermore,the most sensitive region to climate change is YaSR,followed by YeSR and LcSR.     

长江三角洲水系退化研究（英文）

Evolution of river systems under the background of human activities has been a heated topic among geographers and hydrologists. Spatial and temporal variations of river systems during the 1960s–2010s in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) were investigated based on streams derived from the topographic maps in the 1960 s, 1980 s and 2010 s. A list of indices, drainage density(Dd), water surface ratio(WSR), ratio of area to length of main streams(R), evolution coefficient of tributaries(K) and box dimension(D), were classified into three types(quantitative, structural, and complex indices) and used to quantify the variations of stream structure. Results showed that:(1) quantitative indices(Dd, WSR) presented decreasing trend in the past 50 years, and Dd in Wuchengxiyu, Hangjiahu and Yindongnan have decreased most, about 20%. Structurally, the Qinhuai River basin was characterized by significant upward R, and K value in Hangjiahu went down dramatically by 46.8% during the 1960s–2010s. Decreasing tendency in D was found dominating across the YRD, and decreasing magnitude in Wuchengxiyu and Hangjiahu peaks for 7.8% and 6.5%, respectively in the YRD.(2) Urbanization affected the spatial pattern of river system, and areas with high level of urbanization exhibited least Dd(2.18 km/km2), WSR(6.52%), K(2.64) and D(1.42), compared to moderate and low levels of urbanization.(3) Urbanization also affected the evolution of stream system. In the past 50 years, areas with high level of urbanization showed compelling decreasing tendency in quantitative(27.2% and 19.3%) and complex indices(4.9%) and trend of enlarging of main rivers(4.5% and 7.9% in periods of the 1960s–1980s and the 1980s–2010s). In the recent 30 years, areas with low level of urbanization were detected with significant downward trend in Dd and K.(4) Expanding of urban land, construction of hydraulic engineering and irrigation and water conservancy activities were the main means which degraded the river system in the YRD.     

基于遥感和地面数据的景观尺度叶面积指数和生物量的模拟

The method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and biomass at landscape scale using remote sensing images and surface data was discussed in this paper,The procedure was:(1) annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the landscape was calculated from TM images;(2) the relationship model between NDVI and LAI was built and annual maximum LAI over the landscape was simulated;(3) the relationship models between LAI and biomass were built and annual branch ,stem ,root and maximum leaf biomass over the landscape were simulated;(4) spatial distribution patterns of leaf biomass and LAI in different periods all the year round were obtained.The simulation was based on spatial analysis module GRID in ArcoInfo software ,The method is laso a kind of scaling method from patch scale to landscape scale ,A case study of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was dissertated ,Aalysis and primary validation were carried out to the simulated LAI and biomass for the major vegetation types in the Changbai Mountain in 1995.     

The 2nd IALE Asia-Pacific Region Conference Landscape Change and Human Activity

Lanzhou, China, Sept. 22-25th, 2001 ( First circular announcement) Jointly organized by: IALE-China; IALE-Australia Cold and Arid Regions Environmental & Engineering Research Institute, CAS Programme Committee: Richard Hobbs (Australia), Xiao Duning (China) Nobukazu Nakagoshi (Japan), Sun-Kee Hong (Korea), Parida Kuneepong (Thailand), Elena Klimina (Russia), Kalpana Bhakuni, (India), Zhan Zhiyong (Hong Kong, China), Chun-Yen Chang (Taibei, China)Objectives and Topics: A Theoretical aspects and quantitative approaches (Landscape pattern and processes, Landscape modeling, GIS and Remote sensing). B Landscape change and driving forces (Monitoring of landscape changes, Human activity and land use, Culture and landscape). C Landscape management and reconstruction (Ecological restoration of natural areas, Landscape planning in rural areas, Ecological risk and security assessment for catchments, Ecological engineering in agricultural landscapes). D Environment protection and ecological development in western China (Management of oasis landscape, desert landscape and desertification control, Biodiversity conservation, landscape Resources and tourism). E Urban landscape ecology Preliminary conference program: September 22, arrival in Lanzhou, Registration. September 23, plenary sessions; September 24, in-conference excursion (Lanzhou city) September 25, parallel sessions Working language: English Post conference excursions: September 26-29, 2001 No.1 Silk Road and Arid Region Landscape: Desert, Oasis, and Dunhuang. No.2 Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Meadow, Salt Lake and Qinghai Lake, Cool Desert No.3 World Natural Heritege: Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan Province (Forest and Waterfall)Call for papers: Participants intending to present a paper or a poster during the conference are requested to send an abstract (no longer than 500 words) as email or TXT format attachment to the conference secretary (Landscape2001@sina.com). Or, you can send the hard copy to: Dr. CAO Yu, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, P.O.Box 417, Shenyang, 110015, China. Please include the participant's full address (postal, phone, fax, email) in the abstract. The deadline for abstract submission is June 30th, 2001. Abstracts will be published as conference proceedings, which will be available at the conference. Selected papers will be published after the conference.Registration fee for the conference: US$300, including all meals during the conference, and coffee break refreshments. Room rent will be on your own.Registration fee for the excursions: US$500, including transportation and accommodations. Please notify the conference secretary about your interest for participation. Further conference announcement and registration forms will be sent to you later soon.Contact address: Academic information (Abstract etc.): Dr. LI Xiuzhen; Dr. CAO Yu (Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS) Shenyang 110015, China Tel: 86-24-23916291 Fax: 86-24-23843313 General information: Prof. WANG Genxu; Dr. JIAO Yuanmei (Cold and Arid Regions Environmental & Engineering Research Institute) Lanzhou 730000, China Tel: 86-931-8275120, 8275122 Fax: 86-931-8273894 Email: Landscape2001 @sina.com