SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF WATER PERCOLATION AND MOVEMENT IN A SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINAL DUNES,WESTERN NEGEV,ISRAEL

Subsurface lateral flow has previously been identified in dune areas where the average annual rainfall exceeds 200 mm. Very little is known about subsurface flow in sandy deserts with less than 100 mm of rainfall per year. The present study deals with the water regime in a system of longitudinal dunes in the Negev desert. Sixteen boreholes were dug, down to a depth of 6 m, across a sandy ridge and the adjacent corridor. Soil moisture and water movement were monitored with a neutron probe during two consecutive years. The first year had been relatively wet and in the following year the rainfall was slightly lower than the long-term average. The data obtained show that in an average year water percolation is limited to 60 cm with no lateral water movement. Deeper percolation, in the range 180–400 cm, occurs in response to rainy spells with about 100 mm of cumulative rain within two months. The process involves subsurface lateral flow and water movement by the piston effect. The lateral flow, on the flanks of the dune, is explained by differences in hydraulic conductivities within the sloping layers. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩石圈中水的临界奇异性与断裂耦合触发地震

以等压热容为例,研究岩石圈中水的临界奇异性及出现的条件,探讨岩石圈中水的临界奇异性与断裂耦合作用触发地震的可能性。岩石圈中水存在一、二级相变,相变时水的物理化学性质将发生明显改变,在临界点处表现出奇异性,如热容、膨胀系数和压缩系数等将趋于无穷大,按照Mie-Grneisen方程((P/T)V=γρCV),热容无穷大时将导致热压也趋于无穷大,压力将瞬时剧增。但水的临界奇异性出现的条件是温、压同时趋于临界值,在岩石圈中温、压是相互关联的,按照正常的地温梯度(15～35℃/km)和地压梯度(0.025～0.03GPa/km)计算,达到水的临界温度和压力的深度分别是24～10km和0.88～0.73km,即在岩石圈中若没有断裂的存在时则不可能同时达到水的临界温度和临界压力,不可能出现临界奇异性。断裂使压力降至水的临界压力,使得在岩石圈中某处温度和压力可同时达到水的临界值而出现奇异性,水的临界奇异性和断裂的耦合导致热压剧增,可能触发地震