Geophysical evidence for an extensive Pie de Palo Complex mafic–ultramafic belt,San Juan,Argentina

The recent completion of a high-resolution aeromagnetic survey over the Pie de Palo uplift of the western Sierras Pampeanas has revealed an area of large magnetic anomalies associated with the Pie de Palo Complex. The Las Pirquitas thrust, which has transported and uplifted the Pie de Palo Complex, is recognized for at least 30 km in a roughly NE direction along the western boundary of the Pie de Palo Complex, beyond its limited outcrop. The type of sediments of the Caucete Group in the footwall of the Las Pirquitas thrust, which are regarded as the leading edge of the Precordillera terrane, are associated with much less pronounced magnetic anomalies.In addition, a conspicuous, NNE trending, broad magnetic high stands out in the survey, several kilometers to the east of the main outcrops of the Pie de Palo Complex; this broad magnetic anomaly bisects the Pie de Palo basement block, and continues further south at least as far as 32°S, the southern boundary of the latest aeromagnetic survey. This magnetic anomaly is interpreted to represent a structure corresponding to the Grenvillian Precordillera–Pie de Palo tectonic boundary zone, and would comprise the buried largest part of the mafic–ultramafic belt.The geophysical model of the magnetic data indicates that the boundary zone dips to the east, possibly suggesting the existence of a set of synthetic east dipping, west-verging thrusts, of which only one major structure (Las Pirquitas thrust) is exposed; the possibility of other slivers of upthrust boundary zone material cannot be excluded. It is considered that the Pie de Palo Complex represents a small sliver upthrust from the unexposed boundary zone material (containing highly magnetic mafic–ultramafic rocks).The east-dipping, west verging structures associated with the Pie de Palo Complex are suggested to represent an Ordovician reactivation of a Grenvillian suture zone developed when the Precordillera basement and Pie de Palo terrane docked; this reactivation probably resulted from the collision of the Cuyania terrane onto the western margin of Gondwana.     

The Monian ‘Penmynydd Zone of Metamorphism’ in Llŷn,North Wales

In the Mona Complex of Llŷn, a narrow, steep belt of fine grained schists known as the Penmynydd Zone of Metamorphism lies between a deformed melange (Gwna Group) and a unit of gneisses and plutonic rocks (Sarn Complex). Rocks within and adjacent to this Zone are characterized by mylonitic textures. The highest grade Penmynydd rocks on Llŷn reached greenschist and, locally, glaucophanitic greenschist fades conditions. The schist belt is interpreted as a major shear zone formed as the Sarn Complex moved up against the lower grade Gwna Group. A previous interpretation of the schists (Shackleton 1956) as being the result of a prograde metamorphism from sub-greenschist facies Gwna Group to anatectic granitic and gneissic rocks of the Sarn Complex is rejected.     

Structural architecture of the northern composite terrane,the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt,India: Implications for Gondwana tectonics

New data from structural mapping and tectonic evaluation in the northern parts of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB-north) involving the interpretation of satellite images, field traverses, critical outcrop mapping and kinematic studies of macro- as well as microstructures of the shear zone rocks together with the geometry and disposition of Gondwana basins led to, for the first time, the elucidation of post-Grenvillian structural architecture of the terrane. This helps in assessing the sequence of successive tectonothermal events that were responsible for the origin and progressive evolution of the Permo-Carboniferous coal bearing sediments along the Mahanadi rift that forms significant in the reconstruction models of east Gondwana.The composite terrane of high-grade metamorphic rocks (EGMB-north), strikes E–W in contrast to the regional NE–SW trend of the EGMB. The structural architecture obtained from this study is controlled by the boundary shear zones and associated link shear zones. The dextral kinematic displacements along the Northern Boundary Shear Zone (NBSZ) as well as the Mahanadi Shear Zone (MSZ) and Koraput–Sonapur–Rairakhol Shear Zone (KSRSZ) were derived from multi-scale field based structural observations. A N–S structural cross-section presents a crustal-scale ‘flower structure’ across the composite terrane exposing different domains displaying distinctive internal structures with widely varying different geological evolution history and strain partitioning, separated by crustal-scale shear zones. Deep seismic imaging and gravity signatures support ‘flower structure’ model. The pervasive first formed gneissic fabrics were continuously reworked and partitioned into a series of E–W, crustal-scale shear zones.The Neoproterozoic regional dextral transpressional tectonics along the shear zones and their repeated reactivation could be responsible for initiation and successive evolution of Gondwana basins and different episodes of sedimentation. Available geochronological data shows that the structural architecture presented here is post-Grenvillian, which has been repeatedly reactivated through long-lived transpressional tectonics. The composite terrane is characterized by all the typical features of an oblique convergent orogen with transpressional kinematics in the middle to lower crust. The kinematic changes from transpression to transtensional stresses were found to be associated with global geodynamics related to the transformation from Rodinia to Gondwana configuration.     

基于欧拉反褶积法的无人机航磁找矿应用

无人机航磁测量以其高效、安全、低成本等优点逐渐应用到中小面积大比例尺资源勘探领域。本文针对安徽芜湖市三山区22 km²区域构造刻画和找矿前景预测,开展1∶20 000高精度无人机航磁测量工作;推导了欧拉反演求解过程,并分析对比构造指数选取,使用构造指数为0的欧拉反褶积对航磁数据进行反演求解,获得地下磁异常体构造边界解集信息;将其应用到研究区域航磁数据反演,根据反演得到的边界位置和深度信息圈定了18处断裂,并结合异常特征给出了8.7 km²岩浆岩分布区,根据宁芜区域铁矿成矿特点,圈定岩浆分布区及边界为成矿详查区。     

卡乌留克塔格地区地质及磁异常特征

卡乌留克塔格C-12磁异常位于兴地大断裂南侧,航磁为低缓异常,地磁异常则极值较大.通过地面高精度磁法工作,确定了航磁异常在地面的具体位置及形态、范围及变化特征.根据磁异常的推断解释,C-12异常为超基性岩体引起.由此可见,磁法测量对寻找基性、超基性含铁磷岩体具有重要的意义.     

航磁概查对青藏高原一些地质问题的新认识

根据青藏高原中西部1:100万航磁概查结果,对雅鲁藏布江缝合带、塔里木盆地南部边界、高原内部几条规模较大断裂和区域性负磁异常带等高原地区几个有关的地质和地球物理问题进行了解释和探讨,获得了与以往不同的认识,这对青藏高原的深入研究具有重要意义。同时,也表明了通过航磁概查所获得的青藏高原中西部最新航磁图用于地质问题的研究具有很好的效果。     

Deformation history and exhumation process of the Horoman Peridotite Complex, Hokkaido, Japan

The Horoman Peridotite Complex is an Alpine-type orogenic peridotite massif in the Hidaka metamorphic belt, Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Because of wide exposure and extremely limited serpentinization, the complex provides important information on uplift and emplacement processes of an Alpine-type peridotite massif into the crust. Based on microstructures, the massif can be divided into five structural units parallel to the lithological layering as follows; (1) Equigranular Zone, (2) Internal Shear Zone (ISZ), (3) Transition Zone, (4) Porphyroclastic Zone and (5) Basal Shear Zone (BSZ). A top-to-the-north sense of shear deformation in the Porphyroclastic Zone and the Basal Shear Zone implies that the Horoman Peridotite Complex had uplifted from the upper mantle to the lower crust along a northward dipping extensional shear-zone systems. After incorporation of the mantle peridotite with lower crustal rocks, the upper part of the massif (i.e. the Equigranular Zone and the Internal Shear Zone) was overprinted by a top-to-the-south sense of shear deformation that was comparable with the sub-horizontal displacement of the crustal granulite sequences in the Hidaka metamorphic belt under transpressive tectonic environment.     

Structure and evolution of the Cauvery Shear Zone system, Southern Granulite Terrain, India: Evidence from deep seismic and other geophysical studies

The Southern Granulite Terrain with exposed Archean lower crustal rocks is studied using various geophysical tools. The crustal structure derived from seismic reflection and refraction/wide-angle reflection studies is used to understand the tectonic evolution of the region. Deep seismic reflection section along the Kolattur–Palani segment shows an oppositely dipping reflection fabric near the Moyar–Bhavani shear zone, which is interpreted as a signature of collision between the Dharwar craton and another crustal block in the south. The thickened crust due to collision was delaminated during the orogenic collapse and modified the central part, covering the Cauvery Shear Zone system, located between the Moyar–Bhavani and Karur–Oddanchatram shear zones. The delaminated lower crust is altered by magmatic underplating as evidenced by the high velocity layer just above the Moho. The velocity model of the region indicates crustal thickening at the boundary of the Dharwar craton and Moyar–Bhavani shear zone and thinning further south. Back-scattered seismic wave field with negative moveout and the Moho-offset indicate the spatial location and strike-slip nature of the shear zones. Present study suggests that the late Archean collision and suturing of the Dharwar craton with the southern crustal block at the Moyar–Bhavani shear zone may be responsible for the evolution of late Archean granulites. Late Neoproterozoic rifting is observed along the paleo-fault zones. The seismic studies constrained by gravity, magnetic and magnetotelluric data suggest that the Moyar–Bhavani and Karur–Oddanchatram shear zones of the Cauvery Shear Zone system mark terrane boundaries/suture zones.     

Mineral chemistry of tourmaline from Mashak Pahar,South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ), eastern Indian Shield

The area of investigation at and around Mashak Pahar, Bankura district, West Bengal, India comprises a number of rock types namely: granite gneiss, migmatized quartz tourmaline gneiss, quartz pebble conglomerate, ferruginous quartzite, quartz tourmaline veins (as veins) and graphite schists. Interestingly, the study area lies in the region extending South Purulia Shear Zone (～Tamar–Porapahar Shear Zone) which marks the boundary between two contrasting tectonic blocks of eastern India, namely, the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Terrane (CGC) to the north and Singhbhum Group of rocks to the south. The rocks of the study area are poly-phasedly deformed by three phases of folding, namely, F₁, F₂ and F₃. All the tourmalines are classified to be of ‘Alkali Group’. Chemistry of tourmalines from migmatized quartz tourmaline gneiss and those from quartz tourmaline veins are in conformity with their relation to (earthquake induced) shear system evolution in this terrain. In general, the compositional evolution of tourmaline during prograde metamorphism (～400°–730°C) has been supported by both petrographic and chemical evidences. Assessment of mineral–chemical data of constituent tourmaline grains clearly suggests compositional variations across zonal boundaries within tourmaline that was controlled by changing metamorphic milieu in this terrane. Field and petrographic evidences clearly indicate activation of earlier and later shears in this region accompanied by infiltration of boron and formation of zoned tourmaline crystals.     

东南极南查尔斯王子山条带状含铁建造(BIF)的基本特征及成矿潜力

东南极南查尔斯王子山条带状含铁建造(BIF)产于鲁克山古元古代鲁克群的底部,总厚400 m,矿体厚度30~70 m,铁矿平均品位33.5%。该条带状含铁建造形成过程可能与变质火山岩有联系,在成因分类上属于苏必利尔湖型含铁建造和阿尔戈马型含铁建造之间的过渡类型。高精度航磁测量在鲁克山圈定出宽约10 km的北、南两条磁异常条带,延长分别约为50 km和60 km。据此初步建立该地区沉积变质型铁矿预测模型,圈定了含铁建造的资源分布范围,最终估算出铁矿石可开采的资源量大于百亿吨。      

西藏东坡蛇绿岩体深部结构的地球物理特征及其找矿意义

在西藏西部雅鲁藏布江南岸的东坡岩体进行了多种方法的地球物理探测,由地面磁测精确定位的航空磁测异常反演了东坡岩体深部磁性体范围;反射地震探测划分出了与地表出露蛇绿岩体反射波特征不同的岩体下部弱反射部位;同时,由大地电磁法确定了岩体下部的低阻体也都处于大致相同的部位。地面出露的蛇绿岩体向下延伸,整体呈锅底状,其中部具有较低电阻和弱反射波特征,同时,在1.5~3.0 km范围的磁性矿物相对较发育,可能正是含铬岩体矿化蚀变作用较强的地段,在罗布莎矿区有类似的特征,这对找矿是有利的部位。     

Structural architecture of the northern composite terrane, the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India: Implications for Gondwana tectonics

New data from structural mapping and tectonic evaluation in the northern parts of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB-north) involving the interpretation of satellite images, field traverses, critical outcrop mapping and kinematic studies of macro- as well as microstructures of the shear zone rocks together with the geometry and disposition of Gondwana basins led to, for the first time, the elucidation of post-Grenvillian structural architecture of the terrane. This helps in assessing the sequence of successive tectonothermal events that were responsible for the origin and progressive evolution of the Permo-Carboniferous coal bearing sediments along the Mahanadi rift that forms significant in the reconstruction models of east Gondwana.The composite terrane of high-grade metamorphic rocks (EGMB-north), strikes E–W in contrast to the regional NE–SW trend of the EGMB. The structural architecture obtained from this study is controlled by the boundary shear zones and associated link shear zones. The dextral kinematic displacements along the Northern Boundary Shear Zone (NBSZ) as well as the Mahanadi Shear Zone (MSZ) and Koraput–Sonapur–Rairakhol Shear Zone (KSRSZ) were derived from multi-scale field based structural observations. A N–S structural cross-section presents a crustal-scale ‘flower structure’ across the composite terrane exposing different domains displaying distinctive internal structures with widely varying different geological evolution history and strain partitioning, separated by crustal-scale shear zones. Deep seismic imaging and gravity signatures support ‘flower structure’ model. The pervasive first formed gneissic fabrics were continuously reworked and partitioned into a series of E–W, crustal-scale shear zones.The Neoproterozoic regional dextral transpressional tectonics along the shear zones and their repeated reactivation could be responsible for initiation and successive evolution of Gondwana basins and different episodes of sedimentation. Available geochronological data shows that the structural architecture presented here is post-Grenvillian, which has been repeatedly reactivated through long-lived transpressional tectonics. The composite terrane is characterized by all the typical features of an oblique convergent orogen with transpressional kinematics in the middle to lower crust. The kinematic changes from transpression to transtensional stresses were found to be associated with global geodynamics related to the transformation from Rodinia to Gondwana configuration.     

新疆东昆仑祁漫塔格一带1∶5万航磁异常特征及找矿方向

新疆东昆仑祁漫塔格一带成矿地质条件优越,是西北地区重要的找矿区域之一。2008年国土资源航遥中心开展的1∶5万航磁勘查工作反映该区总体磁场较弱,单个磁异常强度较低,但反映的磁异常信息较为丰富。通过开展1∶5万航磁异常查证工作,认为航磁异常较全面、客观的反映了该区的地质、构造及矿化特征,查证磁异常均与一定地质体或矿化对应。该区以铅锌矿化为主,多金属矿化常见,矿化类型以矽卡岩型为主,航磁异常主要表现在局部磁异常升高、正负磁异常过渡带部位,低缓磁异常转折部位等。矿致异常形态多样,较难识别,应以通过航磁异常间接找矿为主,指导下一步地质找矿工作,有效加快新疆东昆仑祁漫塔格一带矿产勘查开发进程。     

Geophysical constraints of shear zones and geometry of the Hiltaba Suite granites in the western Gawler Craton,Australia

The emplacement of the ca 1590–1575 Ma Hiltaba Suite granites records a large magmatic event throughout the Gawler Craton, South Australia. The Hiltaba Suite granites intrude the highly deformed Archaean‐Palaeoproterozoic rocks throughout the craton nuclei. Geophysical interpretation of the poorly exposed central western Gawler Craton suggests that the region can be divided into several distinct domains that are bounded by major shear zones, exhibiting a sequence of overprinting relationships. The north‐trending Yarlbrinda Shear Zone merges into the east‐trending Yerda Shear Zone that, in turn, merges into the northeast‐trending Coorabie Shear Zone. Several poorly exposed Hiltaba Suite granite plutons occur within a wide zone of crustal shearing that is bounded to the north by the Yerda Shear Zone and to the south by the Oolabinnia Shear Zone. This wide zone of crustal shearing is interpreted as a major zone of synmagmatic dextral strike‐slip movement that facilitated the ascent of Hiltaba Suite granite intrusions to the upper crust. The aeromagnetic and gravity data reveal that the intrusions are ～15–25 km in diameter. Forward modelling of the geophysical data shows that the intrusions have a tabular geometry and are less than 6 km deep.     

内蒙古维拉斯托地区高精度航磁调查与应用研究

维拉斯托地区位于大兴安岭成矿带内,区域内构造发育丰富,成矿条件优越,继续找矿的潜力巨大.采取向上延拓、小波分析、边界识别等技术对维拉斯托地区的航磁数据进行处理,结合已有地质资料,进一步完善了维拉斯托地区的地质构造,梳理出维拉斯托、拜仁达坝矿床的形成过程.通过航磁异常视磁化率成像反演结果提取出维拉斯托北侧地下的隐伏岩体信息.结果表明:（1）维拉斯托地区的北东向左行剪切性质断裂破碎带整体控制了该区的岩浆活动和矿体运移,同时该断裂带也是东南负磁异常与西北正磁异常之间的磁性过渡带,因此已知矿点与研究区构造分布、磁性强弱分布密切相关.磁异常反演结果显示维拉斯托北侧地下深部可能存在隐伏岩体.据此,本文划分了3处成矿远景区,可为后续找矿工作提供一定参考.（2）向上延拓与小波分析结果显示白音查干-达青牧场断裂（F1）和助力可河断裂（F2）形成时间早、向地下延伸深,是控制维拉斯托地区岩浆活动和构造发育的主断裂.结合倾斜角法等边界识别结果,对研究区内断裂与磁性岩体分布进行了较为精细的拟定,共识别出14条断裂与11处磁性岩体,根据其形成与分布发现维拉斯托是研究区的成矿中心,来自深部的成矿流体经F1与F2在维拉斯托附近上升富集,再由西向东,沿中部北东向断裂破碎带（F3、F4、F5、F6、F7、F10等）运移至拜仁达坝,最终逐渐形成大兴安岭地区两个典型的多金属矿床.      

东北地区火成岩的航磁异常特征分析

为了解不同时代火成岩的航磁异常特征,对东北地区1∶20万的航磁资料进行了化极、向上延拓及垂向导数的处理。通过与地质图进行对比分析,总结出研究区火成岩的航磁特征:区内广泛分布的各时代花岗岩表现出了不同的磁异常特征,寒武纪、石炭纪、三叠纪等时代的花岗岩表现为高磁异常,而二叠纪及侏罗纪花岗岩表现为低磁异常,其中磁异常最高的岩性为石炭纪花岗岩,磁异常最低的是二叠纪花岗岩。测区内存在的喷出岩-古近纪玄武岩磁异常较高,而更新统玄武岩并未见明显的异常特征。     

地、物、化、遥在内蒙古二连-东乌旗地区航磁异常查证中的应用 ——以航磁蒙C-2007-275 异常为例

二连-东乌旗地区位于中蒙边界地区的南戈壁―东乌旗铜多金属成矿带西端,成矿条件有利,选择该区的蒙C-2007-275 异常的最新查证结果进行综合研究,对该区其他异常的查证和找矿有重要意义。经过对该异常的地质填图、高精度磁测、土壤地球化学测量、激电测量和遥感解译等研究发现: 地质测量和土壤地球化学测量在地表发现了较好找矿线索,高精度磁测和激电测深反演了隐伏地质体的分布状态。根据查证结果分析,该区异常查证工作应采取多手段和分阶段进行,即按照地球化学测量和地质测量先行,在有进一步找矿信息的前提下,再安排物探和深部工程验证工作。     

西天山地区岩矿石磁化率研究及应用

航磁推断解释首先要研究岩矿石磁化率。西天山地区近年来野外实测500余处物性点,累计获得有效磁化率数据15000余个,数据统计分析结果表明,石炭系大哈拉军山组、伊什基里克组和二叠系乌郎组是区内最主要的磁性地层,部分海西期岩体磁性较强,而磁铁矿具有极高的磁化率值。根据这些磁化率特征,在西天山地区圈定磁性火山地层上百处,新圈定隐伏（半隐伏）岩体221处,推断铁矿磁异常109处,新发现铁矿（矿点）10余处。     

Ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks in the Percy Isles and Shoalwater Bay region,New England Fold Belt,central Queensland

Ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks of the eastern part of the New England Fold Belt in the Shoalwater Bay region and the Percy Isles are grouped in the Marlborough and Shoalwater terranes, respectively. Marlborough terrane units occur on South Island (Percy Isles) and comprise the Northumberland Serpentinite, antigorite serpentinite with rodingite and more silicic dykes and mafic inclusions, the Chase Point Metabasalt, some 800+ metres of pillow lava, and the intervening South Island Shear Zone containing fault‐bounded slices of mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, schist, and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, and zones of mélange. The Shoalwater terrane, an ancient subduction complex, consists of the Shoalwater Formation greenschist facies metamorphosed quartz sandstone and mudstone on North East Island and on the mainland at Arthur Point, the Townshend Formation, amphibolite‐grade quartzite, schist and metabasalt on Townshend Island, and the Broome Head Metamorphics on the western side of Shoalwater Bay, upper amphibolite facies quartz‐rich gneiss. With the exception of a sliver emplaced onto the western Yarrol terrane, possibly by gravity sliding, Shoalwater terrane rocks show the effects of Late Permian polyphase deformation. The Shacks Mylonite Zone along the northwest edge of the Broome Head Metamorphics marks a zone of oblique thrusting and is part of the major Stanage Fault Zone. The latter is a northeast‐striking oblique‐slip dextral tear fault active during Late Permian west‐directed thrusting that emplaced large ultramafic sheets farther south. Marlborough terrane rocks were emplaced along the Stanage Fault Zone, probably from the arc basement on which rocks of the Yarrol terrane were deposited. Structural trends and the distribution of rock units in the Shoalwater Bay‐Percy Isles region are oblique to the overall structural trend of the northern New England Fold Belt, probably due to the presence of a promontory in the convergent margin active in this region in Devonian and Carboniferous time.     

无人直升机航磁测量系统集成及应用

笔者介绍了一种基于无人直升机平台的航磁测量系统的集成与应用。通过对无人直升机飞行平台的集成改装和飞行测试试验,成功将航空磁测传感器与无人直升机平台集成为无人直升机航磁测量系统。为验证系统的有效性,该系统先后完成了航磁补偿飞行和测区应用飞行。通过将实测飞行的数据绘制航磁异常等值线图与测区内以往地磁异常等值线图对比,结果显示两者反映的测区地磁场特征形态基本一致。无人直升机航磁测量系统为地形起伏、环境复杂的勘探区域开展航磁测量提供了一种高效、便捷的工作手段。