南海季风爆发的统计动力分析

作者对南海季风爆发作了统计动力分析,即将南海季风爆发前后的高低层风场看成一个整体,并以南海季风爆发日为基准,对风场作了经验正交函数(EOF)分析,得到了以下结论:偏差风场的第一模态反映了高低层东亚夏季风环流在南海季风爆发日前后有剧烈变化,这直接体现了南海季风的爆发,并表明此时大气环流有突变发生;第二、三模态则分别反映了具有5～7天振荡周期的中高纬大气长波活动和亚洲季风区中准双周低频振荡的主要活动区,以及中低纬度大气环流的相互作用;第二模态体现了偏差风场的幅散风部分而第三模态则体现了旋转风部分.     

南亚夏季风爆发前后降水量时空变化特征

用南亚夏季风爆发前后的降水量资料作了经验正交函数分解（EOF），分析表明，南亚夏季风的爆发主要体现在降水的突然增加和季风雨带的快速推进上，雨带的时空分布有突变的特点。第1模态反映了南亚夏季风爆发前后季风区降水量的突然增加。第2模态反映了南亚夏季风爆发前后季风降水从南向北的快速推进过程。第3模态反映了季风爆发期间南亚季风区降水量的东西分布型态，及在季风爆发后印度半岛降水快速增加的过程。第4模态反映了印度次大陆东海岸降水的准双周振荡型态。     

南海夏季风爆发的环流特征及指标研究

使用美国NCEP/NCAR高度场和风场资料及外逸长波辐射(OLR)资料,分析了4～7月南亚和东亚上空环流场,给出了南海夏季风爆发的定义及1953～1999年季风爆发的时间序列,指出季风爆发存在3种类型的环流场,发现东印度洋赤道两侧涡旋对的出现对季风爆发有很好的指示意义.综合季风爆发过程中热力学和动力学要素的特征,建立了适合南海夏季风爆发的指数计算经验公式.     

南亚夏季风年际变化特征分析

由于季风活动与降水的时空变化有直接的联系 ,故而定量化研究季风的活动对预测旱涝等灾害性天气有重要意义。但是从目前的研究现状来看 ,量化指标描述的结果多具有明显的不一致性。因此 ,在确定定量化指标之前还需要对季风的气候学特征有更多的了解。为此 ,本文利用 195 8— 1997年NCEP NCAR再分析月平均资料 ,首先分析了南亚地区风场演变的基本特征。分析表明 ,85 0hPa与2 0 0hPa纬向风的垂直切变具有显著的季节变化特征 ,6～ 9月为特征期 ,0°～ 2 0°N ,4 0°～ 13 0°E为特征区。在此基础上对南亚夏季风的年际变化问题作了分析和讨论。结果表明 :在南亚夏季风区季风增强或减弱的整体性是第一位的 ,是最主要的年际变化方式 ;大约以 80°E为分界线 ,以西的印度夏季风与以东的东南亚夏季风增强、减弱的反向变化是第二位的 ,而且主要反映了东南亚夏季风的年际变化特征 ;根据纬向风垂直切变的主要特征模选取了 4类具有典型特征的南亚夏季风类型 ,与不同类型南亚夏季风风场相对应的降水场分布有明显的差异。     

亚洲夏季风建立期间全球热带大气环流模态分析

利用NCAR/NCEP提供的1948—2003年5月标准等压面的月平均风场资料,对亚洲夏季风建立期间全球热带风场进行复EOF分析,揭示各模态的特点及其与亚洲夏季风建立之间的联系,确定各模态在亚洲夏季风建立期间的地位和作用。结果表明,第一模态反映了除赤道地区外的热带地区高层纬向二波异常和低层的信风异常。其时间系数与ENSO有较好的对应关系,20世纪60年代以后时间系数呈下滑态势,可能与全球变暖有关。该模态是ENSO模态。第二、三模态的空间场分别与南亚、南海夏季风的环流密切相关,其时间系数也与南亚、南海夏季风建立的早晚有较好的对应关系。这两个模态分别是南亚、南海夏季风模态。各模态均表现出准20 a的年代际变化,这与北太平洋主要气候模态PDO的年代际变化相同,各模态的年际变化也显著。     

青藏高原与印度洋热力对比及其与南亚夏季风的关系（英文）

本文基于1979-2017年逐日再分析资料,通过分析对流层中上层青藏高原和印度洋之间的热力差异,提出了一个热力对比指数(TCI),并分析了TCI与南亚夏季风的强度和爆发时间的关系.研究表明:相比单独的青藏高原或者印度洋的温度,TCI能更好地表示南亚夏季风强度的变化.TCI越大时,南亚夏季风爆发时间越早;TCI逐候增量的变化超前南亚季风指数的变化,两者相关系数在TCI逐候增量超前南亚季风指数15候时达到最大.TCI是预报南亚夏季风爆发的一个潜在指标.     

珠峰北坡绒布河谷地面风场变化的比较研究

利用2007年6月强化观测实验期间获得的大气观测资料和同时期的NCEP/NCAR大尺度再分析资料,结合2006年同期的分析结果,进一步研究了珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区的地面风场状况及其对南亚夏季风的响应,并与2006年的结果进行了比较.结果表明,2007年6月绒布河谷地区的风场也存在强弱变化,其逐日变化也与南亚夏季风指数有一定关系:在绒布河谷弱风期间,南亚夏季风强盛,在孟加拉湾和阿拉伯海地区形成的强烈涡旋可以把暖湿气流向西北方向输送,从而在河谷地区形成温度和湿度高值;在局地强风期间,南亚夏季风季风指数变化较大,此时绒布河谷地区的风场变化对季风的响应很小,可能主要为大气热力驱动.比较2006年和2007年的观测结果表明,南亚夏季风可以通过改变局地辐射和热力状况的改变而影响珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区地面环流的变化,但其影响程度随季风的强弱可能有所不同.     

伴随南海夏季风爆发的大尺度大气环流演变

主要基于美国NCEP和NCAR的再分析资料（1980～1996年），针对南海夏季风爆发日期进行合成分析，研究了伴随南海夏季风爆发的大尺度大气环流演变。其结果清楚地表明伴随南海夏季风爆发，南亚和东南亚地区的对流层低层风场、对流层高层位势高度场以及大气湿度场和垂直运动场都有极显著的变化。南亚和东南亚850 hPa上涡旋对的发展和活动以及500 hPa副高从南海地区的东撤对南海季风爆发起着重要作用。伴随南海夏季风的爆发，在孟加拉湾到南中国海一带整层湿度和500 hPa垂直上升运动都出现了极明显的增加。对流层高层和对流层低层环流演变的特征也清楚表明，南海夏季风爆发既是全球环流冬夏演变的一个部分，又有显著的区域性特征。本文还指出南海夏季风在北部比中部和南部早建立的结论依据不足，进而补充给出了亚洲季风爆发日期示意图。     

亚澳季风各子系统气候学特征的异同研究 II. 夏季风水汽输送

利用1979~2002年的ERA-40和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料以及CMAP降水资料探讨了亚澳季风各夏季风子系统(南亚夏季风、东亚夏季风、北澳夏季风)水汽输送的气候学特征及其与夏季降水的关系。分析表明:各夏季风子系统水汽输送通量主要取决于低层季风气流,南亚夏季风和北澳夏季风以纬向水汽输送为主,而东亚夏季风有很强的经向水汽输送。分析也证实,亚澳季风区的夏季风降水主;要源于水汽输送的辐合,而且ERA-40资料对夏季风水汽输送辐合的描述能力强于NCEP/NCAR资料。此外,受低层季风气流结构的影响,三夏季风子系统水汽输送辐合的动力机理存在明显差异,南亚夏季风和北澳夏季风的水汽输送辐合主要由低层西风气流的风场辐合所造成,而东亚夏季风的水汽输送辐合则由低层南风气流的风场辐合和季风湿平流共同作用造成。因此,东亚夏季风降水有别于南亚夏季风降水和北澳夏季风降水。     

亚澳季风各子系统气候学特征的异同研究Ⅱ. 夏季风水汽输送

利用1979～2002年的ERA-40和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料以及CMAP降水资料探讨了亚澳季风各夏季风子系统(南亚夏季风、东亚夏季风、北澳夏季风) 水汽输送的气候学特征及其与夏季降水的关系.分析表明: 各夏季风子系统水汽输送通量主要取决于低层季风气流, 南亚夏季风和北澳夏季风以纬向水汽输送为主, 而东亚夏季风有很强的经向水汽输送.分析也证实, 亚澳季风区的夏季风降水主; 要源于水汽输送的辐合, 而且ERA-40资料对夏季风水汽输送辐合的描述能力强于NCEP/NCAR资料.此外, 受低层季风气流结构的影响, 三夏季风子系统水汽输送辐合的动力机理存在明显差异, 南亚夏季风和北澳夏季风的水汽输送辐合主要由低层西风气流的风场辐合所造成, 而东亚夏季风的水汽输送辐合则由低层南风气流的风场辐合和季风湿平流共同作用造成.因此, 东亚夏季风降水有别于南亚夏季风降水和北澳夏季风降水.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.