海南洋浦湾近百年来人与自然相互作用下的环境沉积记录

2005年8月在海南洋浦湾内湾取得1根柱状样,在铅-210定年的基础上分析沉积物粒度、总有机碳含量及其同位素值(δ13C)、总氮含量及其同位素值(δ15N)、生物硅含量、重金属(镍、镉、铬、铜、锌、铅)含量及有机氯农药(六六六、滴滴涕)含量等参数发现,111cm至表层,沉积物中有机碳、总氮、生物硅含量升高,特别是从45cm至表层,它们的含量明显增加,说明该湾内有富营养化趋势。由有机碳与总氮的原子比和有机碳同位素指示的物源信息可知,该湾内有机质来源为藻类和陆源脉管植物的混合,且以陆源输入为主。陆源有机碳含量与总有机碳含量的相关系数为0.917。自23cm至表层有机碳同位素明显偏轻,氮同位素偏重。从111cm至表层,重金属和有机氯农药含量升高。综合分析各环境指标可知,洋浦湾近百年来环境演变可分为三个时期,即20世纪70年代以前、70年代至90年代、90年代至21世纪初,洋浦湾经历了未污染期、轻度污染期、显著污染期。     

渤海中南部沉积物中生源要素的分布特征

从化学结合形式出发,对渤海中南部海区沉积物中OC、N、P、BSi等生源要素的含量进行调查分析,讨论了各生源要素的分布及其影响因素。结果表明:受陆源输入的影响,表层沉积物中各形态氮、磷及有机碳均呈现"近岸高,远岸低"的分布趋势,生物硅的含量分布则与海区浮游硅藻的分布趋势相一致;可交换态氮是总氮中较活跃的部分,占总氮的比例约为3.7%;固定态铵是总氮的主要组成部分,约占总氮的38.4%,其主要与有机质含量及黏土矿物组成有关;渤海表层沉积物中OC/BSi、ON/BSi以及OP/BSi的比值分别为2.38、0.19、0.03,低于Redfield比值,说明有机质优先于生物硅分解;OC/ON平均值在6.0~14.0之间,判断渤海沉积物中有机质受陆源输入和海洋自生共同影响;其中,有机碳主要以陆源输入为主,而有机氮在沉积物表层主要以陆源输入为主,在沉积物下层则主要来源于海洋自生。     

北极楚科奇海域沉积物中总糖的分布及来源

对2003年7月至9月采自北极楚科奇海域的4个站位表层沉积物及1个站位的柱状沉积物样品的总糖、总碳、有机碳、无机碳、总氮、总磷的含量进行了测定,并对其有机碳和有机氮同位素(1δ3C和1δ5N)的变化进行了研究,结果表明:北极楚科奇海域沉积物中的总糖与有机碳为明显的正相关关系,说明糖类是有机碳重要的组成部分;表层沉积物中TOC/TN平均值为9.273,1δ3C和1δ5N的平均值分别为-21.61‰和7.1‰,显示出表层沉积物中糖类物质以海洋藻类来源为主、混入部分陆源物质的分布特征;柱状样品不同深度沉积物中TOC/TN平均值为13.45,也反映出糖类物质为海洋自生和陆源输入共存的分布特征。     

环雷州半岛近海表层沉积物有机碳分布及其控制因素分析

对环雷州半岛近海43个海底表层沉积物的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、沉积介质条件(包括沉积物粒度)进行了分析,探讨了沉积物TOC、TN的区域分布特征以及影响有机碳分布的主要因素。结果表明,环雷州半岛近海海域海底表层沉积物有机碳含量在0~0.79%之间,平均值为0.26%。与中国其它近海海域相比,环雷州半岛大部分近海区域海底表层沉积物有机碳含量明显偏低,为有机质贫乏区,仅雷州半岛西南部流沙湾近海海域为TOC相对高值区。总氮含量也不高,在0.011%到0.100%之间,TOC与TN存在较强的正相关性,且平面上TOC与TN分布高度重合,显示氮元素主要以有机化合物形式存在。TOC/TN比值在5.1~14.3之间,表明沉积有机质具有陆源输入和海洋自生来源的混合特征,但以雷州半岛西侧北部及东侧中部海域受陆源有机质输入影响更大。大多数站位海底沉积物粒度构成以粉砂为主、粘土次之,少数站位以砂质沉积为主。沉积物有机碳含量与粘土及粉砂含量呈弱正相关性,与沉积物pH值、Eh值及砂含量呈弱负相关性,这表明海底沉积物有机质丰度受有机质来源输入、海底氧化还原状态和沉积水动力条件(沉积物粒度)等因素综合控制。     

2015年春季长江口表层沉积物生源要素分布和来源

根据2015年5月对长江口及其邻近海域的生态环境调查资料, 探讨长江口春季表层沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和生源硅(BSi)4类生源要素的空间分布和来源。结果表明: 2015年春季长江口表层沉积物TOC、TN、TP和BSi平均含量分别为0.315%、0.041%、0.066%和0.450%, 其中, 沉积物中TOC、TN受到陆源输入和海洋自生输入双重影响, 且海洋自生组分的贡献较大, 二者空间分布均呈现南部分布最高并沿西北方向递减趋势; TP分布主要受陆源输入影响, 并呈西北向东南递减趋势; BSi来源于生物沉积, 总体呈现南部高、北部低的分布趋势。与2007年相比, 长江口表层沉积物有机碳、氮含量降低, 东南外海区域替代浑浊区域成为表层沉积物生源要素含量最高区域, 且陆源输入对长江口表层沉积物生源要素的贡献趋于减弱。     

台湾东部黑潮区海源碳的沉积物记录与近千年来生产力与气候变化的反演

本文基于对台湾以东黑潮主流区沉积物的粒度和定年,通过解析沉积物总有机碳及其同位素组成获取海源碳变化特征,首次报道了该海区近千年来的初级生产力与气候变化反演结果。研究显示,台湾以东黑潮主流区近千年来的平均沉积速率为34.44 cm/ka,沉积环境较为稳定。另外,台湾以东黑潮主流区沉积物中的总有机碳和总氮含量主要受台湾东部河流输入、海洋初级生产力的沉降过程、成岩作用和粒度效应影响。对沉积物海源碳的定量估算表明,近千年来台湾以东黑潮主流区沉积物中40.02%~73.88%的有机质为海源输入,陆源输送次之。同时,近千年来台湾以东黑潮主流区沉积物记录较好地反映了中世纪暖期、小冰期和现代暖期3个气候变化阶段。1150-1420年期间,沉积物中总有机碳、总氮和海源碳含量缓慢升高,较高的表层海水温度有利于海洋初级生产力水平的升高。1500-1840年期间,较低的表层海水温度和亚洲大陆风尘输送水平使得海洋初级生产力较低,同时台湾地区小冰期较高的降水量有利于台湾东部河流向海输送,增强的水动力条件可能会加强海底沉积物的东移,从而导致该区域沉积物中总有机碳含量的增加。进入现代暖期以来研究区的海水温度逐渐增暖,而东亚季风强度和降水量却表现出波动的年际变化特征,并体现在研究区1930-1950年和1970年期间沉积物的中值粒径、总有机碳和总氮含量的快速波动。     

珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地沉积环境演化及其对人类活动的响应

滨海湿地作为人类活动和全球变化反应最为敏感的区域,其沉积记录可以反映出周边地区环境变化及人类活动信息。珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地钻孔分析结果表明,在中全新世期间淇澳岛附近海域为河口湾环境,在风化层以上开始出现淤积,但在4 200 a BP前后受极冷气候的影响,沉积物粗化;自2 500 a BP以来,沉积环境相对稳定,在小冰期期间略有变化。沉积速率计算结果显示:淇澳岛附近海域自中全新世高海面以来的平均沉积速率为0.29 cm/a,4 160~2 500 a BP、2 500 a BP-1488年、1488-1893年、1893-1986年、1990-2007年期间的平均沉积速率分别为:0.17 cm/a、0.23 cm/a、0.35 cm/a、1.37 cm/a和5.94 cm/a,沉积速率逐渐增大,反映了珠江三角洲演化过程中沉积相与沉积环境的变化;1986-1990年期间的海堤建造极大地扰动了该钻孔上部的沉积过程,在工程施工期间共沉积了厚度约112 cm的沉积层,而在海堤建成后,沉积速率也显著增大。沉积物总有机碳、总氮和C/N值的垂向分布表明,在4 160~2 500 a BP期间受海洋环境影响较大,沉积物中有机碳以海源为主,2 500 a BP以来沉积物中碳、氮含量明显增大,C/N也相应变大,有机碳主要来源于陆源输入,但在小冰期期间海源有机碳贡献略有所增大;近百年来由于受人类活动影响显著,陆源有机碳的贡献快速增加。     

南海北部4万年以来有机碳和碳酸盐含量变化及古海洋学意义

南海北部陆坡的17937柱状样上部4万年来有机碳和碳酸盐的含量分布特征显示：有机碳含量总体显示出冰期高、间冰期低的特征,碳酸盐则相反。C／N元素比分布范围和二组分分析说明该站位的有机碳以海洋自生有机碳为主,全新世达80％以上。根据海洋沉积物中总有机碳含量和两类不同来源有机碳所占比例计算得出的海洋自生生物产生的有机碳含量在MIS2时期最高,说明末次冰期海洋生产力提高。冰期冬季风强化,海水混合程度加强,营养物质利用更充分以及陆源输入增多导致营养物质增加。碳酸盐含量主要受陆源物质稀释的影响,为“大西洋型”旋回。碳酸盐旋回在全新世早中期存在低碳酸钙事件,可能与该时期的强降雨冲刷所致陆源稀释作用增强、海水溶解作用增强以及海洋表层生产力的降低等综合作用相关。     

植被演替对杭州湾南岸盐沼物质循环的影响

本研究选择杭州湾庵东浅滩作为研究区,选取盐沼区三个不同植被带进行柱状样的采集,通过测量沉积物的粒度、沉积速率、碳氮含量(有机碳、总碳、总氮、碳氮比)等参数,系统分析研究区盐沼湿地植被演替对盐沼物质循环产生的影响。研究结果发现,不同植被覆盖下沉积物粒径差异显著,沿海向陆逐渐变细;沉积速率从海三棱藨草滩、互花米草滩、植被交错区依次递减;总碳、总氮、有机碳含量特征为互花米草滩植被交错区海三棱藨草滩,碳氮比介于6～9,有机碳以海源物质为主;通过计算,发现有机碳埋藏速率为互花米草[159 g/(m2·a)]海三棱藨草[140 g/(m2·a)]植被交错区[119 g/(m2·a)]。从整体上来看,杭州湾南岸盐沼从海三棱藨草群落向互花米草群落演替时,沉积物颗粒发生细化,沉积速率有所变化,而总碳、有机碳、总氮含量增加,盐沼有机碳埋藏速率增加。     

中国边缘海沉积有机质来源及其碳汇意义

中国边缘海(本文特指渤海、黄海和东海,不包括南海)是陆源和海源有机质的重要碳汇。总有机质指标和生物标志物的结果显示,表层沉积物中陆源有机质高值集中在近岸尤其是河口附近;海源有机质在陆架海盆处有高值,受控于海洋生产力和沉积环境。利用多参数指标对表层沉积物中不同来源和不同年龄有机质的贡献比例估算的结果显示,我国边缘海的有机碳埋藏量约13 Mt/a,占全球边缘海沉积物有机碳埋藏量(~138 Mt/a)的~10%,其中陆源有机质的碳埋藏量(3.9 Mt/a)占全球边缘海沉积物陆源有机质埋藏量的~7%。若假定陈化土壤有机质和古老有机质主要是陆源物质,则非现代有机质的碳埋藏量为~6Mt/a,占我国边缘海总有机质碳埋藏量的~46%,与全球边缘海沉积物中陆源有机质的平均比例(44%)相当。这些结果表明我国边缘海在全球海洋碳循环中具有重要地位。本文利用已发表的文献数据,总结和归纳了中国边缘海沉积有机质来源及其碳汇意义。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.