吉林省夏季降水的气候跃变及其与印巴季风低压相关的分析

本文利用气候跃变的分析方法,对夏季吉林省降水量,印巴地区海平面气压距平值及500hPa高度距平值进行了分析。结果表明,它们在1967年前后均有气候跃变(或准气候跃变)出现。印巴地区夏季的海平面气压距平值和500hPa高度距平值均有超前吉林省夏季降水量一年的共同准周期变化,两者距平符号的持续性对吉林省夏季的降水有一定的影响。     

抚顺地区夏季降水异常的气候特征分析

利用1951—2012年NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料及章党观测站月平均降水数据,利用统计学方法从大气环流等方面对抚顺地区夏季降水异常气候特征进行了分析探讨。结果表明:抚顺地区夏季降水存在明显年际尺度周期特征,西太平洋副热带高压北界越偏北、强度越强则抚顺地区降水强度越大。抚顺地区降水强(弱)年,500hPa高度场抚顺地区位于距平低涡(高压)底前部,850hPa风场抚顺地区处于西南(偏北)气流控制之下,海平面气压场抚顺地区位于蒙古气旋底前部(反气旋前部),比湿场抚顺位于比湿距平正值(负值)区内。降水强年的温度场距平低值中心落后于500hPa高度场低值中心,利于高空槽的发展,有利于降水的维持加强,降水弱年的温度场距平低值中心与500hPa高度场低值中心相配合,对高空槽脊的发展无明显的影响。     

青藏高原30—60天振荡与川东降水和气温的关系

利用1973 年达县降水、气温及500hPa 位势高度场的5 天平均资料,分析了青藏高原30—60 天振荡与川东降水和气温的关系。结果表明,川东地区降水与青藏高原500hPa 位势高度场30—60 天振荡呈反位相关系;夏季(4—8 月)气温与高原500hPa 位势高度场30—60天振荡呈同位相关系     

1980-2009年黑龙江省玉米种植期低温冷害环流形势

利用1980-2009年5-9月黑龙江省24个气象站逐月平均气温资料、玉米品种及发育期资料和NCAR/NCEP再分析逐月500 hPa高度格点资料,分析玉米种植期间低温冷害的历史特征和低温冷害期间各类型500 hPa环流月平均距平合成场特征。结果表明：玉米种植期间,8-9月份最容易出现冷害,其余的排序是6、7月和5月。玉米种植期间,北部出现低温冷害的次数最多,东部、中部、西部次之,南部最少;南部出现低温冷害时,北部、中部和西部均出现了低温冷害,东部大部分出现了低温冷害。发生玉米低温冷害的月份,低温冷害发生区域月平均500 hPa高度距平场大多为负距平;玉米低温冷害发生区域对应的500 hPa高度距平值明显具有严重区域小于一般区域小于轻微区域的特征。     

南半球环流异常与我国夏季旱涝分布关系及其影响机制

利用1951—2000年NCEP/NCAR风场和高度场再分析资料及全国160站降水量资料, 采用奇异值分解、相关和合成分析方法, 研究6—8月南半球500 hPa高度、高低层纬向风距平差异常 (Δu₈₅₀-Δu₂₀₀) 与我国夏季旱涝分布的关系及其影响机制。结果表明:当500 hPa澳大利亚高压脊偏强及西南太平洋热带地区高低层纬向风距平差为负值时, 来自南半球冷空气活动偏弱, 有利于西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏南, 热带季风偏弱, 我国夏季雨带偏南。反之, 当澳大利亚高压脊偏弱及西南太平洋热带地区高低层纬向风距平差为正值时, 我国北方降水偏多。同时, 定义了澳大利亚冬季风指数, 指出澳大利亚冬季风强年和弱年影响我国夏季旱涝分布异常的水汽输送型式不同。     

经验正交函数展开精度的稳定性研究

在文献[1]中,我们已从理论和数值模拟两个方面研究了用经验正交函数作基函数缩减气候数值模式自由度的可行性与有效性。用理论模型作数值试验的结果是令人满意的,应用于实际气候数值模拟,一个还需考虑的关键问题是大气外强迫等各种因子变化允许的范围内,对实际资料作EOF展开的稳定性问题。本文分别用1951—1984年500 hPa月平均高度距平场资料,1966—1975年500 hPa候平均高度距平场资料,1965—1978年夏季500 hPa逐日高度距平场资料作EOF展开,并提出了经验正交函数展开精度稳定性的判断方法,旨在证明实际资料EOF展开在大气外强迫等各种因子变化的允许范围内是稳定的,以便为我们用实际资料的经验正交函数作基函数建立一个合理的简化动力模型提供坚实的资料基础。     

CMIP3气候模式对东亚冬季大气环流模拟能力的评估

利用1960—1999年ECMWF月平均再分析资料(ERA40)和耦合模式比较计划(Phase 3 of the CoupledModel Intercomparison Project,简称CMIP3)21个气候耦合模式对20世纪气候模拟试验的模式结果,从气候态和年际变化两个方面,评估了CMIP3气候模式对东亚冬季大气环流的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)模式对东亚地区冬季海平面气压、850 hPa纬向风、经向风和500 hPa高度场气候态的模拟存在不同程度的偏差,但均能较好模拟出上述要素气候态的空间分布特征。总体而言,模式对500 hPa高度场气候态的模拟效果最好,而对850 hPa经向风的模拟效果较差。(2)模式基本上能抓住近40年来东亚地区冬季500 hPa高度场的主要变化特征,但基本上不能模拟出冬季海平面气压、850 hPa纬向风和经向风的变化特征。此外,模式对阿留申低压、蒙古高压和东亚冬季风强度的变化特征几乎没有模拟能力。     

北半球50 hPa位势高度距平场的EOF分析及其与对流层的比较

本文以EOF方法为基础对北半球50 hPa高度月平均距平场进行了分析，指出北半球50 hPa场存在着几种定常的环流型，且它的距平场的EOF展开精度具有相当好的稳定性。另外，北半球50 hPa高度月平均距平场高、中纬之间存在着远远超过α=0.001信度检验的“跷跷板”式振荡。功率谱分析发现，北半球50 hPa环流场有着显著的准2—3年及准4个月振荡周期，赤道平流层QBO现象在高度场上也有清楚的反映。通过与对流层的EOF分析比较得到，500 hPa与50 hPa第一、第二特征向量场有相似的空间分布，但对于EOF展开无论是从拟合精度的稳定性还是收敛性看，平流层都远远优于对流层。     

地气耦合非定常距平模式的准业务预报试验

本文用地气耦合非定常距平模式对1988年1—12月北半球100 hPa、500 hPa、海平面气压和地面温度的月距平场进行了为期一年的逐月30天预报准业务试验。结果表明，模式对月距平场距平符号的趋势预报以100 hPa效果最好，海平面气压较差；模式对500 hPa、地面温度的月距平场预报优于持续性预报，表明该模式对距平场形势有一定的预报能力。试验结果还表明，模式预报在中低纬优于中高纬；但对不同层次、不同月份的预报效果不够稳定，而且对低值系统预报能力较差。模式的一个突出问题是预报场空间过份平滑，尚须作进一步试验、改进。     

2005年汉江上游秋涝环流条件和水汽场特征分析

利用美国环境预测中心(NCEP)资料,对2005年9月1日至10月10日汉江上游秋涝期500 hPa环流条件和700 hPa水汽场的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:在汉江上游秋涝盛期,500 hPa高度距平场呈现出" ,-, "波列结构。700 hPa主要水汽源在孟加拉湾和南海地区。同时段水汽通量散度场EOF分析表明,汉江上游水汽通量散度同南海和孟加拉湾北部具有相同的变化符号;小波分析进一步揭示出汉江上游和南海地区水汽通量散度都存在准2周和准1周的振荡。强降水一般出现在几种不同频率振荡的负值位相叠加的时段。     

厄尼诺时期中国东部地区天气特征

根据1951—1985年500百帕平均环流资料研究表明，在厄尼诺年中，副热带高压环流比非厄尼诺年的环流强且建立早，而且，在西太平洋和东亚地区，当500百帕上正环流差值维持时，将抑制该地区气旋性环流的发展；在厄尼诺年中，在中国东部沿海的渤海、黄海海域上，气旋及气旋性辐合流场出现的频数明显减少；根据西太平洋与南海台风的统计，在厄尼诺年南海台风出现的频数减少，而且在我国东南沿海登陆的台风可减少20%，登陆位置偏南。     

北半球50hPa环流异常与厄尔尼诺/反厄尔尼诺事件

本文对近三十年来的厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件与北半球50hPa高度距平场的变化进行了分析。结果表明,厄尔尼诺发生的前冬(前一年11月至当年1月,下同),500hPa高度场的距平分布为:在极地附近地区是负距平;中纬地区除北美洲上空是弱负距平外,其余地区是正距平;30°N以南的低纬地区为负距平。反厄尔尼诺出现的前冬,500hPa高度场的距平分布为附近地区是正距平;中纬地区北美洲上空是弱正距平,其余地区为负距平;30°N以南的低纬地区为正距平。此外,厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件发生的前冬,50hPa高度距平场的变化比50hPa其它各月高度距平场的变化以及500hPa高度距平场的变化都大。且前冬50hPa高度距平场的变化对厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件的发生具有明显的指示意义。      

Telecorrelation of the 500 hPa polar circulation and El Nino/SO with the temperature fields in China

By using the monthly data from 1951 through 1984, empirical orthogonal expansion is performed for the 500 hPa geopotential height north of 65oN and the canonical fields are clustered by fuzzy classification. It is noted that both the mean monthly polar vortex fields and the large-scale anomaly fields fall into three regimes, with those of the January mean field and the April anomaly field having characteristic features. In addition, the relationship between the time weigthing coefficients of the canonical fields and El Nino / SO is examined, showing significant anomalies in the large-scale polar anomaly fields during April and October of the year when El Nino occurs. These polar circulation anomalies have considerably influenced the temperature fields in China during April and October. Thus, we may con-clude that this is one of the most important reasons for a relatively cool April and a warm October in China during the El Nino year.     

A Multi-Statistical analysis of the southern oscillation (SO) and its relation to the mean monthly atmospheric circulation at 500 hPa in the northern hemisphere

In this paper the correlation analysis, factor analysis, fuzzy classification, and principal component analysis (PCA) are performed for the southern oscillation index (SOI) from the Climate Analysis Center (CAC) at the NOAA. It is shown that the 12-month SOI can be classified into two groups: one from January through April and the other from May through December. They differ in persistency and correlation. It is also found that the year of strong or weak SO can be defined by the first principal component of the SOI. The 11 years of weak SO thus defined contain 9 El Nino events.In addition, the relations between the SOI and 500 hPa geopotential height, mean monthly zonal height, mean monthly interzonal height differences, centers of atmospheric activities, characteristics of the atmospheric circulation (the intensity index of the north polar vortex, the area index of the subtropical West Pacific high, mean monthly zonal and meridional circulation indexes in Asia and Eurasia) in the period of 24 months from January through December of the next year have been examined on the basis of the monthly data from 1951 through 1984. The correlation coefficients and Mahalanobis distances are thus presented. Analysis indicates that in the early part of the low SOI year, i.e., in April, the 500 hPa geopotential height north of 75oN is significantly low and then becomes higher in May. It is found that in April the trough of the first harmonic wave is in the Eastern Hemisphere and the contribution of its variance is smaller than in May. Analysis shows that the opposite is true in the high SOI year. Such variation in the height field during the April-May period is an early signal of the SO at higher latitudes.In the end, a statistical prediction model for the SOI is presented, by means of which a low SOI year as well as an El Nino event has been successfully predicted for 1986.     

POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENSO AND BLOCKING IN KEY REGIONS OF EURASIA

Using reanalysis data provided by the U.S.National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,the potential relationship between the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and blocking highs in three key regions of Eurasia (Ural,Baikal,and Okhotsk) from 1950 to 2008 is analyzed.Composite analysis of 500 hPa geopotential height field during different stages of ENSO reveals that in the winters of El Ni?o (EN) years,there is significant negative anomaly of geopotential height in the three key regions.In the winters of La Ni?a (LN) years,on the other hand,significant positive anomaly of geopotential height is observed in Eastern Ural,Baikal,and Okhotsk.In summer,Okhotsk exhibits positive anomaly,which is significant at a confidence level of 90% by Student’s t-test during the developing stage of an LN year.In the developing stage of an EN year,geopotential height field at 500 hPa manifests positive (negative) anomaly in Baikal (Ural and Okhotsk),while the geopotential height field at 500 hPa exhibits positive (negative) anomaly in Ural and Okhotsk (Baikal) during the decaying stage of both EN and LN years.However,these abnormities are insignificant in a developing EN year,decaying EN year,and the summer of a decaying LN year.By analyzing 500 hPa geopotential height field during different phases of the ENSO cycle,it is observed that results of the case study are consistent with those of composite analysis.Annual average blocking is likewise examined during the different stages of ENSO from 1950 to 2008.Combined with composite analysis and case study,results indicate that blockings in the three key regions are suppressed (enhanced) during the winters of EN (LN) years.In summer,the influence of ENSO on the blockings in the three key regions is not as significant as that in winter.Evidently,developing LN may enhance blockings in Okhotsk.Influence factors on blockings are various and complex.This paper indicates that the influence of ENSO on blockings cannot be neglected,and that it is crucial to related operational forecasting as a potential signal.     

The Association Between Circulation Anomaliesin the Mid-Troposphere and Area Burnedby Wildland Fire in Canada

Summary  There is evidence that the area burned by wildland fire has increased in certain regions of Canada in recent decades. One cause for this increase is changes in the mid-tropospheric circulation at 500 hPa over northern North America. This study examines the physical links between anomalous mid-tropospheric circulation over various regions of Canada and wildland fire severity. Analysis of monthly and seasonal burned areas for the period 1953 to 1995 reveals a bimodal distribution with distinct low and extreme high burned area years. The high/low burned area years coincide with positive/negative 500 hPa height anomalies over north-western, western, west-central and east-central Canada. Total area burned and the 500 hPa height anomaly data are analyzed for statistical relationships using the Spearman rank correlation non-parametric measure. Results for the May to August fire season indicate statistically significant correlations between regional total area burned and clusters of anomalous 500 hPa geopotential height values immediately over, and immediately upstream of the affected region. For the north-western and west-central regions, significantly correlated clusters are found in the central Pacific as well, providing evidence of the influence of a teleconnection structure on the summer climate of western and north-western North America. Two sample comparison tests show statistically significant differences in both the means and variances of the fire data populations during negative and positive phases of mid-tropospheric flow, and the means of the height anomaly populations during extremely high and extremely low area burned seasons. Increases in regional total area burned are related to increases in mean 500 hPa heights, taken from the significantly correlated clusters of height values, between two successive periods 1953–74 and 1975–95. For Canada as a whole, the five lowest area burned seasons all occurred during the early period, while the five highest seasons occurred during the later period. The difference in the geopotential height fields between the two periods identifies an increase in 500 hPa heights over most of Canada with an amplification of the western Canada ridge and an eastward shifted Canadian Polar Trough (CPT). Received October 19, 1998     

冬季各月北太平洋涛动的年际变化及其与我国降水异常的联系

利用ERA-Interim的海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure,SLP)再分析资料和中国160站的降水观测资料,分析了冬季各月(当年12月、次年1月和2月)北太平洋涛动(North Pacific Oscillation,NPO)的年际变化特征,及其与我国同期降水异常之间的联系。结果表明:1)冬季各月NPO指数的年际变化较为显著,但各月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关性较差,1979—2012年冬季12月与1月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关系数为0.09,而1月与2月NPO指数的相关系数仅为-0.003,均没有通过信度检验。2)1月和12月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国黄淮流域降水异常之间存在明显的正相关,而2月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国华北降水异常之间为明显的负相关。3)当1月(12月)NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国黄淮流域降水量比多年平均值增加约50%(40%);而当2月NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国华北降水量比多年平均值减少约30%。     

1993年北半球环流特征及其对我国天气气候的影响

１９９３年北半球主要环流特征表现为：５００ｈＰａ副产持续加强西伸，位置偏南；亚洲中纬度春，夏经向环流发展，东亚太平洋遥相关型稳定；西藏高原５００ｈＰａ位势高度持续偏高，印缅槽持续偏弱；１００ｈＰａ位势高度场低纬持续偏高，中，高纬持续偏低，夏季南亚高压位置异常偏高。热带海洋出现明显异常，一次新的厄尔尼诺现象发生。热带海洋和北半球大气环流的异常对我国天气气候产生明显影响。     

青藏高原东北侧汛期降水若干问题研究

利用青藏高原东北侧区域平均降水量资料（1958～1997年）和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析500hPa网格资料（2.5°×2.5°?）,分析发现:（1）高原东北侧汛期降水份额最大的7、8、9月3个月近40年降水明显减少,过去明显存在的准3年周期振荡80年代以来处于低潮;（2）日本-北太平洋附近位势高度降低,鄂霍茨克海阻高加强是高原东北侧7、8、9月干旱最典型的标志;（3）就干旱流型而言,7月干旱环流与江淮梅雨环流特征十分相似,表现在江淮多梅雨年,一般是高原东北侧重旱年;（4）高原东北侧7～9月的典型旱年流型,实际就是ElNi?o流型;（5）ElNi?o事件对高原东北侧降水有明显影响,表现在该区域典型少雨年,一般发生于ElNi?o事件当年。从阶段看,以7～9月降水总量与ElNi?o事件相关最为显著,从月际看,尤以9月关系最好。     

热带副热带高度异常对长江流域和华北旱涝影响的数值模拟与分析

前期南亚高压的异常增强或者减弱,热带、副热带地区100 hPa高度的异常增高或者降低,热带西风的异常增强或者减弱,对长江流域和华北地区夏季的降水异常具有预示作用。文中设计了一系列的数值试验进行模拟研究,包括控制试验、敏感试验和4组合成试验。合成试验模拟结果表明,前期热带、副热带高度异常分布,能够再现长江流域、华北旱涝情况。前期南亚高压、热带、副热带高度、风异常对长江流域和华北地区夏季降水的异常均有预示作用。100 hPa叠加高度、风异常的敏感试验结果表明:前期南亚高压、热带与副热带地区100 hPa高度场和环流场的异常不仅可以预示、事实上能够引起长江流域和华北夏季降水的异常———前期南亚高压异常增强、热带、副热带地区100 hPa高度场异常增高、西风异常增强,易引起长江流域降水偏多、华北降水偏少;反之,则容易引起长江流域降水偏少、华北降水偏多。