考虑参数误差的3维空间直线不确定性模型

由于线元上任一点坐标的误差不仅受端点误差的影响,还会受到长度误差的影响,故不确定性模型要考虑各种影响位置精度的参数误差,对3维空间直线不确定性模型作了进一步研究.不但考虑了端点误差的影响,还顾及了长度误差的影响,使模型在理论上更为严密.理论和实验研究表明,长度误差影响了直线方向的精度.     

基于折线逼近的曲线位置与模型误差综合建模

针对目前GIS中曲线常通过一系列折线来逼近的情况,研究考虑由于折线逼近导致的模型误差和由于测量导致的点位随机误差综合影响的曲线不确定性模型。分析曲线拟合的分段准则,提出折线逼近产生的模型误差可由折线模型到真实曲线的垂直距离描述,建立集成模型不确定性与基于误差传播定律的位置不确定性的曲线误差综合量化模型。     

矢量缓冲区不确定性传播的置信带模型

提出用缓冲区整体置信带对GIS中矢量缓冲区进行可靠性评定的方法 ,分别研究了点状和线状目标缓冲区整体置信带的情况。提出用一类似相对误差的量K值来对缓冲区整体置信带进行定量分析 ,并推导出具体的计算公式 ,最后的算例和分析部分重点考察对线段缓冲区K值产生影响的各因子 ,并得出直线端点误差和置信水平是影响缓冲区不确定性传播的关键因素     

利用误差熵评价光斑中点云不确定性

三维激光扫描点位精度受光斑影响较大,激光点在光斑中呈现了不确定性,该不确定性的准确描述关系到激光点位精度的评价。将误差熵模型引入到点位不确定性的评价中,利用激光点位在光斑中不确定性的概率密度函数,推导了激光点位信息熵,并依据误差熵与信息熵的关系得到了激光点位的误差熵。通过分析误差熵与光斑面积的关系,得到点云光斑平均误差熵,实现了将平均误差熵引入到点云不确定性的评价中。通过设置不同扫描间隔得到的点云数据,分析了平均熵模型进行基于光斑影响下的点云精度评价的可行性,最终实现了对光斑中点云不确定性的准确评价。     

在利用高差仪记录的情况下,应用“多次权中数”法平差摄影测量网

本文所提平差方法,是将改正数方程式在小区间内（任意相邻的三个摄影点范围）的关采,当作直线函数,从而利用直线内插和权中数的方法来削弱高差仪的偶然误差影响。在这小区间内,三个改正数间的关系,主要呈直线函数,另外还有二次曲线函数,以及按偶然误差“二次和”规律累积的改正数。二次曲线因直线内插而产生的误差,采用所谓“抛物补偿”加以解决。按偶然误差“二次和”规律累积的改正数,则大部分也呈直线比例,仅有个别因子不成直线比。这由于直线内插所产生的误差无法补救,故只好当作因趋近计算而产生的误差。但它的数值比高差仪误差因趋近而削弱的数值要小。所以趋近的结果,总的精度提高了,根据不同情况约可提高30—50％。由于端点是不可能有内插值的,因此为了提高其精度,可与相邻三个已平差值,按二次曲线规律延伸（外插法）。为使外插值误差小些,对外插用的已知数,提出一些特定的要求。但是与本课题其他平差方法一样,端点精度总不如其他点高。本文在平差中所采用的公式,是简单的直线函数。因此,既可用解析法,又可用图解法。当用于图解法时,则更可节省计算时间。     

基于εm模型的线元位置不确定性度量指标

首先研究了线元不确定性的εm模型,将该模型误差带边界线分为左边界线、右边界线、左误差半圆和右误差半圆四部分,利用代数的方法推导了这四部分误差带边界线的解析表达式;利用误差带边界线的解析表达式,绘出不确定性区域的图形.给出了平均误差带宽和误差带的面积作为线元不确定性的精度评估指标.     

GNSS长度测量不确定性试验分析

针对GNSS定位结果总是存在点位误差,由此导出的长度测量值为点位误差的非线性映射,对于长距离定位量测,其非线性影响较小,线性化近似一般可以满足精度要求,但对于短距离量测,其非线性影响不容忽略的问题。该文探讨了GNSS长度测量不确定性来源,通过单点定位和差分定位试验验证了长度测量不确定性与定位精度、点间距离的关系,测试不同偏差和方差估计公式的适用性。试验表明,对于GNSS高精度、长基线测量,其长度统计偏差可以忽略,且方差为基线向量的方向方差;现有不确定性评估公式在超短基线情形适用性会变差,在这种情形下,试验表明二阶偏差和方差估计更为精确。通过消除长度统计偏差得到无偏估计量,可以有效提高距离量测的可靠性,为提高用户距离量测精度提供有益帮助。     

一种简单的加权整体最小二乘直线拟合方法

在测绘生产实践中经常会遇到不等精度直线拟合的问题,常规方法因忽略了设计矩阵的误差,而导致模型存在误差,从而降低了拟合精度。为了解决模型误差,数学上常用加权整体最小二乘法,但涉及较多的矩阵理论,不利于广大测绘者应用。因此,本文在深入分析直线拟合误差模型的基础上,从经典测量平差模型入手,提出用附有参数的条件平差模型求解加权整体最小二乘直线拟合参数。理论推导和算例结果表明,该模型与测量平差知识结合紧密,解决了不等精度直线拟合中存在的两个问题,且算法简单、计算误差小,能满足一般的工程技术需要。     

GIS中三维空间直线的误差熵模型

从信息熵的角度提出了三维空间直线的误差熵模型，该模型由以垂直直线的平面误差熵为半径的圆柱体和两端点的误差球组成，是一种完全确定的度量空间线元不确定性的模型。理论分析与实验表明，本文所提出的模型具有较好的效果。     

线元点位误差带的“纺锤形”模型

对当前GIS界流行的以点位误差描述线元位置不确定性的误差带理论提出相反的观点。最早提出的线元误差带理论为"ε-带"模型,后来又提出了"E-带"模型和在其基础上发展的"G-带"模型。后两者均认为以控制点点位误差描述的线元的误差带的基本形状呈"哑铃"形,即认为线元上端点的位置不确定性大于端点之间的点的位置不确定性。笔者的看法与此相反,笔者认为线元上两控制点之间的点的位置不确定性应大于控制点的位置不确定性,且在两控制点的中间达到最大,即线元误差带的基本形状应为"纺锤形"而不是"哑铃形"。     

平面随机线元等概率密度误差模型边界包络线

线状实体误差模型包络线既是GIS位置不确定性研究的重要内容,又是GIS可视化研究的关键指标.为了充分利用计算机技术求解符合GIS精度要求的误差模型包络线,基于文献[1,2]中探讨过的等概率密度误差模型建模机理和数值算法,研究了平面随机线元等概率密度误差模型边界包络线的确定原理和计算方法,并通过实例辅以可视化分析,验证了原理的正确性和可操作性.     

A measure of average error variance of line features

This article presents a new development in measuring the positional error of line features in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in the form of a new measure for estimating the average error variance of line features, including line segment, polyline, polygon, and curved lines. This average error measure is represented in the form of a covariance matrix derived by an analytical approach. Corresponding error indicators are derived from this matrix. The error of line features mainly results from two factors: (1) an error propagated from the original component points of line features and (2) a model error of interpolation between these points. In this study, a method of average error estimation has been derived regarding the first type error of line features that are interpolated by either linear or cubic interpolation methods. The main contribution of the research is the provision of an error measure to assess the quality of spatial data in application settings. The proposed error models for estimating average error variance of line features in a GIS are illustrated by both simulated and practical experiments. The results show that the line accuracy from a linear interpolation is better than a line interpolated using a cubic model.     

GIS中基于εσ模型的随机折线元位置不确定性的可视化

首先研究基于εσ模型单一折线段不确定性误差带,导出误差带边界线的解析表达式;然后通过算例分析,针对开折线和闭折线两种情况,由单一折线段误差带边界线的解析表达式,编程绘出位置不确定性随机折线的可视化图形。理论分析和可视化图形表明,在两条相邻折线的公共端点处,前一线段的右误差半圆的半径和后一线段的左误差半圆的半径未必相等,实际分析中需考虑到这种情况。     

Formulas for precisely and efficiently estimating the bias and variance of the length measurements

Error analysis in length measurements is an important problem in geographic information system and cartographic operations. The distance between two random points—i.e., the length of a random line segment—may be viewed as a nonlinear mapping of the coordinates of the two points. In real-world applications, an unbiased length statistic may be expected in high-precision contexts, but the variance of the unbiased statistic is of concern in assessing the quality. This paper suggesting the use of a k-order bias correction formula and a nonlinear error propagation approach to the distance equation provides a useful way to describe the length of a line. The study shows that the bias is determined by the relative precision of the random line segment, and that the use of the higher-order bias correction is only needed for short-distance applications.     

GIS中空间数据不确定性的混合熵模型研究

基于信息理论和模糊集合理论，针对GIS中部分空间数据既具有随机性又具有模糊性的特点，建立了空间数据不确定性的混合熵模型。以GIS中线元不确定性为例，讨论了线元不确定性的统计熵、模糊熵和混合熵估计方法，并针对特例给出了线元不确定性的熵带分布。     

Relationship of uncertainty between polygon segment and line segment for spatial data in GIS

The mathematic theory for uncertainty model of line segment are summed up to achieve a general conception, and the line error band model of ?σ is a basic uncertainty model that can depict the line accuracy and quality efficiently while the model of ?m and error entropy can be regarded as the supplement of it. The error band model will reflect and describe the influence of line uncertainty on polygon uncertainty. Therefore, the statistical characteristic of the line error is studied deeply by analyzing the probability that the line error falls into a certain range. Moreover, the theory accordance is achieved in the selecting the error buffer for line feature and the error indicator. The relationship of the accuracy of area for a polygon with the error loop for a polygon boundary is deduced and computed.     

Relationship of Uncertainty Between Polygon Segment and Line Segment for Spatial Data in GIS

The mathematic theory for uncertainty model of line segment are summed up to achieve a general conception, and the line error band model of εp is a basic uncertainty model that can depict the line accuracy and quality efficiently while the model of εm and error entropy can be regarded as the supplement of it. The error band model will reflect and describe the influence of line uncertainty on polygon uncertainty. Therefore, the statistical characteristic of the line error is studied deeply by analyzing the probability that the line error falls into a certain range. Moreover, the theory accordance is achieved in the selecting the error buffer for line feature and the error indicator, The relationship of the accuracy of area for a polygon with the error loop for a polygon boundary is deduced and computed.