引力透镜与类星体——星系（星系团）成协

综述了背景光源（类星体）与前方天体（星系、星系团等）成协的观测和统计事例。详尽叙述了与成协问题相关的引力透镜理论。全面介绍了对各种成协事例进行引力透镜理论解释的方法、研究现状及存在的问题。还给出了一种计算成协样品中面密度超出因子的改进方法。     

引力透镜与类星体─星系(星系团)成协

综述了背景光源（类星体）与前方天体（星系、星系团等）成协的观测和统计事例．详尽叙述了与成协问题相关的引力透镜理论．全面介绍了对各种成协事例进行引力透镜理论解释的方法、研究现状及存在的问题．还给出了一种计算成协样品中面密度超出因子的改进方法．     

星系团的射电研究进展

我们从四个方面综述星系闭的射电研究进展。首先介绍了星系闭中的分立射电源，特别是ｃＤ星系研究的一些最新进展和结果。继而介绍了星系闭中射电晕的分类、目前的观测结果和理论解释。星闭中的磁场主要由射电研究得出，在本文中对此也作了适当的介绍和讨论。最后还简介了在星系闭射观测中发现的ｒｅｌｉｃ射电源。     

Virgo星系团中星系与类星体成协

根据ＬＢＱＳ在Ｖｉｒｇｏ天区的类星体样品和ＢＳＴ的Ｖｉｒｇｏ星系团的星系样品，利用交叉相关函数的方法研究了类星体与星系成协的现象，发现在角间距５＇＜θ＜４０＇范围内成员星系与类星体有明显的成协性。而对背景星系不存在这种成协现象。本还讨论了成协与视星等的关系问题。     

星系团的引力透镜效应及宇宙微波背景辐射的各向异性

本研究了Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ随机分布的星系团作为引力透镜天体,其横向本动速度引起的运动引力透镜效应对宇宙背景辐射（ＣＢＲ）温度涨落各向异性的影响。对星系团的密度结构及其引力透镜效应,我们采用Ｈｅｒｎｑｕｉｓｔ模型,并在此基础上,利用星系团的统计理论,在冷蝉 物质及等曲率重子扰动模型框架下,计算了运动引力透镜效应对ＣＢＲ温度涨落各向异性的贡献。     

星系团Abell 85的光度函数

基于NASA/IPAC河外星系数据库(NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database,NED)和Sloan数字巡天(Sloan Digital Sky Survey,SDSS)第8次释放的数据(The Eighth Data Release,DR8),对星系团Abell 85(以下简称A85)的2倍动力学特征半径2r_(200)内的光度函数(Luminosity Function,LF)进行了研究.研究表明,A85的光度函数在Sloan巡天5个波段用Schechter函数均能拟合得很好.在u、g和z波段光度函数都显示出1个下凹.早型星系r波段的两个最佳拟合参数(r波段特征绝对星等和暗端的陡度)分别为M_r~*=-21.14_(-0.17)~(+0.17)mag,α=-0.83_(-0.14)~(+0.12),晚型星系为M_r~*=-21.98_(-0.98)~(+0.84)mag,α=-1.5_(-0.35)~(+0.24).早型星系的特征星等暗于晚型星系,而暗端比晚型星系要平坦得多.早型星系的光度函数在-20.5~-20.0 mag下凹.将1.5r_(200)范围内的星系按距离团中心的远近划分为3个环状区域,发现距离团中心越近,光度函数的暗端越陡,特征星等越亮.     

WMAP第3年的宇宙学参数对星系团中巨弧数目的影响

该文利用高精度的大尺度N体数值模拟,研究了WMAP(Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)第3年的观测结果对星系团中的巨弧数目的影响,发现预言的巨弧数目比主流的ACDM模型预言的要低80%多。加入绝热气体几乎不会改变巨弧的发生概率,而引入恒星形成和超新星反馈后得到的概率不会大于原来的1.3倍。如此小的贡献是因为虽然有恒星的数值模拟得到的星系团具有更高的中心密度,但同时星系团的形状更趋球对称,这是影响巨弧概率的2个相反的因素。以前基于ACDM模型预言的巨弧概率还不能很好地与观测相符,WMAP第3年的观测结果将更难以解释。     

星系团Abell 2199的恒星形成性质

通过对近邻星系团Abell 2199中290颗成员星系进行形态分类,研究这些星系的恒星形成率及其与形态和相关物理特性之间的关系.该星系团中星系的特征恒星形成率与Ha等值宽度、星系光谱在4000A处的跃变程度以及星系所包含的恒星质量之间有较强的相关性.这些星系的恒星形成活动没有表现出明显的环境效应,表明该星系团仍处在剧烈的动力学演化阶段,远没有达到动力学平衡.     

Detecting the Gravitational Redshift of Cluster Gas

We examine the gravitational redshift of radiation emitted from within the potential of a cluster. Spectral lines from the intracluster medium (ICM) are redshifted in proportion to the emission-weighted mean potential along the line of sight, amounting to approximately 50 km s-1 at a radius of 100 kpc h-1, for a cluster dispersion of 1200 km s-1. We show that the relative redshifts of different ionization states of metals in the ICM provide a unique probe of the three-dimensional matter distribution. An examination of the reported peculiar velocities of cD galaxies in well-studied Abell clusters reveals that they are typically redshifted by an average of approximately 200 km s-1. This can be achieved by gravity with the addition of a steep central potential associated with the cD galaxy. Note that, in general, gravitational redshifts cause a small overestimate of the recessional velocities of clusters by an average of approximately 20 km s-1.     

Rings Around Planets, Atmospheric Superrotation, and Their Great Spots

A common explanation is offered of the facts that the (outer) planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (i) have ring systems inside their magnetospheres, (ii) show alternating atmospheric super- and sub-rotation in latitude belts, and (iii) have great (coloured) whirling spots in their atmospheres, at latitudes of maximal shear flow. The common reason, so we argue, is the action of magnetic torques between the various ring systems in non-synchronous rotation which drive electric currents, help ionize the orbiting gas, and redistribute angular momentum. Very similar reasoning has been used earlier – though incorrect in detail – to explain the complicated system of torsional oscillations in the solar convection zone.     

SZ星系团巡天及其宇宙学意义

存在于星系团电离气体中的大量高温电子会对宇宙微波背景的光子产生逆康普顿散射，引起所谓的Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich(SZ)效应，SZ效应是研究星系团的一种非常有效的手段。特别中SZ效应只与星系团的内禀性质有关，而与所处的位置无关，这有利于发现高红移的星系团，因此对星系团的演化有着极其重要的意义，正在建造中的SZ巡天望远望，将提供 条全新的确定宇宙参数的有效途径，如物质密度参量（ΩM），真空能密度参量（ΩΛ）和8h^-1Mpc尺度内的质量涨落均方差（σ8)，SZ星系团巡天确定宇宙参数，特别是定量分析利用SZ星系团巡天确定宇宙参数中可能存在的所有不确定因素，可以更好地限制宇宙学模型。在SZ星系团巡天完成之前，人们必须对这些不确定因素有清楚的了解，以便能利用未来的SZ星系团退天结果有效地测量宇宙参数。     

Gravitational instability

In this paper we review the gravitational instability theory of galaxy formation. Closed-form expressions for the rate of growth of density perturbations in the regime prior to recombination are presented in special cases in which the cosmological constant is non-zero. After recombination, the fate of perturbations in Lemaître universes is studied with the aid of exact solutions to the density perturbation equation orginally derived by Bonnor.     

Gravitational Lensing

In the roughly 20 years of its existence as an observational science, gravitational lensing has established itself as a valuable tool in many astrophysical fields. In the introduction of this review we briefly present the basics of lensing. Then it is shown that the two propagation effects, lensing and scintillation, have a number of properties in common. In the main part various lensing phenomena are discussed with emphasis on recent observations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

引力透镜的基本原理及最新研究进展

介绍了引力透镜的基本原理，并针对不同情况，结合目前的观测结果对强透镜、弱透镜和微透镜分别作了系统的说明；特别阐述了近年来正在兴起的宇宙剪切的观测和理论研究，总结了引力透镜在宇宙学研究中的重要意义。     

Gravitational Waves and Gravitational-wave Sourcestwo

The recent discovery of gravitational-wave burst GW150914 marks the coming of a new era of gravitational-wave astronomy, which provides a new window to study the physics of strong gravitational field, extremely massive stars, extremely high energy processes, and extremely early universe. In this article, we introduce the basic characters of gravitational waves in the Einstein's general relativity, their observational effects and main generation mechanisms, including the rotation of neutron stars, evolution of binary systems, and spontaneous generation in the inflation universe. Different sources produce the gravitational waves at quite different frequencies, which can be detected by different methods. In the lowest frequency range (f < 10^?15 Hz), the detection is mainly dependent of the observation of B-mode polarization of cosmic microwave background radiation. In the middle frequency range (10^?9 < f < 10^?6 Hz), the gravitational waves are detected by analyzing the timing residuals of millisecond pulsars. And in the high frequency range (10 ? 4 < f < 10⁴ Hz), they can be detected by the space-based and ground-based laser interferometers. In particular, we focus on the main features, detection methods, detection status, and the future prospects for several important sources, including the continuous sources (e.g., the spinning neutron stars, and stable binary systems), the burst sources (e.g., the supernovae, and the merge of binary system), and the stochastic backgrounds generated by the astrophysical and cosmological process. In addition, we forecast the potential breakthroughs in gravitational-wave astronomy in the near future, and the Chinese projects which might involve in these discoveries.     

The Interaction of Stellar Winds with Their Environment: Theory and Modelling

This paper contains an introductionary review of the theory of stellar wind bubbles. I describe the basic difference between radiative and adiabatic bubbles, the effects a central photo-ionizing source may have and in some more detail how these concepts can be used to explain the formation of Planetary Nebulae. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gravitational waves from r-modes

Detectability of gravitational waves emitted by newly born, hot, rapidly rotating neutron stars as they spin down due to the r-mode instability is discussed. It is shown that differential rotation induced by r-modes plays a fundamental role in the evolution of the mode’s instability, making it more difficult to detect these gravitational waves.     

大质量年轻星团和超星团

随着观测技术的进展,在星系中观测到了越来越多的大质量年轻星团和超星团,它们不能简单地归类于银河系中的疏散星团或球状星团,因而其性质和演化意义日益为人们所关注。该文对大质量年轻星团和超星团的发现、观测特征以及演化意义进行了较为系统的概要介绍。