塔里木盆地喀什凹陷侏罗纪古环境

通过对野外露头剖面的勘察采样和研究，从岩石的颜色、岩性、沉积构造、古生物化石以及地球化学等多项指标分析了喀什凹陷侏罗纪的古环境特征和演化。研究表明：早株罗纪莎里塔什组属干燥氧化环境下的冲积扇沉积，到康苏组时演化为潮湿气候条件下的河流沉积，中侏罗世盆地南北出现差异，北部以淡水为主，而南部出现半咸水-咸水环境，古气候向半潮湿-半干燥演变；沉积相由三角洲前缘向深-半深湖再到滨浅湖沉积演化；晚侏罗世盆地又深化为干燥-半干燥环境下的河流与冲积扇沉积。整个侏罗纪代表了一个水体由浅-深-浅、古气候由干燥-湿热-干燥的演化过程。古水介质盐度基本上保持了陆相淡水湖体系，仅中侏罗世时期在南部表现为咸水环境。     

青海省南部侏罗纪地层问题讨论

青海省南部侏罗纪海相双壳类异常丰富.根据近年来新测制的地层剖面和化石资料,本文分析了该区双壳类动物群的时代意义,从而确立了本区侏罗系应包括中,上侏罗统;海相侏罗纪沉积大致自巴柔阶到基末里阶.东特提斯区北缘的弧形地带,诸如青海南部、藏东、藏北、滇西,缅甸掸邦和泰国呵叻等地在中,晚侏罗世基本上属于同一个生态环境较特殊的双壳类生物地理分区,双壳类动物群表现出强烈的地方性色彩,特别是淡水双壳类动物群cuneopsis—Psilunio—Lamprotula组合,半咸水动物群Corbula—Neomindon组合以及淡水（微咸水）动物群Peregrinococha组合完全是该区特有的土著分子,从时代对比意义上来说,它们之间可对比度更高.云南和平乡组双壳类动物群和本区相比较后表明,和平乡组沉积时代大致相当于巴柔期（含早巴通期）.缅甸南瑶系中的双壳类动物群时代不应晚于巴通期.藏东和青海南部产出的奇异蛤动物群时代则应不早于基末里期.     

陆相盆地中的海侵层序特征:中欧盆地三叠系与松辽盆地白垩系对比研究

中欧盆地三叠系是典型的海陆过渡相沉积，松辽盆地白垩系是含有海侵事件记录的陆相河湖盆地。两盆地的共同特点是：①大陆克拉通上长期发育的大型坳陷盆地；②靠近古大洋和（或）有向海通道；③主要由互层状泥岩、粉砂岩、碳酸盐岩和膏盐层组成；④无典型海相化石，可能发育有半咸水和（或）高盐度生物；⑤海侵层中自生矿物的δ^34S,δ^13C,δ^18O同位素比值及介质盐度指数（Sr/Ba）、碱度指数（Ca Mg)／（Si Al）、还原性指标（Zn Ni)/Ga、硫沉积通量指数（归一化硫含量）等显著高于相邻层位背景值。     

淡水双壳类壳体碳同位素研究：以河蚬（corbicula fluminea，Miiller 1774）为例

双壳类壳体碳酸盐（文石）稳定同位素组成已被广泛地用于古气候和古环境重建研究中,但是双壳类壳体碳同位素组成所指示的气候和环境意义一直是争议的问题。对双壳类河蚬（corbicula fluminea）进行了室内养殖,并选取两个壳体样品（壳高,A=13mm,B=9mm）,测定其生长部分壳体和生长期间水体碳同位素,研究表明,随着水体碳同位素的升高（δCmc由-5．24‰升至1．41‰）,两壳体碳同位素也随之升高,表明水体对壳体碳同位素的影响;δ13CA分布范围为-4．76‰-2．09‰,δ13CB为-8．49‰-2．89‰,壳体A和B碳同位素均比预测平衡值偏负,表明壳体在形成过程中利用了新陈代谢产生的富集12C的CO2。根据计算壳体A在实验中沉淀部分壳体利用新陈代谢碳的比例（M值）为24％～43％,平均值为33％;壳体B为33％～75％,平均值为58％。肘值随生物的生长呈下降变化,这说明在实验中河蚬主要是通过增加对DIC的吸收和利用来满足壳体生长对物质量增加的需求。     

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗纪古生态特征及其古地理意义

根据多门类化石古生态和岩相、沉积构造等资料,分析了柴达木盆地北缘侏罗纪的古气候和沉积环境。介形类、轮藻、叶肢介、双壳类和植物等化石在地层中的产出特征反映了当时以湖沼及滨浅湖为主的沉积环境,广泛分布的植物及孢粉化石组合面貌的变化揭示出盆地北缘早、中侏罗世为热带－亚热带温湿气候,早侏罗世晚期和中侏罗世晚期古气候两度明显干热化。陆生植物与湖沼相动物化石的交替出现,反映了盆地北缘侏罗纪湖泊、沼泽与低山相间分布的古地理面貌。早侏罗世湖泊多期发育但规模较小,中侏罗世中晚期湖泊规模最大。     

淡水双壳类壳体碳同位素研究:以河蚬(corbicula fluminea,Müller 1774)为例

双壳类壳体碳酸盐(文石)稳定同位素组成已被广泛地用于古气候和古环境重建研究中,但是双壳类壳体碳同位素组成所指示的气候和环境意义一直是争议的问题.对双壳类河蚬(corbicula fluminea)进行了室内养殖,并选取两个壳体样品(壳高,A=13 mm,B=9mm),测定其生长部分壳体和生长期间水体碳同位素,研究表明,随着水体碳同位素的升高(δ13CDIC由-5.24‰升至1.41‰),两壳体碳同位素也随之升高,表明水体对壳体碳同位素的影响;δ13CA分布范围为-4.76‰～2.09‰,δ13CB为-8.49‰～2.89,壳体A和B碳同位素均比预测平衡值偏负,表明壳体在形成过程中利用了新陈代谢产生的富集12C的CO2.根据计算壳体A在实验中沉淀部分壳体利用新陈代谢碳的比例(M值)为24%～43%,平均值为33%;壳体B为33%～75%,平均值为58%.M值随生物的生长呈下降变化,这说明在实验中河蚬主要是通过增加对DIC的吸收和利用来满足壳体生长对物质量增加的需求.     

（古）盐度研究的一种重要工具——锶同位素

本文详细地阐述了海水－陆表水双元体系中锶同位素的混合原理、混合水体中＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ值与盐度的定量关系。利用Ｓｒ同位素不随生物、何尝作用过程发生分馏作用及Ｓｒ与Ｃａ化学性质相似等特征,地层、沉积物中生物壳体和碳酸盐岩＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ值可作为沉积水体（古）盐度确定的一种有用工具。文中详细地综述了国内外在这方面的研究进展,并讨论了成岩后生作用对生物壳体和碳酸盐岩＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ原始值     

早寒武纪小壳化石的地球化学研究

寒武纪是生命的开端，化石则是生命开始的直接证据，因寒武纪地层对揭示生命的成因具有重大意义，多年来寒武纪地层是众多学科领域关注的热点。对寒武纪的研究，在古生物学方面，已经取得了很好的进展；但是对于这些生物所赖以生存的环境的研究还仅停留在定性阶段，仅限于利用环境指标反应环境的变化。而且，经过成岩作用过程，沉积岩可能已经改变了与海洋所达成的化学平衡。Longinelli等（1973）提出了利用沉积磷酸盐与水的氧同位素平衡的方法计算沉积阶段的古水温，这一温度计为利用小壳化石壳同位素组成计算古水温提供可能。但是，这种可能变成现实的前提条件是：小壳化石的磷酸盐壳质是原生的。小壳化石在存在于寒武纪底部白云岩层，在华南分布广泛。采样点位于云南省会泽县大海乡乡村公路旁。化石形体上呈圆锥型，具有坚硬的磷酸钙壳体，体腔常被石英充填。化石含量高的地层可富集成矿，例如贵州织金磷矿属于这种矿床类型。经过磷酸的浸泡，化石壳饰已被破坏，扫描电镜下呈现不规则的溶蚀坑。偏光镜下化石的横截面上可以看到石英填充物晶形完好。对采集样品进行了元素及同位素地球化学分析，分析结果表明，小壳化石的磷酸盐部分比碳酸盐部分含有更高的REE；Mn/Sr 按 SSF2＜FB＜SSF1＜DH－23 递增，体现了小壳化石中的磷酸盐部分后期成岩作用的影响最小，其可能能够反应古海水特征。小壳化石与颗粒磷的磷酸根氧同位素δ18Ophos在误差范围内是一致的，根据公式 Longinelli 等（1973）计算出来的古海洋温度为28.4～29.4℃。化石中的碳酸盐部分与基质白云岩在碳同位素δ13Ccarb上基本一致。另外，本项研究首次采用硅同位素方法探讨小壳化石中的石英的来源，结果表明化石与基质石英的Si同位素相当［（－0.6＋0.1）‰］，体现了热液特征，与寒武纪底部硅质岩硅同位素特征 0.4‰～1.4‰ 完全不同。化石的磷酸盐成分（SSF）与颗粒状磷矿（FB）成分具有较低的 Mn/Sr比值（0.12，0.23），壳体的碳酸盐成分的 Mn/Sr比值为8.5，基质白云岩 Mn/Sr比值高达200。小壳化石与颗粒状磷矿的磷酸盐氧同位素相近［（16.8＋0.2）‰］，高于相近磷块岩地层（13.3‰～15.9‰）。成岩作用对磷酸盐氧同位素的影响是使氧同位素降低，从这点意义上说小壳化石受成岩作用或后期矿化作用的影响更小。这些分析数据表明，小壳化石中壳体的磷酸盐成分是原生成分。经酸分离的小壳化石表面的溶蚀坑表明，磷酸盐并不是化石壳体的唯一成分，碳酸盐也可能是壳体的组成成分。碳同位素分析表明，壳质中碳酸盐部分与基质白云岩具有相近的δ13C，而且壳体中碳酸盐成分的 Mn/Sr 比值也不高。所以，碳酸盐部分也可能是原生的。根据公式 Longinelli 等（1973）计算出来的古海洋温度为 28.4～29.4℃，Ling等（2004）发表了关于前寒武纪古海水温度的数据，建议 32～34℃ 为前寒武纪古海水温度的上限，但是他所研究分析的磷块岩受成岩作用的影响很大，所以计算的温度较高。从某种意义上说，越小的计算值越接近真正的古海水温度。华南早寒武纪有没有热液这一问题对于发育于早寒武世黑色页岩系中的 Ni－Mo－PGE 多金属硫化物矿床的成因问题尤其重要。热液与沉积成矿观点一直在争论着，从某种意义上说，笔者的Si同位素结果支持了热液成因观点。     

唐古拉山北坡侏罗纪双壳类化石新材料

唐古拉山地区侏罗系发育良好,是国内侏罗纪双壳类最丰富的地区之一。本文描述其中的8属17种,大多数为国内首次报道的种。由于唐古拉山地区在侏罗纪时正好位于东亚分区（East Asian province）、埃塞俄比亚分区（Ethiopian province）和欧洲分区（European province）3个不同的双壳类生物地理分区接合处,因此本区双壳类显示出一定的混生色彩,具有上述各区的一些特征属或种。但是更值得注意的是自唐古拉山向东南方向,包括西藏东部、云南、缅甸及泰国的侏罗系中,双壳类动物群含有大量的共同分子,并形成特殊的地方性生物群,考虑到侏罗纪古板块的构造格局,对上述特提斯北岸东缘进行进一步研究,将有助于建立侏罗纪的一个新的双壳类生物地理分区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长9油层组古盐度特征及其地质意义

利用黏土矿物X衍射分析和微量元素分析结果,采用Couch公式和Adams公式对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长9油层组沉积期湖盆古盐度进行恢复,确定由于受到成岩作用影响,由Couch公式计算出的古盐度值比实际值低,而由Adams公式计算结果反映的水体古盐度性质更可靠。研究表明:①鄂尔多斯盆地长9油层组沉积期湖盆水体具微咸水-半咸水性质,盐度从北东、北西及西南3个方向往湖盆中央呈逐渐升高,晚期的盐度低于早期盐度,反映湖平面上升的湖进过程。盐度高值区为相对闭塞的湖湾和湖盆中心的半深湖区。平面上,古盐度向河流入注湖盆的河口方向降低。由古盐度变化为古地理恢复提供了依据;②湖泊水体盐度与储层关系密切,较高盐度的水体有利于早成岩阶段绿泥石环边胶结和浊沸石的形成,前者有利于原生粒间孔隙的保存,后者更容易被溶蚀而形成丰富的次生溶孔。     

Reconstruction of palaeosalinity using carbon isotopes and benthic associations: a comparison

Carbon and oxygen isotopes were determined on 40 recrystallized shells of Late Jurassic bivalves from the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal. In contrast with the oxygen isotopes, which exhibited considerable diagenetic distortion, the carbon isotopes are thought to preserve a record of the salinity of the Jurassic marginal marine seas in which these bivalves lived. The reconstructed palaeosalinities range from 35%o (euhaline) to 5% (oligohaline). Comparing these values with the palaeosalinity reconstructed from a palaeoecological analysis of 17 stratigraphic levels within the basin, the independently derived values agree in most cases. Strongly differing values are explained as being due to biotic factors and to diagenetic distortion of the isotopic signal; they are less likely to be due to smallscale time-averaging or insufficient microstratigraphic sampling. On the whole, the carbon isotope analyses are thought to produce reasonable palaeosalinity values, although data from infaunal, originally aragonitic bivalves appear to be less reliable than those from epifaunal bivalves with a predominantly or exclusively calcitic shell. As diagenetic alteration of the carbon isotope signal is, however, unpredictable and biotic effects on the isotopic composition are insufficiently known, palaeosalinity reconstructions based on stable isotope data should be supported by palaeoecological data.     

The isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon in the subfossil mollusc shells of the Baltic Sea as an indicator of palaeosalinity

The carbon (δ¹³ C) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotopic composistion in mollusc shells in mainly determined by the isotopic composition of water and dissolved bicarbonate. The δ¹⁸O values of water show a good correlation with the salinity of the Baltic. This correlation served as a basis for reconstructing palaeosalinity and for stratifying the marine sediments according to the δ¹⁸O values of the carbonate skeletons of subfossil shells. The δ¹³C values in shells are mainly determined by the isotopic composition of land-originating bicarbonate, especially in the carbonate skeleton of Lymnaea balthica , which inhabits the immediate coastal zone. According to the δ¹⁸O data, salinity in the investigated area (the coastal area of W and NW Estonia) was highest (about 9–11%) during the Littorina stage. The Limnae a stage had, in general, a salinity similar to the contemporary one, but during some phases possibly exceeding it by 2–3%.     

Sodium and strontium in mollusc shells: preservation,palaeosalinity and palaeotemperature of the Middle Pleistocene of eastern England

This paper revisits the utility of sodium (Na) content in aragonite and calcite mollusc shells as an indicator of palaeosalinity. The data come mainly from a related suite of Middle Pleistocene marine and freshwater fossils that have been subject to broadly similar diagenetic histories. Environmental salinity is re-affirmed as the primary factor in determining the sodium content of modern and ancient mollusc shells: values <2000 ppm Na are generally indicative of non-marine environments while values >2000 Na ppm are typically from marine shells. There is a positive relationship between Na (salinity) and Sr which is a helpful discriminator of palaeosalinity in the fossil data set. The Na and Sr data give confidence that the fossil shells have not suffered pervasive diagenetic alteration and that the marine fossils lived in fully marine conditions. Oxygen isotope values in the best-preserved, fully marine fossil shells, suggest Middle Pleistocene ‘eastern England’ seawater temperatures were broadly similar to those of the modern North Sea.     

The isotopic composition of Tertiary carbonates from the Mainz Basin: an example of isotopic fractionations in 'closed basins'

The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of seventy-nine samples of biogenic carbonates from the Mainz Basin Tertiary (Oligocene and Lower Miocene) was analysed. Most samples were mollusc shells still consisting of aragonite. Assuming only small temperature effects, salinity trends derived from isotope data are consistent with palaeontological results from the region: a salinity cycle ranging from fresh water-brackish (Lower Oligocene) towards marine (Middle Oligocene) and brackish-fresh water (Upper Oligocene) was found. Within the Lower Miocene, a trend of decreasing salinities is suggested. Though the isotopic salinity trends coincide rather well with palaeontological salinities, the absolute oxygen isotope ratios indicate an unusual isotopic environment enriched in ¹⁸O. Isotope fractionation is explained by evaporation of a closed basin (Rupelton excluded) with fresh water influx from surrounding land areas in a subtropical climate. Enrichment in ¹⁸O by repeated evaporation processes is paralleled by increasing concentration of Sr. Increasing fresh water influx during the Oligocene is due to climatic changes with a trend of more humid conditions towards the younger rock strata.     

皖南赣北宁国组和胡乐组沉积环境的古盐度特征及其地质意义

通过对皖南赣北地区早、中奥陶世宁国组和胡乐组合笔石黑色岩系的相当硼含量和镁铝比值的研究,揭示该时期皖南赣北海盆古海水具有不断淡化的历史;宁国组下部沉积环境的古盐度比宁国组上部以及胡乐组沉积环境的古盐度高;古海水发生明显淡化的转折期是在Ｕ．ａｕｓｔｒｏｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓ带（Ｎｒ）与Ｄ．ｅｌｌｅａｓｅ带（Ｎ８ａ）的界线附近;结合笔石动物群组合面貌的变化,古盐度有可能是早、中奥陶世笔石动物群演替的外界环境因素之一。     

Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of Jurassic foraminifers in the Unzha River basin

Study of the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of the foraminifera shells of different species from the Callovian-Oxfordian undershale rocks in the Unzha River basin near the town of Makar’ev (Central Volga region) has shown that the δ¹⁸O values of the epistomina shells correspond to relatively low temperatures and their δ¹³C values indicate the high productivity of the basin in this period. The Lenticulina tumida shells register low δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values, which probably reflect the biological effect of fractionation during their formation. The Jurassic lagenids (Lenticulina tumida and Citharina chanika) were characterized by a wider habitat areal or ecological niche. We established the importance of isotopic studies of foraminifers of the same genus, and even better of the same species. Most likely, the foraminifera shells may be applied for study of Mesozoic sedimentation conditions.     

我国生物气藏碳、氢同位素特征、形成途径及意义

生物气碳、氢同位素组成是探讨其形成途径和成藏特征的基本手段,研究基于我国10个生物气气藏31个气样的碳、氢同位素组成资料探讨了这些气藏的形成途径和成藏特征。研究表明:这些气藏的氢同位素组成可以分为三个区间,即δDCH4>-200‰;δDCH4值在-250‰～-200‰之间和δDCH4<-250‰。前人认为在陆相淡水条件下生物气的形成途径主要是乙酸发酵作用,我国10个气藏31个气样碳、氢同位素研究表明,海相及盐湖相条件下生物气形成途径为典型的CO2还原途径,具有重的氢同位素组成,其δDCH4>-200‰,而陆相条件下成藏的生物气也主要为CO2还原途径,但氢同位素组成较典型海相成因生物气轻,其δDCH4值在-250‰～-200‰之间。其值可能与古湖泊水介质的咸化程度有关。从柴达木的资料来看,随水介质咸度增大,生物甲烷氢同位素组成也具有相应增大趋势。陆相条件下有处于CO2还原和乙酸发酵两种作用过渡区形成的生物气气藏,其形成可能与古水介质无咸化过程和地温梯度较高有关,如保山盆地。该区形成的生物气具有轻的氢同位素组成,δDCH4<-250‰,碳同位素组成则相对较重,其碳、氢同位素组成之间具有较好的负相关。生物气碳、氢同位素组成的成气机理及途径有可能成为判识自然界采集的生物气气样是否具有工业意义,一般而言,乙酸发酵途径形成的生物气不利于成藏。     

Salinity and redox alternations in the northwestern Baltic proper during the late Holocene

Selected geochemical parameters and siliceous microfossil assemblages in Baltic Sea sediments are presented which reflect past variations in redox conditions, salinity and primary production. The sediments were deposited during the freshwater Ancylus Lake (9500-8000 ¹⁴C BP) and brackish Litorina Sea (8000-3000 BP) stages of the Baltic. The diatom record shows that surface-water salinity increased further at c . 7000-6500 BP, although smaller amounts of brackish water entered the basin from c . 8000 BP onwards. Attempts to use exchangeable Mg as a palaeosalinity indictor were not applicable. Gross primary productivity increased along with salinity, which has been interpreted as an effect of nutrient enrichment in the photic zone. This led between c . 6500 and 4500 BP to a high accumulation of organic carbon, anoxic or nearly anoxic bottom conditions and formation of laminated deposits. Certain laminae consist of alternating layers of organic and minerogenic material and were probably formed annually, i.e. in the manner of varves. The laminated successions are distinguished by enrichments of V, Cu and especially Mo. The highest Mo content occurs in the core from the greatest water depth, an effect of anoxic conditions during deposition. The Fe/Mn ratio was shown to be ambiguous as an indicator of past redox conditions. Since biogenic silica shows large variablity in contemporaneously deposited sediments, this parameter cannot be used as a proxy for the past production of siliceous algae in the Baltic Sea.     

渭河盆地古近系细屑岩的古盐度分析

渭河盆地位于鄂尔多斯地块与秦岭造山带之间, 古近纪主要出露地层为红河组及白鹿塬组, 由于近些年在盆地新生界地层中发现氦气前景, 有必要对其沉积环境进行研究, 本文通过野外样品的主量元素、微量元素的测定, 运用Adams法、Walker相当硼法、B/Ga、Sr/Ba比值法定量-半定量地分析了渭河古近系沉积时的盐度特征, 同时结合化学蚀变指数CIA值的变化特征, 对古近系沉积环境进行了综合分析, 结果表明渭河盆地古近系红河组、白鹿塬组盐度为2.2‰~11.7‰, 为一内陆淡水湖泊, 整体气候温暖湿润, 局部地区干旱, 并出现咸水沉积环境;同时发现蚀变指数CIA与盐度值成负相关关系, 由红河组湖相环境至白鹿塬组河流及三角洲相为主的沉积环境, 风化指数升高, 而B/Ga比值所反映的盐度值降低。CIA值在一定程度上反映了盐度特征, 由于生物富集作用导致样品出现高Sr值, 使得Sr/Ba比值在反映盐度时出现异常点。     

唐古拉山侏罗系沉积的若干特征及沉积盆地背景条件的探讨

对于唐古拉山侏罗系沉积类型的不同认识由来已久,然而无论是将其视为地槽型沉积,还是地台型沉积,均难以令人满意地解释该区侏罗纪沉积的特点和性质。 作者在野外工作和室内研究的基础上,从地球化学因素、古生态分析、沉积岩沉积构造和矿物结构成熟度等综合考虑,对该区侏罗纪沉积的特点和性质提出下列证据: （1）含盐度值一般均低于广海的平均盐度值。 （2）发育了海相一半咸水相一陆相的双壳类动物群序列,并以半咸水双壳类属占优势。 （3）沉积构造多为浅水成因的小型波痕,交错层理沉积组合。 （4）沉积岩粒度分析表现了近岸环境的概率曲线特征。 （5）沉积岩矿物结构,成熟度较高,未见海相成因的粒级层理。 结论是唐古拉山区侏罗系应为近岸局限海环境下的沉积产物,在海退时期还发育了滨岸湖相沉积。 根据羌塘地区侏罗纪沉积相空间展布的特点,可以认为唐古拉山区侏罗系仅仅是大西洋型大陆边缘沉积的一个组成部分,是陆架大幅度坳陷所承受的巨厚陆源碎屑沉积,整个羌塘地区侏罗纪沉积在空间上的演替关系及其巨大厚度可借助于大西洋型大陆边缘特有的大陆堤前展沉积模式得到较好的解释。