扬子地块边缘造山带中生代稀有金属矿田地质地球化学特征及找矿方向——以川西马尔康、湘南骑田岭和陕东南镇安矿田为例

为了总结扬子地块边缘造山带内中生代锂铍铌钽钨锡矿床的成矿规律和找矿方向,明确板块作用对稀有金属成矿的时空约束,文章以川西马尔康、湘南骑田岭和陕东南镇安矿田为实例,开展构造背景、成岩成矿时代、岩石地球化学等方面的对比分析,结果显示,不同的稀有金属矿田具有相对一致的地质地球化学特征。构造背景均属于碰撞造山晚期相对稳定或造山期后初始伸展阶段;成岩成矿时代相对集中于印支晚期—燕山早期和燕山中晚期;与稀有金属成矿有关的花岗岩均具有高分异、弱过铝质、钙碱性特征,多属于碱长花岗岩—正长花岗岩类。地质年代学的相近性及构造背景的相对一致性,表明扬子地块边缘造山带内的中生代稀有金属成矿明显地受扬子地块相对统一的构造活动约束;板块边缘不同造山带内的优势稀有金属矿种、主成矿时代、与成矿有关花岗岩的地球化学特征等可互为参考,以促进扬子地块边缘松潘-甘孜、南秦岭、华南等造山带内稀有金属矿的找矿勘查。     

Ore-magmatic systems and metallogeny of gold and silver in Northeastern Asia

Regional ore-magmatic systems (OMS’s) and metallogenic gold-silver belts in northeastern Asia are considered, with emphasis placed on their relationships owing to the effect of geodynamic settings and underlying and host rock sequences on the localization of gold and silver deposits of different types. Particular types of lithologic assemblages with specific mineralogical and geochemical features are persistent throughout the metallogenic belts, controlled by regional noble-metal OMS’s. Regional OMS’s with one-, two-, and multilevel local OMS’s producing different types of noble-metal mineralization are described. The problem of mineral typomorphism in metallogenic analysis has been first raised. This analysis permits one to recognize indicators of ore formation (a particular genetic type of deposits, their formation and denudation levels), sources of ore-forming fluids, regional specific geochemistry and its relationship with magmatism. Regular presence of platinum in gold-bearing metallogenic zones is shown.     

陕西区域成矿规律及其与重大成矿地质事件之关系

陕西横跨三大地质构造单元,曾历经前板块构造、板块构造和陆内造山等三大构造-成矿演化阶段、8个构造-成矿期和8次重大成矿地质事件,形成能源、金属、非金属和水气等四大类135种矿产2000余处矿产地。本文在建立涵盖陕西固体及非固体矿产矿床类型划分方案的基础上,总结了矿产时、空分布规律:时间上具有明显的阶段性,由早到晚分出8个构造-成矿期;空间上具有明显的丛聚性,由北到南划出12个矿集区。矿集区与地质历史时期的重大成矿地质事件密切相关,根据二者的时空关系,划分出单一型、耦合型、叠加型和复合型4种类型矿集区。矿集区的矿产种类、规模大小,一般与其所发生的成矿地质事件的性质和频次有关。叠加型矿集区比单一型矿集区更具找矿潜力。     

Geochemical and metallogenic provinces: a discussion initiated by results from geochemical mapping across northern Fennoscandia

The concept of metallogenic province has won general acceptance in economic geology. It is agreed that metallogenic provinces offer good opportunities for exploration of new ore deposits. The concept of geochemical province is also established, but its exact meaning is disputable. In this paper, geochemical province is used as an abnormal spatial distribution of an element or element combination in a particular sample type as measured by a particular analytical technique. The practical consequences of this concept of geochemical provinces in mineral exploration seem not to have been fully utilized, although geochemical and metallogenic provinces could only be different manifestations of the same regional features. The location of geochemical provinces should be of greater importance in exploration than the location of metallogenic provinces, simply because a geochemical province can be identified early in an exploration program, while a metallogenic province cannot be defined until a number of ore discoveries has already been made. We have compared metallogenic provinces with geochemical provinces obtained by regional geochemical mapping in Fennoscandia (mainly data from the Nordkalott Project) and other places such as England, Wales, Germany and Alaska in order to study to what degree large-scale geochemical dispersion patterns can be associated with clusters of economically interesting mineral deposits.It is concluded that metallogenic provinces lie within or coincide with a number of geochemical provinces, some of which may have causal relationships with the ore deposits. It can be assumed that an enormous hierarchy of large and small geochemical provinces exist at the earth's surface. The main features of this system would be detectable by worldwide low-density geochemical mapping. Such mapping should be performed in order to shorten the time lapse between possible rises in the demand of certain raw materials and their supply. Worldwide geochemical mapping would also contribute to a better understanding of major geochemical processes of the Earth and provide baselines for environmental research.     

湖南省成矿地质事件纲要

[研究目的]湖南省矿产资源丰富,矿种及成因类型繁多,但对各类矿产形成的时代和构造背景尚缺乏系统归纳和总结.[研究方法]本文在既有区域矿产资料基础上,结合近些年区域构造演化、成岩成矿年龄、矿床成因机制等研究成果,对湖南省成矿地质事件及各期成矿事件的构造背景、矿床成因、矿产发育和分布特征等进行了系统探讨和总结.[研究结果]...     

The application of geochemical pattern recognition to regional prospecting: A case study of the Sanandaj–Sirjan metallogenic zone,Iran

In regional exploration programs, the distribution of elements in known mineral deposits can be used as a guide for the classification of deposits, search for new prospects and modeling ore deposit patterns. The Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SSZ) is a major metallogenic zone in Iran, containing lead and zinc, iron, gold, copper deposits. In the central part of the SSZ, lead and zinc mineralization is widespread and hitherto exploration has been based on geological criteria. In this study, we used clustering techniques applied to element distribution for classification lead and zinc deposits in the central part of the SSZ. The hierarchical clustering technique was used to characterize the elemental pattern. Elements associated with lead and zinc deposits were separated into four clusters, encompassing both ore elements and their host rock-forming elements. It is shown that lead and zinc deposits in the central SSZ belong to two genetic groups: a MVT type hosted by limestone and dolomites and a SEDEX type hosted by shale, volcanic rocks and sandstone. The results of elemental clustering were used for pattern recognition by the K-means method and the respective deposits were classified into four distinct categories. K-means clustering also reveals that the elemental associations and spatial distribution of the lead and zinc deposits exhibit zoning in the central part of the SSZ. The ratios of ore-forming elements (Sb, Cd, and Zn) vs. (Pb and Ag) show zoning along an E–W trend, while host rock-forming elements (Mn, Ca, and Mg) vs. (Ba and Sr) show a zoning along a SE–NW trend. Large and medium deposits occur mainly in the center of the studied area, which justify further exploration around occurrences and abandoned mines in this area. The application of a pattern recognition method based on geochemical data from known mineralization in the central SSZ, and the classification derived from it, uncover elemental zoning, identify key elemental associations for further geochemical exploration and the potential to discover possible target areas for large to medium size ore deposits. This methodology can be applied in a similar way to search for new ore deposits in a wide range of known metallogenic zones.     

扬子地块南缘及邻区大陆动力成矿系统、成矿系列特征与找矿方向

采用大陆动力成矿系统－成矿系列－矿床组合的地球化学类型及矿石建造的系统研究与分析方法，对扬子地块南缘及邻区大陆动力成矿系统与成矿系列进行了研究，认为本区大陆动力成矿系统有震旦－寒武纪大陆伸展动力成矿系统、泥盆纪－中三叠世大陆伸展动力成矿系统、中生代（热点构造）垂向大陆动力成矿系统和大陆挤压收缩动力成矿系统，提出本区12个成矿系及其相应矿床组合的地球化学类型和矿石建造类型，指出今后的找矿方向。     

火山次火山岩型银矿床的基本地质特征

火山、次火山岩型银矿床储量约占全国银总储量的80％,是我国重要的银矿床类型。该类型矿床均分布于地洼区的不同构造单元的交接部位。结合地洼构造单元分区,将47个银矿床划分为东南、华中、五台—南兴安岭、吉辽、额尔古纳和滇西等6个银成矿区带。运用地洼成矿理论,初步总结了火山、次火山岩型银矿床产布,矿物组合,赋存形式和载体矿物以及成矿机构等方面的基本地质特征。     

祁连成矿带钨矿成矿特征及其区域找矿标志

在对祁连成矿带内钨的区域成矿地质和地球化学背景，钨及钨多金属矿床地质特征等综合分析基础上，将本区钨及钨多金属矿床初步划分为夕卡岩型、石英脉型、云英岩型以及海相火山岩型等4种类型，指出元古代及早古生代，特别是元古宙各时代的含钨中基性火山岩一碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩地层、与造山构造作用(俯冲造山和/或碰撞造山)有关具有多阶段侵入的以偏碱性和钙碱性成分为主的复式中酸性岩浆侵入体以及多组构造系统复合是本成矿带钨矿床，特别是大型钨矿床的主导控制因素。进一步总结了本区钨矿区域找矿标志。     

Identification and mapping of geochemical patterns and their significance for regional metallogeny in the southern Sanjiang,China

The southern Sanjiang region, southwestern China, comprises various continental blocks, tectonic sutures and arcs. This complex structural area is a proper place for the recognition of geochemical patterns and understanding of regional metallogenesis. Considering each individual tectonic unit (i.e., western South China block, Ailaoshan suture, Simao block, Changning–Menglian suture, Baoshan block and Tengchong block) as a statistical unit, this study identifies the distribution patterns of geochemical elements, distinguishes elemental associations for different geological backgrounds (controlled by the regional lithology) and diverse mineralizations, and thereby delineates the mineralized anomalies. To achieve the goals, the kriging interpolation, staged factor analysis and local singularity technology were utilized after the centered logratio (clr) transformation of stream sediment geochemical data. The spatial distributions of metallogenic elements (Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn and Sn) show that not all the areas with high concentrations of elements contain ore deposits. It means that the formation of ore deposits is an independent anomalous geological event, not necessarily related to the original regional abundance of geochemical elements. The different element associations obtained by staged factor analysis of 28 elements are able to reveal the geological backgrounds and metallogenic signatures for different tectonic units. For example, the element associations for the first, second and third factors (Fs) in the western South China block are groups of Ti–Co–V, Sb–Ag–As and Th–U–Be (see text for the detailed element associations), which represent the Emeishan flood basalts, Ag–Pb mineralization and felsic rocks, respectively. Similarly, the element associations Co–V–Cu, Be–U–Th and Sb–Ag–Au for F1, F2 and F3 in the Ailaoshan suture respectively represent the ophiolite complex and mafic rocks, felsic rocks and Au mineralization. The associations from F1 to F4 in the Simao block are Th–U–Sn, V–Co–Cr, Cd–Ag–Pb and Au–Sb, which represent the Linchang batholith, mafic rocks, Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization and Au mineralization, respectively. The distribution patterns of their factor scores can roughly distinguish the anomalies caused by regional backgrounds and mineralizations. The local singularity of factor scores for mineralization can further identify mineralized areas in most of the tectonic units. Nevertheless, an exception occurs in the western South China block where the background element association, Ti–Co–V–Cu–Ni–Cr–P–Mn–Nb–Zn (F1), obscures the Au signature. Therefore, we substituted the single element Au for mineralized element association (F1) to perform singularity mapping, and obtained better result. It was concluded that the combination of staged factor analysis, local singularity and tectonic setting is effective in regional metallogenic potential analysis.     

重砂找矿中的地球化学方法

重矿物除了作矿物鉴定以外,还可进行单矿物的微量元素测定,给地球化学勘查提供有用的信息,使化探采样的对象扩大到重矿物领域。重砂矿物中除了主要元素外,还含有多种杂质元素,这些杂质元素的种类、含量高低及元素间的比值变化,是受矿物生成时的地质环境制约的。据此可以知道矿物生成时的温度、岩石和矿床的类型以及岩体的含矿性。本文综述了十几种重砂矿物中微量元素的变化与地质,岩石和矿床的关系,及用于地球化学找矿的可能性。     

华南陆块铜的地球化学块体与成矿省的关系

在区域化探全国扫面计划1∶20万水系沉积物样品Cu含量的基础上,描述了华南陆块铜地球化学块体的空间分布特征,并分析了它们与地质体、已知的铜成矿省(矿集区)在空间上的对应关系。发现华南陆块的铜地球化学块体主要分布于扬子地块西南缘,长江中下游、西秦岭、三江地区和湘粤桂交界区。其中扬子地块西南缘铜地球化学块体主要与峨眉山玄武岩的铜高背景值有关,其他异常与海西期镁铁质超镁铁质岩有关的铜矿和层控型铜矿有关;长江中下游地球化学块体与长江中下游成矿带吻合;西秦岭铜地球化学块体与岩体、铜矿和以铜为伴生元素的矿床有关;三江、湘粤桂交界区的铜地球化学块体也有与之对应的铜矿床或铜为伴生元素的矿床。通过这些地球化学块体与已知的地质体、成矿省(矿集区)的对比得出如下结论,铜地球化学块体的形成可能与岩石的高背景值、铜成矿省(矿集区)或铜为伴生元素的矿床有关。巨量的成矿物质的供应只是形成大型、超大型矿床的必要条件,如长江中下游铜地球化学块体为铜成矿省提供物质来源;但每个地球化学块体并不一定都有与之对应的矿集区,如峨眉山玄武岩铜地球化学块体与玄武岩高背景值有关,并没有形成大型的铜矿床。     

乌日尼图钨钼矿矿床特征与早白垩世花岗岩的关系

通过对内蒙古苏尼特左旗乌日尼图铜铅锌钨钼矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、矿床成因类型、岩石化学特征的研究,总结归纳了乌日尼图钨钼矿与小型中酸性岩体的成矿关系、围岩对成矿的控制作用、围岩蚀变类型与成矿的关系、钨钼等多金属矿的地球物理、地球化学特征,以及矿床的区域展布和时间演化规律.指出中生代早白垩世中酸性岩体为本矿区的矿源体,且该岩石类型亦为二连-东乌旗-梨子山成矿带上钼矿的重要矿质来源,是内蒙古草原覆盖区寻找钨钼多金属矿应重点关注的岩石类型.      

西藏冈底斯西段银锡铜多金属成矿系列与找矿方向

作为目前我国规模第一的冈底斯巨型铜多金属成矿带,其东段斑岩铜多金属找矿已取得历史性重大突破,发现了驱龙、甲玛等一系列大-超大型矿床.而西段由于复杂的构造背景、不便的交通条件、极低的地质研究和矿产工作程度,相对于东段具有不同的地壳结构和性质,不均一的地幔属性及壳幔作用方式,以及大面积的火山岩覆盖,使得冈底斯西段的成矿类型...     

Tectonic terranes, metallogeny and regional geochemical surveys: an example from northern British Columbia

This study utilizes three major data sources: distribution of geological units; density, type, age and distribution of mineral deposits; and elemental analyses from regional geochemical stream sediment surveys to define parameters that ‘characterize’ tectonic terranes in northern British Columbia. A similar approach could be applied anywhere in the Canadian Cordillera.This area, NTS map sheets 104N, 104O and 104P along the British Columbia-Yukon border, forms a transect through allochthonous terranes into North American rocks. These are: the allochthonous island-arc Stikine, oceanic Cache Creek, cataclastic Yukon/Tanana, and island-arc Quensel terranes, the pericratonic Dorsey terrane; the parautochthonous oceanic Sylvester allochthon; and the autochthonous miogeoclinal North American Cassiar terrane. Plutonic rocks of Jurassic-Cretaceous to Tertiary age intrude all terranes.Data sources used in the study are geological base maps and reports, the Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources' mineral deposit database (MINFILE) and analytical data from the National Regional Geochemical Survey stream sediment and water sampling program.Geological maps were compiled from various sources and plotted to act as bases for geochemical and mineral deposit overlays for analysis and interpretation.Geochemical samples were separated into background and anomalous populations and compared according to their source terranes. We found that mean concentrations from background sample populations for some elements are statistically distinctive for different terranes. Unfortunately, elemental correlation coefficients for the terranes are similar so cannot be used to characterize each terrane.Data on mineral deposits and occurrences were compiled from minfile and other sources. Particular attention was paid to deposits with histories of production or significant reported reserves. Deposits were sorted by type and commodity to produce synoptic metallogenic maps.The combined data from geological, geochemical and mineral deposit databases form a strong tool for interpreting and predicting patterns of mineralization.     

A Preliminary Review of the Metallogenic Regularity of Nickel Deposits in China

The nickel deposits mainly distributed in 19 provinces and autonomous regions in China are 339 ore deposits/occurrences, including 4 super large-scale deposits, 14 large-scale deposits, 26 middle-scale deposits, 75 small-scale deposits, and 220 mineralized occurrences. The prediction types of mineral resources of nickel deposits are magmatic type, marine sedimentary type and regolith type. The formation age is from the Neoarchean to the Cenozoic with two peaks in the Neoproterozoic and the late Paleozoic. The nickel deposits formed in the Neoproterozoic are located on the margin of the North China Block and Yangtze Block, and those formed in the late Paleozoic are mainly distributed in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), Emeishan and the Tarim Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). Magmatic nickel deposits are mainly related with broken-up continental margin, post-collision extension of the orogenic belt and mantle plume. According to different tectonic backgrounds and main characteristics of magmatism, the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series types of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks can be divided into 4 subtypes: (1) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the broken-up continental margin, (2) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in mantle plume magmatism, (3) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the subduction of the orogenic belt, and (4) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in post-collision extension of the orogenic belt. We have discussed in this paper the typical characteristics and metallogenic models for Neoproterozoic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits related with broken-up continental margin, Cambrian marine sedimentary Ni-Mo-V deposits related with black shale, early Permian Ni-Cu deposits related with post-collision extension of the orogenic belt, late Permian Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits related with Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), and Cenozoic Ni-Au deposits related with regolith. The broken-up continental margin, mantle plume and post-collision extension of the orogenic belt are important ore-forming geological backgrounds, and the discordogenic fault, mafic-ultramafic intrusion, high MgO primitive magma (high-MgO basaltic magma), deep magmatism, sulfur saturation and sulfide segregation are 6 important geological conditions for the magmatic nickel deposits.     

辽宁萤石矿成矿条件和成矿规律探讨

辽宁是国内萤石重要产地之一,分布着阜新哈尔套-义县地藏寺、辽阳隆昌—金州杏树屯两个萤石成矿带,带内已发现大中型矿床7处、中小型矿床和矿(化)点60余处。通过对辽宁萤石成矿特征和地层、侵入岩、构造等控矿条件与成矿关系的分析,认为萤石成矿类型为中低温岩浆期后热液充填交代型,围岩类型主要为碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩;萤石成矿时期为燕山期、印支期和华力西期,且以燕山期为主;萤石矿体多赋存在花岗岩岩体内部断裂带或与围岩外接触带的断裂带位置。依据萤石矿床的地质特征和成矿规律,结合构造、岩石与围岩、地球物理与地球化学等找矿标志,圈定出6个成矿远景区。     

蒙甘新相邻(北山)地区金铜矿床时空分布特征及成矿作用

文章首次对蒙甘新相邻(北山)地区各类金、铜和铜—镍矿床(点)地质特征、成因类型和空间分布特点进行了系统总结，论证了金、铜和铜—镍成矿作用与古生代岩浆活动的关系，对区域地壳演化过程中金、铜和铜—镍成矿的动力学机制进行了深入讨论。研究结果表明，该区的金矿床(点)大体可划分为变质岩型、火山岩型、斑岩型和深成侵入岩型；铜矿床(点)有斑岩型、夕卡岩型和铜—镍硫化物型。金和铜矿床(点)大都沿古板块汇聚带分布，与海西期火成岩具密切的时空分布关系，它们是古板块对接碰撞期和碰撞期后大规模构造—岩浆活动的产物。     

地史中成矿演化的趋势和阶段性

大量的地质矿产资料表明，随着地球的形成和发展，尤其是水圈、大气圈和生物圈的演化，成矿作用也呈前进的、不可逆的发展趋势，表现在成矿物质（矿种）由少到多；矿床类型由简到繁；成矿频率由低到高；聚矿能力由弱到强。受地球上重大地质事件的制约，这一成矿演化过程又表现出阶段性，可划分出７个成矿大阶段，即太古宙、古元古代、中元古代、新元古代、早古生代、晚古生代—早中生代、晚中生代—新生代等成矿期。每一期中都有特定的成矿构造环境和矿床成因类型。制约地史上成矿演化的主要因素有：①成矿物质的地球化学性质；②水圈、大气圈和生物圈的演化；③地球构造运动的演变。矿床形成后的保存条件对矿床的时空分布特征也有重要影响。     

中亚地区南天山大型金矿带的地质特征、成矿模型和勘查准则

概要介绍了中亚南天山大型金矿带的构造环境、地质特征和分布特点。中亚南天山是世界重要的金成矿带,其中发育有一系列世界级矿床。在该带中,除了剪切带型(造山型)金矿外,还有夕卡岩型、细网脉型以及爆破角砾岩型。成矿围岩是前寒武纪和早古生代浅变质岩系,成矿与二叠纪花岗质岩石密切相关,成矿流体以富CO2为特征,与矿化有关的围岩蚀变强烈发育,通常以Au,Ag,Sb,Te,As,W和Bi元素组合为地球化学找矿标志。