对流边界层的大涡模拟研究

本文建立了一个均匀平坦地面上对流边界层的大涡模式,模式考虑了水汽,采用了考虑浮力和固壁影响订正的一阶闭合。并用所建模式进行了由热扰动发展的对流边界层的模拟及其对地表热状况变化响应的初步探讨性模拟工作。通过模拟认为,模式较好地反映了对流边界层的主要结构。     

高阶矩模式模拟对流边界层的可行性研究

本文建立了二阶矩闭合的大气边界层数值模式,并模拟了Wangara资料第33天09:00—18:00时对流边界层的发展过程。计算结果与实测资料比较吻合,同时利用该模式研究了高阶矩模式模拟对流边界层的可行性,结果指出:二阶矩方程中的湍流扩散项对模拟对流边界层内的挟卷和反梯度现象起主要作用。而局地时间变化项仅影响对流边界层内的边界湍流扩散项。因此,假如处理好二阶矩方程中的湍流扩散项,高阶矩模式和大涡模式一样可以很好地模拟对流边界层的发生、发展。     

边界层对流对示踪物抬升和传输影响的大涡模拟研究

利用"西北干旱区陆气相互作用野外观测实验"加密观测期间敦煌站的实测资料以及大涡模式, 通过一系列改变地表热通量和风切变的敏感性数值试验, 分析了地表热通量和风切变对边界层对流的强度、形式, 以及对对流边界层结构和发展的影响。模拟结果显示风切变一定, 增大地表热通量时, 由于近地层湍流运动增强, 向上输送的热量也较多, 使对流边界层变暖增厚, 而且边界层对流的强度明显增强, 对流泡发展的高度也较高。当地表热通量一定, 增大风切变时, 由于风切变使夹卷作用增强, 将逆温层中的暖空气向下卷入混合层中, 使对流边界层增暖增厚, 但是对流泡容易破碎, 对流的强度也较弱。另外通过在模式近地层释放绝对浓度为100的被动示踪物方法, 用最小二乘法定量地分析了地表热通量和风切变分别与示踪物抬升效率和传输高度的关系。分析结果表明, 风切变小于10.5×10-3 s-1时, 增大地表热通量加强了上层动量的下传, 使示踪物的抬升效率也线性增大;地表热通量小于462.5 W m-2时, 增大风切变减弱了边界层对流的强度, 从而使示踪物的抬升效率减弱。当风切变一定时, 示踪物的平均传输高度随地表热通量增加而增大, 而地表热通量一定, 只有风切变大于临界值时, 示踪物平均传输高度才随风切变的增加而增大, 而临界风速的大小由地表热通量决定。     

强浮升烟流终极抬升高度的确定

对强浮升烟流,采用通常意义上确定的抬升高度计算污染物浓度分布尤其是地面最大浓度会造成较大的误差。我们认为此时应取地面浓度达最大值处为烟流抬升的截止点。在这一假设条件下,本文得出了强浮升烟流的终极抬升高度计算公式和地面最大浓度距离计算公式。美国PPSP试验资料验证了我们的主要结论。     

物理过程参数化方案对中尺度暴雨数值模拟影响的研究

利用中尺度非静力MM 5模式和中国 2 0 0 1年 8月的 4个暴雨个例 ,研究了非绝热物理过程对中国暴雨动力和热力场预报的影响 ,深入分析了对流参数化方案在中尺度暴雨预报中的作用 ,讨论了利用模式扰动方法开展中国暴雨集合预报的可行性。结果表明 ,在短期数值预报中 ,非绝热物理过程对高度场预报影响较小 ,但边界层方案和对流参数化方案对产生暴雨的 3个基本条件即水汽通量散度、垂直速度、不稳定层结的影响很明显。不同对流参数化方案所预报的中尺度热力、动力场离差的结构特征与所预报降水的离差特征相似 ,且主要是在模式积分初期迅速增加 ,其后即趋于稳定。对中国热力场较均匀的暴雨过程 ,可以通过扰动模式的边界层和对流参数化方案 ,构造集合预报模式     

对流边界层大涡模式的改进及对夹卷速度的研究

对已建的对流边界层(CBL)大涡模式进行了改进，将次网格闭合方案改为次网格能量闭合，并考虑了水汽的源汇项和水汽相变潜热的作用。通过对均匀下垫面上由热扰动发展的对流边界层的模拟及与实验结果的比较表明，模式较好地模拟了对流边界层的主要物理结构，较好地反映了各物理量之间的对应关系。本文在一定的对流理查森数(Ri*)范围内给出了一些算例，对无量纲夹卷速度(We/W*)进行了研究。结果表明，无量纲夹卷速度随地表热通量(Qs)的增大而增大，随对流边界层上部温度递减率（γ)的增大而减小。当9.06≤Ri*≤45.29时，无量纲夹卷速度We/W*可以拟合成A(Ri*)-1的形式，其中A=0.226。并且与我们的对流槽实验结果，Sullivan等人的大涡模拟结果以及Deardorff等人的对流槽实验结果作了比较，四者吻合较好。     

一个对流边界层大涡模式的建立与调试

本文介绍一个适合于对流边界层的大涡模式的建立及其调试结果。该大涡模式建立过程中注重于计算的节省，同时也强调原理与方法的简单和合理性。模式的调试表明，对于平坦均一地形的情况，模拟可以获得合理的结果。调试同时显示了模式对较低水平分辨率的适用条件，以及模式应用于模拟较大水平范围问题的可能性。     

大涡模式水平分辨率对边界层夹卷过程及示踪物垂直传输的影响

利用敦煌干旱区野外加密观测资料,结合大涡模式模拟研究模式水平分辨率对边界层对流、夹卷过程及示踪物垂直传输的影响。结果表明:模式水平分辨率越高,模拟的边界层对流泡个数越多,尺度越小,且对流强度越强;提高模式水平分辨率,夹卷层位温方差增大,水平速度方差减小,垂直速度方差增大,且上升冷气流对夹卷层热通量的贡献最大。模式水平分辨率越高,垂直速度、位温及示踪物绝对质量浓度概率密度函数分布变化范围相对越广,且模拟的细微变化特征越清晰。另外,提高模式水平分辨率,模拟的示踪物空间分布特征更加细致,示踪物传输高度也较高。综合考虑到分辨率越高在模拟过程中产生的噪音越大且计算时间越久等问题,认为采用200 m水平分辨率时,模式既能较好地模拟出边界层对流的平均结构,又能模拟出边界层湍流的较细微分布特征,是较为理想的选择。     

修正的拉朗日K模式及其在区域尺度中的应用

本文建立了模拟区域尺度的大气污染物输送与扩散过程的拉格朗日Ｋ模式，该模式结构简单，计算量小。初始浓度场采用高斯烟流扩散模式确定大气污染物的垂直分布，克服了区域模式在近距离短时间预测浓度精度不高的缺点。应用修正的拉格朗日Ｋ模式预测上江苏省区域排放的ＳＯ２在大气中输送与散布过程，验证结果表明该模式的精度能够满足区域环境污染物分布预测等环境应用的需要。     

一维大气边界层二阶闭合的有限元数值模式 I. 对流边界层模拟

利用有限元法用于二阶湍流闭合大气对流边界层模式,并模拟了Wangara试验33天的对流边界层的发展过程,计算结果表明,该模式能真实的模拟出对流边界层的发展过程,并且准确地反映对流边界层中湍流扩散和输送过程。     

一种粒子——烟团扩散模型的应用研究

本文运用随机游动模拟方法改进建立一种粒子—烟团模式，成功地模拟了对流边界层条件下污染物扩散，粒子—烟团模式的模拟结果与水槽试验的结果吻合较好。数值模拟试验结果表明粒子—烟团模式能在施放粒子数较少，从而运行时间很短的情况下，得到优于一般随机游动模式的模拟性能。用KNRC的资料对模式的模拟性能作一验证，表明模式也能很好地模拟实际大气中不同稳定度情况下的扩散。     

A Comparison Of Aerosol-Layer And Convective Boundary-Layer Structure Over A Mountain Range During Staaarte '97

The temporal evolution and spatial structure of the aerosol layer (AL) height as observed with an airborne downlooking lidar over the Swiss Alps were investigated with a three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model and a particle dispersion model. Convective boundary-layer (CBL) heights were derived from the mesoscale model output, and the behaviour of surface-released particles was investigated with the particle dispersion model. While a previous investigation, using data from the same field study, equated the observed AL height with the CBL height, the results of the current investigation indicate that there is a considerable difference between AL and CBL heights caused by mixing and transport processes between the CBL and the free atmosphere. CBL heights show a more terrain-following behaviour and are lower than AL heights. We argue that processes causing the difference between AL and CBL heights are common over mountainous terrain and that the AL height is a length scale that needs to be considered in air pollution studies in mountainous terrain.     

A saline laboratory model of the planetary convective boundary layer

A laboratory water-analog of clear-air penetrative convection in the atmosphere has been constructed to continue studies of the turbulent dispersion of buoyant plumes in the convective boundary layer (CBL). A unique feature is the utilization of saline rather than thermal convection, which has been made possible by the development of a reliable method for delivering a controllable buoyancy flux through a porous membrane. It has been shown in an earlier paper that at typical laboratory scales, a saline convection tank is well suited to modelling buoyant plume dipersion under strongly convective (light wind) conditions.A range of experiments has clearly demonstrated the validity of the model. Results for density and velocity variances show much less scatter than most comparable measurements because of the greatly improved sampling that is possible in the tank. The results are generally in good agreement with field data and other laboratory simulations but the improved accuracy of the data has highlighted the anomalously low values for the horizontal velocity variances produced by large-eddy simulations of the CBL. The cause of this apparent underprediction remains unresolved.     

西北干旱区对流边界层发展的热力机制模拟研究

观测发现,西北干旱区对流边界层高度在夏、冬两季极大值分别达到4 km和800 m.利用热力学方法对西北干旱地区深厚对流边界层的原因进行了定量分析.用建立的热力数值模型模拟表明,平均而言,夏季和冬季对流边界层高度的51.5％和61.4％分别由感热产生,对于夏、冬季对流边界层高度可分别达到4 km和800 m的极大值,感热贡献更大,为63.4％和73.1％,感热对对流边界层的贡献率冬季明显大于夏季;夏、冬季浮力夹卷对对流边界层的贡献是18.1％和9.4％;包括感热和浮力夹卷的热力因素可以解释夏、冬季对流边界层高度的69.6％和70.8％,而对于对流边界层极大值,则其解释可高达81％和84.6％.热力因素是西北干旱区对流边界层产生的主要原因,其中,感热又是最根本原因.     

Dispersion of passive tracer in the atmospheric convective boundary layer with wind shears: a review of laboratory and numerical model studies

Summary Paper reviews recent laboratory and numerical model studies of passive gaseous tracer dispersion in the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) with surface and elevated wind shears. Atmospheric measurement data used for validation of these two model techniques are briefly discussed as well. A historical overview is given of laboratory studies of dispersion in the atmospheric CBL. Model studies of tracer dispersion in two CBL types, the (i) non-steady, horizontally homogeneous CBL and (ii) quasi-stationary, horizontally heterogeneous CBL, are reviewed. The discussion is focused on the dispersion of non-buoyant plume emitted from a point source located at different elevations within the CBL. Approaches towards CBL modeling employed in different laboratory facilities (water tanks and wind tunnels) are described. The reviewed numerical techniques include Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Lagrangian modeling. Numerical data on dispersion in the sheared CBL is analyzed in conjunction with experimental results from wind-tunnel CBLs.     

A Homogeneous Langevin Equation Model, Part ii: Simulation of Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer

We present a Lagrangian stochastic model of vertical dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL). This model is based on a generalized Langevin equation that uses the simplifying assumption that the skewed vertical velocity probability distribution is spatially homogeneous. This approach has been shown to account for two key properties of CBL turbulence associated with large-scale coherent turbulent structures: skewed vertical velocity distributions and long velocity correlation time. A 'linear-skewed' form of the generalized Langevin equation is used, which has a linear (in velocity) deterministic acceleration and a skewed random acceleration. 'Reflection' boundary conditions for selecting a new velocity for a particle that encounters a boundary were investigated, including alternatives to the standard assumption that the magnitudes of the particle incident and reflected velocities are positively correlated. Model simulations were tested using cases for which exact, analytic statistical properties of particle velocity and position are known, i.e., well-mixed spatial and velocity distributions. Simulations of laboratory experiments of CBL dispersion show that (1) the homogeneous linear-skewed Langevin equation model (as well as an alternative 'nonlinear-Gaussian' Langevin equation model) can simulate the important aspects of dispersion in the CBL, and (2) a negatively-correlated-speed reflection boundary condition simulates the observed dispersion of material near the surface in the CBL significantly better than alternative reflection boundary conditions. The homogeneous linear-skewed Langevin equation model has the advantage that it is computationally more efficient than the homogeneous nonlinear-Gaussian Langevin equation model, and considerably more efficient than inhomogeneous Langevin equation models.     

Footprints in Homogeneously and Heterogeneously Driven Boundary Layers Derived from a Lagrangian Stochastic Particle Model Embedded into Large-Eddy Simulation

A Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model, which is embedded into a parallelised large-eddy simulation (LES) model, is used for dispersion and footprint evaluations. For the first time an online coupling between LES and LS models is applied. The new model reproduces concentration patterns, which were obtained in prior studies, provided that subgrid-scale turbulence is included in the LS model. Comparisons with prior studies show that the model evaluates footprints successfully. Streamwise dispersion leads to footprint maxima that are situated less far upstream than previously reported. Negative flux footprints are detected in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The wide range of applicability of the model is shown by applying it under neutral and stable stratification. It is pointed out that the turning of the wind direction with height leads to a considerable dependency of source areas on height. First results of an application to a heterogeneously heated CBL are presented, which emphasize that footprints are severely affected by the inhomogeneity.     

A Large-Eddy Simulation and Lagrangian Stochastic Study of Heavy Particle Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer

Large-eddy simulation and Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models were used to study heavy particle dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The effects of various geostrophic winds, particle diameters, and subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence were investigated. Results showed an obvious depression in the vertical dispersion of heavy particles in the CBL and major vertical stratification in the distribution of particle concentrations, relative to the passive dispersion. Stronger geostrophic winds tended to increase the dispersion of heavy particles in the lower CBL. The SGS turbulence, particularly near the surface, markedly influenced the dispersion of heavy particles in the CBL. For reference, simulations using passive particles were also conducted; these simulation results agreed well with results from previous convective tank experiments and numerical simulations.     

Passive scalar diffusion from surface sources in the convective boundary layer

We examine vertical and horizontal diffusion of a passive scalar puff from a surface point source in a convective boundary layer (CBL). Numerical results are presented from a large-eddy simulation (LES) with embedded subgrid Lagrangian particle simulation (LPS). There is good agreement in most respects with previous laboratory and numerical studies. Analytical approximations for the concentration, horizontal flux and vertical flux are found to work reasonably well; they are based on the assumption that the concentration follows a Gaussian function in the horizontal and vertical, and that the dimensionless width and height scales of the puff follow simple functions of time. Fluxes and concentration gradients are related through a continuity relationship, without the need for an eddy diffusivity assumption. The instantaneous, point-source fields can be integrated for any source geometry. We compare predictions from the LES/LPS model for a sinusoidal surface flux with previous results from an LES with sinusoidal buoyancy flux and confirm that the buoyancy perturbations diffuse like a passive scalar. We also consider a continuous point source and derive footprint functions for vertical flux measurements above the surface layer.