Northern Aegean Earthquake (Mw=6.9): Observations at three seismic downhole arrays in Istanbul

The Northern Aegean Earthquake (M_w=6.9\M_L=6.5) took place on May 24, 2014 between the islands of Gokceada, Turkey and Samothraki, Greece. The tremors were felt as far as in Istanbul, about 300 km on the East – Northeast (ENE) side of the epicenter. Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) of Bogazici University, Turkey operate three downhole arrays in Istanbul, namely Atakoy (ATK), Fatih (FTH) and Zeytinburnu (ZYT) arrays. In this study, waveforms and site response observed at the KOERI operated seismic downhole arrays during the May 2014 Northern Aegean Earthquake (NAE2014) are analyzed in detail and presented. Evaluation of the acceleration records have shown low amplitude but long period and long duration motions at Istanbul. Furthermore, the analyses of the recordings suggest that V_s30 alone may not be a sufficient parameter for the characterization of site amplification.     

土层平均剪切波速确定及其可靠性验证——基于钻井台阵强震动记录

震害资料显示,场地条件对地震动特性以及工程结构破坏程度影响显著。为减少因场地效应而造成的经济损失和社会影响,在进行场地地震反应分析时,需最大限度地减小因场地土层模型参数的不确定性引起的地震动评估偏差,为工程结构地震反应分析选取并生成适当的地震动输入。随着强震动观测技术的逐渐发展,大量可靠的钻井台阵记录为地震过程中场地观测点的动力反应提供了直接数据。以美国加州地区La Cienega钻井台阵强震动观测数据为基础,利用互相关函数,对不同强度地震作用下场地土层的平均剪切波速进行分析,并在此基础上,以Cyclic 1D为模拟平台,建立一维自由场地地震反应有限元分析模型。分析结果表明：通过钻井台阵地震动观测数据识别,得到场地平均剪切波速,能够反映该场地的动力特性,数值模拟计算结果和台阵地震动记录基本吻合,可为数值模型参数选取提供依据。     

Site response analyses using downhole arrays at various seismic hazard levels of Singapore

Local site conditions can significantly influence the characteristics of seismic ground motions. In this study, site response analyses using one-dimensional linear elastic (LE), equivalent-linear (EQL) and nonlinear (NL) approaches are performed at different seismic hazard levels of Singapore. Two seismic stations, namely, the KAP and BES stations located at soft soil sites, are selected from the national network of Singapore. Firstly, site response estimates using the LE, EQL (SHAKE04) and NL (DEEPSOIL) approaches are compared with the borehole recordings. Results show favorable matches between the predictions and the observations at the KAP site, while under-predictions are observed for all the three site effect approaches at the BES site. Secondly, the applicability of the LE, EQL and NL models is examined at different hazard levels of Singapore. It is found that for the hazard level at a return period of 475 years, the computed maximum strain (γ_max) is 0.06% and then the EQL model can provide accurate site response predictions. However, for the hazard level at a return period of 2475 years, the calculated γ_max is larger than 2%, resulting in notable differences in the predictions of different site response models. This study highlights the importance of site effects in seismic hazard analysis of Singapore.     

Investigation of non-linear site amplification at two downhole strong ground motion arrays in Taiwan

Non-linear seismic response of soil is studied by comparing the spectral ratios of surface to downhole horizontal accelerations on weak and strong motion. Data from two boreholes are analysed. One is drilled in the alluvial deposits in the south–west quadrant of the SMART 1 array. The second one penetrates Pleistocene terrace deposits in the northern part of the SMART2 array. Observed weak and strong motion spectral ratios are compared with the theoretical ones predicted by the geotechnical soil model which postulates a hysteretic constitutive law. A significant non-linear response is found at the first site for the events with surface peak acceleration exceeding roughly 0–15g. Deamplification of the strong motion occurred in the frequency range from approximately 1 to 10 Hz. The maximum observed difference between the average weak and strong motion amplification functions of an 11 m-thick near-surface stratum is a factor of 2–3. Nonlinear response characteristics are in qualitative agreement with the model. An additional corollary is that the amplification function calculated from the shear wave coda is equivalent to the average amplification calculated over the ensemble of small earthquakes. No statistically significant non-linear response is detected on the second array, that is tentatively accounted for by the stiffer soil conditions and weaker accelerations achieved at the SMART2 site. The results indicate that the non-linear amplification can be detectable at certain soil conditions above a threshold acceleration level.     

井下振动环境分析与模拟

智能导钻井下工具及仪器在钻进过程中产生复杂的振动, 剧烈或长时间振动会造成井下仪器的电路故障与钻具机械疲劳破坏, 引发钻井事故, 增加钻井成本.为了验证井下仪器的振动环境适应性与可靠性, 需要开展破坏机理、井下工况数据采集与分析、测试与试验的体系化研究, 在实验室充分发现仪器潜在的故障, 不断迭代升级, 提升仪器可靠性.本文通过自主研制的井下振动冲击记录仪器在实钻井中采集真实的振动环境数据, 对数据进行处理分析后, 制定了三个方向的振动试验条件; 定制研制了国内首台专门用于井下仪器测试的双台并激振动试验系统, 研究了基于双台振动设备的并激振动试验与测试方法, 实现了实验室条件下真实模拟井下振动环境, 构建的系统化井下振动试验平台有效支撑了井下工具及仪器的高质量研发.

     

Approximate traveltime inversion in downhole microseismic monitoring

In downhole microseismic monitoring, accurate event location relies on the accuracy of the velocity model. The model can be estimated along with event locations. Anisotropic models are important to get accurate event locations. Taking anisotropy into account makes it possible to use additional data – two S-wave arrivals generated due to shear-wave splitting. However, anisotropic ray tracing requires iterative procedures for computing group velocities, which may become unstable around caustics. As a result, anisotropic kinematic inversion may become time consuming. In this paper, we explore the idea of using simplified ray tracing to locate events and estimate medium parameters. In the simplified ray-tracing algorithm, the group velocity is assumed to be equal to phase velocity in both magnitude and direction. This assumption makes the ray-tracing algorithm five times faster compared to ray tracing based on exact equations. We present a set of tests showing that given perforation-shot data, one can use inversion based on simplified ray-tracing even for moderate-to-strong anisotropic models. When there are no perforation shots, event-location errors may become too large for moderately anisotropic media.     

井中震源的远场波场特征研究

井中震源在逆VSP、随钻地震和采矿地球物理研究中都有广泛应用.满足"小井孔"(井孔半径远小于特征波长)及"远场"(炮检距大于特征波长)假设时, 井中震源的远场波场存在解析解.为了检验解析解在不同情况下的适用性, 本文使用最速下降积分计算了不满足上述假设时井中震源远场波场的合成地震记录, 即半解析解.模型试验表明, 解析解只能在同时满足"小井孔"和"远场"假设时使用; 当这两个假设条件不满足时, 解析解的振幅和波形相对于半解析解会有明显的偏差.随着假设不满足程度的增加, 偏差会逐渐增加, 并会逐渐影响走时的准确拾取; 这种条件下, 采用半解析解才能获得准确的井中震源波场.     

The lunar tide in theE-layer above Istanbul

Summary The lunar tide in theE-layer of the ionosphere above Istanbul has been determined by the analysis of thefo E parameter from 1964–1967. Semi-diurnal variations were found to be significant. The seasonal and monthly variations of the amplitude and phase of the lunar tide show very little differences.     

Earthquake risk assessment for Istanbul metropolitan area

The impact of earthquakes in urban centers prone to disastrous earthquakes necessitates the analysis of associated risk for rational formulation of contingency plans and mitigation strategies. In urban centers, the seismic risk is best quantified and portrayed through the preparation of “Earthquake Damage and Loss Scenarios.” The components of such scenarios are the assessment of the hazard, inventories and the vulnerabilities of elements at risk. For the development of the earthquake risk scenario in Istanbul, two independent approaches, one based on intensities and the second on spectral displacements, are utilized. This paper will present the important features of a comprehensive study, highlight the methodology, discuss the results and provide insights to future developments.     

Remote sensing for geotechnical earthquake reconnaissance

This paper describes recent efforts that incorporate remote sensing techniques and platforms into geotechnical earthquake reconnaissance to document damage patterns, collect three-dimensional geometries of failures, and measure ground movements. The most-commonly used remote sensing techniques in geotechnical engineering (satellite imagery and LIDAR), as well as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), are introduced and recent case histories of the use of these techniques in reconnaissance efforts are provided. These examples demonstrate the potential for remote sensing to improve our understanding of geotechnical effects both at a regional scale and at a local level. The use of remote sensing to measure ground movements is particularly noteworthy and has the potential to provide data sets that will improve our ability to quantitatively predict the consequences of liquefaction and landslides. However, to realize this potential, investments must be made in collecting appropriate pre-earthquake data.     

Cased borehole effects on downhole seismic measurements1

Both approximate and exact formulations for the interaction of an incident elastic wave with a cased borehole are presented. In the approximate method, simple and explicit formulae are derived for the pressure in fluid at low frequencies. In the exact method, elastic potentials in each annulus are represented as a superposition of fundamental solutions to the Helmholtz equations. Continuity of displacements and stresses across layer boundaries are used to determine unknown coefficients. A global matrix algorithm is employed to compute simultaneously these coefficients in individual layers. Calculations show that, in cased boreholes, the borehole effects on downhole seismic measurements are more significant than in open boreholes. A strong resonance occurs in the fluid for SV-wave incidence from a soft formation. This resonance is prominent even at very high frequencies because the tube-wave velocity is raised well above the formation shear velocity by the steel pipe. At a particular angle of incidence of a plane P-wave, the pressure in the fluid is near zero at low frequencies (the cased borehole screening phenomenon). For hard formations and frequencies above 1 kHz, the cased borehole influence on a downhole geophone measurement is significant, especially at grazing incidence. For soft formations, both the pressure in the fluid and the solid displacement on the borehole wall show strong dependence on frequency and angle of incidence, even at low frequencies.     

Development of an electrically-driven automatic downhole seismic source

To improve upon the downhole testing program, an automatic seismic source was developed for use in seismic piezocone testing. A new source, named the AutoSeis, was initially tested at the national geotechnical experimentation site in Spring Villa, Alabama and compared to available crosshole data to assess its ability to meet the primary and secondary goals. Later testing was conducted at two test sites in the Mid-America earthquake region near Memphis. With reliable shear waves generated to a depth of 20 m, the first iteration of the AutoSeis has proven successful and has provided the necessary information for the design of an improved version.     

On the geomagnetic lunar variation at Istanbul

Summary The article describes lunar daily magnetic variation inH, D andZ components of the earth's magnetic field at Istanbul. Maximum occurs at 10.03 l.hr. (lunar hour) in theH component, 3.38 l.hr. in theD and 2.15 l.hr. in theZ component, during the period 1949 to 1968. Also, the seasonal variation of the lunar magnetic variation has been determined and it is seen that the variation of the phase inD andZ are opposite from the phase of the lunar variation inH, and the amplitudes of the lunar variation inH, D andZ are greatest during the northern solstice.     

State-of-the-art of geotechnical earthquake engineering practice

Major developments in geotechnical earthquake engineering practice over the last 15 years are reviewed. The objectives of the review are to present a coherent view of the current state of practice at the highest level and to examine trends, which may shape practice in the future. Developments are described in the following areas: specification of design ground motions, dynamic response analysis, evaluation of liquefaction potential, evaluation of residual strength of liquefied soil, post-liquefaction displacement analysis, and seismic risk analysis.     

A survey of geotechnical system identification techniques

Identification and inverse problem techniques play an important role in the characterization and modeling of geotechnical systems. These techniques have been used in estimation of system parameters, model development and calibration, as well as simulation of earthquake ground motions. The recent availability of high quality seismic records of sites equipped with downhole accelerometer arrays led to a burgeoning of identification and inverse problem studies involving geotechnical systems. This paper presents a survey of system identification techniques and analyses of full- and small-scale soil systems, with an emphasis on geotechnical earthquake engineering problems.     

井下甚宽频带地震仪可靠性测试研究进展

井下甚宽频带地震仪可靠性测试研究进展主要包括:可靠性测试平台（试验观测井、地下比测实验室、高温高压试验平台、盐雾实验平台）的搭建、室内外仪器可靠性和环境适应性验证两部分。      

井下甚宽频带地震仪总体设计研究进展

针对2000 m深井观测的国家需求,应用 “解构与重构” 设计思路,共性赋能技术与地震技术深度融合的设计方法,对井下甚宽频带地震仪进行创新性总体设计;电磁兼容性、环境适应性与可靠性设计等定型技术设计;结构、功能与外壳的设计。测试和试运行结果表明,新研制的井下甚宽频带地震仪完全达到设计指标。      

生产油井井下温度场数值模拟分析

An improved numerical simulation method is presented to calculate the downhole temperature distribution for multiple pay zones in producing oil wells. Based on hydrodynamics and heat transfer theory, a 2-D temperature field model in cylindrical coordinates is developed. In the model, we considered general heat conduction as well as the heat convection due to fluid flow from porous formation to the borehole. We also take into account the fluid velocity variation in the wellbore due to multiple pay zones. We present coupled boundary conditions at the interfaces between the wellbore and adjacent formation, the wellbore and pay zone, and the pay zone and adjacent formation. Finally, an alternating direction implicit difference method （ADI） is used to solve the temperature model for the downhole temperature distribution. The comparison of modeled temperature curve with actual temperature log indicates that simulation result is in general quite similar to the actual temperature log. We found that the total production rate, production time, porosity, thickness of pay zones, and geothermal gradient, all have effects on the downhole temperature distribution.