微量元素锶及其同位素的地球化学研究与应用前景

锶元素的浓度和同位素组成在自然界的碳酸盐、水体和生物体中有很大的变化范围,这种变率和定量的相关性可能是沉积速率、介质环境、矿物结晶体生长机制和生物聚集或选择吸收作用的函数。随着测量分析技术的提高,以及锶元素含量和同位素组成变化的地球化学理论模式的逐步完善,锶元素和同位素组成的地球化学特征成为研究水文循环、碳酸盐成岩作用机制、以及由此引出的古环境评价和现代环境的监测与示踪等方面的重要工具。主要介绍了锶元素及其同位素在以上各方面的研究进展及其应用前景。     

植硅体化学组成研究进展

现代植物植硅体化学组成研究有利于揭示植硅体的化学组成与细胞形态、植物种类及植物生长环境之间的关系,认识植硅体形成机制、植物分类及生态意义。植硅体化学组成测试方法多种多样,主要涉及植硅体化学元素组成及Si、O和C元素同位素组成测定,研究表明植硅体主要含二氧化硅和水,封闭有少量的有机成分及多种矿质元素。在植硅体封闭有机成分存在形式,部分元素的形成、迁移等循环机理,稳定碳同位素组成、分布及其生态指示意义以及^14C测年研究等方面取得一定认识。植物种类、组织部位、细胞微环境以及植物生长的环境因子能够影响植硅体的化学组成。植硅体化学组成研究对植硅体形成机制及碳、硅等元素循环具有重要意义,植硅体部分化学元素、植硅体稳定同位素组成及^14C测年具有较好的古环境及考古研究潜力。现代植物植硅体化学组成及其与环境因子的关系,以及植硅体电子探针微区研究有待于进一步深入开展。     

长江三角洲古土壤发育与晚更新世末海平面变化的耦合关系

文章运用沉积学、元素地球化学和稳定碳同位素等方法,研究长江三角洲古土壤记录的古环境和古气候特征。古土壤与下伏漫滩沉积在粒度组成和化学风化程度等方面有继承性和延续性。不同剖面母质粒度组成受局部地形起伏控制,具有泛滥平原沉积特征。结合沉积学特征及古生物研究分析表明,古土壤成土母质应为洪泛平原沉积物。有机稳定碳同位素分析显示,古土壤形成过程中气候有逐渐变干的趋势。各剖面粒度向上变细可能反映母质沉积时泛滥平原淹没能力降低、河流水位不断下降。古土壤底部化学风化程度最低,反映早期以母质堆积为主间或有成土作用;向上化学风化程度增强,指示暴露成土作用加强,而沉积作用减弱;顶部风化程度又逐渐减弱,可能是降雨量持续减少以及气候的变干变冷造成的。古土壤母质堆积过程中河流水位下降及化学风化程度的变化,是晚更新世末海平面降低过程中古河谷下切、气候变干变冷的结果。     

金刚石矿物学、包裹体及碳稳定同位素研究综述

金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源; 金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征; 金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。     

金刚石矿物学、包裹体及碳稳定同位素研究综述

金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源; 金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征; 金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。     

金刚石矿物学、包裹体及碳稳定同位素研究综述

金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源;金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征;金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。     

晚第三纪以前形成古土壤的鉴别、分类及其在古环境研究中的应用

晚第三纪以前形成的古土壤可以揭示地质时期的古环境。辨识古土壤的主要标志包括野外形态特征、微形态特征、地球化学特征等。当前古土壤分类一般基于现代土壤的系统分类体系,即采用诊断层和诊断特征,辅之以古土壤总体的化学性质等指标划分古土壤类型。形成于晚第三纪以前的古土壤可以重建全球范围的古气候变化历史,同时揭示前寒武纪时期古大气O2分压以及后寒武纪时期古大气CO2浓度水平的演化过程;古土壤具有空间和时间等多重信息,能反映流域或区域的古景观、古地貌、古水文特征。但目前缺乏一个广为接受的古土壤分类系统,成岩作用对古土壤特征的影响以及古土壤记录的古环境信息机制与解译等方面也还需要深入探讨。今后必须加强成岩作用对古土壤特性的影响以及现代土壤与其环境的对应关系的研究。     

植硅体圈闭碳地球化学研究进展

植硅体是一种地球化学稳定性非常高的植源性非晶质二氧化硅颗粒物,在其形成过程中会圈闭一定量的有机碳。目前,植硅体圈闭碳(简称植硅体碳)被认为是一种稳定的碳汇机制,对调节全球气候变化具有重要意义,同时,植硅体碳同位素的研究对于古环境、古气候重建等研究领域具有重要的价值,因此,植硅体圈闭碳的地球化学研究受到许多学者的关注。基于国内外学者对植硅体、植硅体圈闭碳及其相关领域的研究成果,综述了植硅体的形成过程、化学元素组成、地球化学稳定性、植硅体碳汇以及植硅体碳同位素在古环境研究中的应用5个方面的研究进展,同时总结了当前植硅体及其圈闭碳在地球化学过程研究中所面临的主要问题,对于未来继续开展植硅体地球化学研究工作具有重要意义。     

洞穴次生化学沉积物环境替代指标形成的地球化学动力学研究

洞穴化学沉积物气候-环境记录机理研究中,亟需了解各种环境替代指标形成的地球化学过程及其影响因子.我们以洞穴滴水为主线长期系统监测研究了气候-环境信号的传递过程和受控因素,判别了洞穴顶板土壤基本情况(自然和人为作用),分析了洞穴滴水的水动力特征,归纳了水文、水文地球化学过程及简单模型,考察了滴水的DOC、荧光强度及相关性,综合探讨了氢、氧、碳同位素信号传递过程及其受控因素,以及对不同生态系统的碳、氧同位素的对比.当前我们所获得的主要成果和认识是发现滴水的溶解有机碳和荧光强度以每年4～6月最强,并与洞穴上覆植被条件成正相关;降雨对洞穴滴水氧同位素组成有明显的控制作用和一致的季节变化特征,蒸发作用对氧同位素信号的传递有不大于2‰的影响作用;植被条件对滴水碳同位素信号起主导控制作用,δ13C值在湿热条件下低于干冷条件,明显受降雨稀释效应、水动力过程、方解石溶解/沉积作用和CO2逃逸等因素的影响.     

川东黄龙组古岩溶储层的稳定同位系和流体性质

对川东黄龙组古岩溶储层的碳，氧，锶同位素特征进行了系统研究，结果表明储层中不同溶蚀强度，结构，成分的岩淀岩和胶结物稳定同位素地球化学特征各异，演化规律明显受水－岩反应过程中的水／岩比，流体性质，同位素来源和相对丰度，以及不同条件下同位素分馏平衡效应控制，并可作为判别储层形成过程中流体性质和古水文条件的重要标志。     

Genesis and soil environmental implications of intact in-situ rhizoliths in dunes of the Badain Jaran Desert,northwestern China

Acta Geochimica - Desert rhizoliths are generally found as weathered, broken and scattered samples on dune field surface, but rarely in-situ in their initial states buried under the soil of desert...     

Rhizoliths in terrestrial carbonates: classification, recognition, genesis and significance

Rhizoliths are defined as organosedimentary structures resulting in the preservation of roots of higher plants, or remains thereof, in mineral matter. They are abundant and characteristic features of Quaternary terrestrial carbonates (calcretes and aeolianites) from coastal regions of the western Mediterranean. Field and petrographic observations indicate that five basic types of rhizoliths can be recognized: (1) root moulds, which are tubular voids that outline positions of former, now decayed roots; (2) root casts, which are sediment- and/or cement-filled root moulds; (3) root tubules, which are cemented cylinders around root moulds; (4) rhizocretions s.s., which are pedodiagenetic mineral accumulations (here low magnesian calcite) around living or dead plant roots; and (5) root petrifactions, which are mineral impregnations or mineral replacements of organic matter whereby anatomical features of roots have been preserved partially or totally. Apart from rhizoliths themselves, roots of higher plants are responsible for the formation of numerous and characteristic features of pedogenetically affected terrestrial carbonates. Plant roots are responsible for, or contribute to, the formation of alveolar textures, in situ brecciation (rhizobrecciation) textures, horizontal sheet cracks, vertically elongate glaebules (concretionary soil structures) and micritization (rhizomicritization) within terrestrial carbonates. Rhizoliths, together with the above features, are products of pedodiagenesis. More significantly, rhizoliths and related features are indicators of palaeosols and hence of subaerial vadose environments in ancient (post-Silurian) successions.     

Mineralogy and origin of rhizoliths on the margins of saline,alkaline Lake Bogoria,Kenya Rift Valley

A wide range of rhizoliths occurs around the margins of Lake Bogoria, Kenya. These include root casts, moulds, tubules, rhizocretions, and permineralised root systems. These rhizoliths are variably composed of opaline silica, calcite, zeolites (mainly analcime), fluorite, and possibly fluorapatite, either alone or in combinations. Some rhizoliths are infilled moulds with detrital silicate grains. Most rhizoliths are in situ, showing both vertical and horizontal orientations. Reworked rhizoliths have been concentrated locally to form dense rhizolites.Hot-spring fluids, concentrated by evapotranspiration and capillary evaporation, have provided most of the silica for the permineralisation of the plant tissues. Precipitation involved the growth of silica nanospheres and microspheres that coalesced into homogeneous masses. Calcite rhizoliths formed following evaporative concentration, evapotranspiration, and (or) CO₂ degassing of Ca-bearing runoff water that infiltrated the sediment, or by mixing of runoff with saline, alkaline groundwater. Fluorite precipitated in areas where mixing of hot-spring and meteoric waters occurred, or possibly where hot-spring fluids came into contact with pre-existing calcite. Zeolitic rhizoliths formed during a prolonged period of aridity, when capillary rise and evaporative pumping brought saline, alkaline waters into contact with detrital silicate minerals around roots.     

从"全球冰川"到"雪球假说"——关于新元古代冰川事件的最新研究

新元古代冰期地层不同于显生宙冰期地层，近年来，一些学者提出了雪球假说，掀起了关于新元古代冰期环境特征与因演化的研究热潮，成为当前地学前沿的一个热门课题。本轮研究的一个突出特点，是它的高度综合性，涉及岩石圈，水圈，大气圈和生物圈，此外还牵攫到天体运行等学科。研究重点有新元古代冰川作用的低纬和低海拔特征。与Rodinia超大陆裂解的关系，冰室效应和温室效应的矛盾运动，海洋封冻的探索，碳酸盐岩岩帽的成因，碳，硫，锶等同位素的峰谷变化的环境含义，冰期地层中铁矿的成因，新元古代冰期的次数争议，雪球理论的数值模拟和冰期环境特征及其变化与生物演化，特别是与早寒武世生物大辐射的关系等。我国南方已成为研究新元古代冰期地层及其与寒武系生物大辐射关系的重要地区之一。     

仙桃地区关键带生态演化与碳埋藏

仙桃地区湖群不断萎缩,水体富营养化水平和湿地沉积物重金属含量持续升高,江汉湖群生态系统日益脆弱,加强对该地区生态环境演化研究、分析人类活动和富营养化对湖泊生态系统的影响、探究该地区不同沉积环境的碳埋藏规律等显得尤为重要.在对江汉平原重点地区(仙桃彭场镇幅和脉旺咀幅)第四纪地质调查的基础上,选取研究区大型渔场、小型鱼塘、沟滩、湖泊、水稻田、泄洪道、旱地、汉水阶地8种不同沉积环境的16个关键带点位,分别测定了其表层及浅层钻孔沉积物的色素、TOC(total organic carbon,总有机碳)与TN(total nitrogen,总氮).表层沉积物TOC含量反映了研究区南部多湖泊区域有机碳埋藏量较高,而北部冲、洪积成因环境相对较低,与色素、TN所指示的人类活动强度和富营养化水平相吻合.湿地浅层钻孔沉积物碳埋藏速率变化整体表现为升高趋势,与色素所指示的湖泊富营养化的趋势相吻合;不同沉积环境碳埋藏速率差异较大,最高为大型渔场77.71 g·m-2·a-1、最低为汉水阶地3.61 g·m-2·a-1.研究结果表明,受到人类活动影响,湖相沉积物中碳埋藏量相对较高,湖泊碳汇功能不断增强,这对江汉平原关键带碳循环研究具有重要意义.      

华蓥山地区二叠纪生物礁顶部钙结壳的岩石学特征及成因探讨

华蓥山地区上二叠统长兴阶生物礁顶部普遍存在一套数米至十余米厚的钙结壳．含有钙结壳中常见的渗滤豆石、钙质结核、蜂窝状构造、根模、钙化细菌丝体、花瓣构造、微型钟乳石等典型组构，并伴有变形构造、溶蚀构造和角砾化等现象。这套钙结壳的发现对研究华南二、三叠纪之交的古气候，古地理和沉积发育史具有重要意义，本文主要描述钙结壳的岩石学特征，并简要讨论了本地区钙结壳的成因。     

Assessing the role of alkaline soils on the carbon cycle at a playa site

Alkaline soils occupy approximately 5 % of the Earth’s land surface (7 million km), and this may increase due to the global trend towards increasing desertification, yet the extent to which these soils modulate carbon dynamics on regional and global scales is inadequately studied and poorly understood. Railroad Valley (RRV) playa (Nevada, USA) is a semi-arid playa with highly alkaline soils (pH > 10) and no vegetation. The extreme, alkaline environment and absence of vascular vegetation make RRV an ideal site to investigate the role of physiochemical processes of soil-atmosphere CO₂ exchange. Both field and laboratory investigations were conducted. This work shows how the atmospheric CO₂ mixing ratio decreases at nighttime at RRV playa to a value well below the average global background CO₂ concentration. Laboratory investigations using soil samples collected at RRV playa confirmed that CO₂ uptake by RRV playa soils occurs when temperatures are decreased. Both field and laboratory studies suggest that the alkaline RRV soil acts as a CO₂ reservoir during colder periods, such as at nighttime. These results highlight the importance of investigating carbon dynamics in previously understudied environments. Given how little information is available on the CO₂ flux in desert and semi-arid alkaline ecosystems lacking vegetation, our findings draw attention to these environments as becoming increasingly important for carbon fluxes on regional and global scales.     

Physicochemical characteristics and levels of microbial activity in some florida peat swamps

Although microorganisms are certainly present in swamp and marsh peats, their geochemical role has not been demonstrated, in spite of their importance in determining the input to coalification processes. In order to obtain information on the gross level of microbial activity in the natural habitats, a broad-spectrum test for a type of enzyme important in the respiration of all organisms has been applied to cores of peat from a number of different environments in the Florida Everglades. In most cases, the respiratory activity in the upper layer is comparable to that in a fertile mineral soil, and this level of activity is found also at greater depths in several cores. In addition, some properties of the peat that tend to define their character as habitats for microorganisms were determined. pH values close to neutrality were observed at all sites. Chlorinity and total ionic strength naturally were high in the coastal swamps; seasonal variations in profiles in the brackish areas somewhat away from the coast suggested that some bulk flow of water through the peat into the porous limestone bedrock occurs in the rainy season. Eh profiles, regarded as empirical characterizations of environments, did differ considerably between saline and fresh water peats, though on a graphite indicator electrode were more positive than might have been expected in systems in which sulfate reduction was active. However, in these non-equilibrium systems, the potential recorded apparently depends on the nature of the electrode material used.     

东营凹陷早第三纪介形类复合分异度研究

复合分异度不仅能表明化石群内属种的多寡，而且能反映各种个数分配是否均匀。它对划分生物群落和恢复沉积环境具有重要意义。文中讨论了复合分异度的概念，并选用了信息函数熵H(s)作为分异度的计算方法，分析统计了山东济阳坳陷东营凹陷沙三段至沙一段沉积时期的介形类分析化验资料，并计算了东营凹陷现有资料井各时期的分异度值，做出了分异度等值线图。根据分异度的值及区域内的优势种，共划分出了各时期的11个生物群落，即Limnocythere armata（具刺湖花介）、Phacocypris huiminensis（惠民小豆介），Pseudocandona boxingsis（博兴假玻璃介），Camarocypris elliptica（椭圆拱形介），Huabeinia unispinata（单刺华北介），Camarocypris ovata（卵形拱星介），Huabeinia chinensis（中国华北介），Camarocypris ovata（卵形拱星介），Huabeinia chinensis（中国华北介），Cyprois mina（小型拟星介），Huabeinia obscura（隐瘤华北介）。个体古生态资料和复合分异度值对生物相划分和环境划分起着重要的作用，结合生物群落划分出了东营凹陷各时期的沉积环境。     

细菌富集金的实验及其地球化学意义

细菌富集金的实验表明，细菌具有强烈富集金的能力，起到了海水中微量金捕集器的作用。细菌富集金有吸附和吸收两种形式。吸附是指金被细胞壁分泌的氨基酸等有机物吸附在生物体外；吸收是指金进入生物体内，可能与蛋白质的巯基相结合。细菌是自然界生活力，繁殖力极强，生物产量巨大的微生物。