贵州东部镇远地区钾镁煌斑岩的矿物学和岩石学研究

摘要：通过对贵州东部镇远地区的一套偏碱性的基性超基性煌斑岩的矿物学及岩石学研究,发现该套岩石具有多种钾镁煌斑岩的特征矿物和结构：含钛的钾碱镁闪石、钛金云母、低铝透辉石、含铁透长石,以及金云母的嵌晶状结构、橄榄石的＂犬牙＂结构。在岩石地球化学方面,它们与世界典型地区的钾镁煌斑岩相似。根据对比鉴定,将这套岩石定名为：（１）金云母钾镁煌斑岩;（２）含橄榄石嵌晶状钾镁煌斑岩。     

山西大同采凉山钾镁煌斑岩的地质与岩石学特征

本文总结了大同采凉山饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩地质学、岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学与矿物学特征及其形成的区域地质构造背景,与世界典型地区及其它地区的钾镁煌斑岩进行了对比,并探讨了其找矿意义。山西大同地区沿采凉山深断裂分布两个金伯利岩带,一个位于采凉山深断裂北部,与钾镁煌斑岩和煌斑岩共生;另一个位于南部与碱性玄武岩共生,饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩由六种岩石组成;金云母透辉透长钾镁煌斑岩、霓辉金云透长钾镁煌斑岩、钾碱镁闪石金云钾镁煌斑岩、钾碱镁闪石透辉透长钾镁煌斑岩、金云透长钾镁煌斑岩、金云透辉白榴钾镁煌斑岩。饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩的主要成分为金云母、单斜辉石、钾碱镁闪石、假象白榴石和透长石,岩石含TiO_2低(0.98%~1.29%)、K/Na(3.18~6.05)和(K+Na)/A1(0.88~1.13)高,Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr含量高,饮牛沟岩体多数岩石为与世界各地相似的钾镁煌斑岩。     

黔东南钾镁煌斑岩岩石学特征

黔东南地区位于扬子地台东南缘与江南褶皱系西缘的过渡带。本文以黔东南马坪、麻江地区发现的钾镁煌斑岩体为主要研究对象,通过地质特征、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学等研究,认为马坪地区金云钾镁煌斑岩具基性-超基性岩的标型元素Cr、Ni、Co含量较高,不相容元素总体富集,稀土元素配分模式为右倾型且分异程度较高,与典型钾镁煌斑岩(西澳含金刚石矿钾镁煌斑岩)在岩浆来源、地球化学特征上具有较大的相似性;麻江地区钾镁煌斑岩Al_2O_3、K_2O含量低,轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,轻稀土特高,其岩浆形成温度、地球化学成分上与典型钾镁煌斑岩有较大差异。     

钾镁煌斑岩的鉴别标准和分类命名

本文综述了鉴别钾镁煌斑岩的岩石化学、地球化学、矿物学和矿物化学标准,介绍了代表性的钾镁煌斑岩的分类命名方案。     

塔里木地台南缘发现钾镁煌斑岩

首次在塔里木地台南缘皮山县境内找到钾镁煌斑岩,它们呈脉状产出,围岩为白云母石英片岩。该钾镁煌斑岩的岩石化学成分与亚洲钾镁煌斑岩的平均岩石化学成分接近,与澳大利亚西金伯利地区钾镁煌斑岩一致,稀土元素及其配分模式位于世界钾镁煌斑岩的范围之内,其中大多数标本具有已知世界钾镁煌斑岩的共同微量元素特征：具Ｂａ、Ｋ、Ｌａ和Ｃｅ的正异常及Ｔａ、Ｎｂ、Ｓｒ和Ｔｉ的负异常。该钾镁煌斑岩的发现对研究区金刚石找矿和深部地质过程研究均具深远意义。     

钾镁煌斑岩:优质金刚石主要载体与幔源流体活动标志

钾镁煌斑岩是一类较为特殊的火山成因或浅成的超基性岩,是一种重要的深源岩石,是深源岩浆活动的标志性产物,可作为了解地幔信息的窗口,也作为继金伯利岩之后的另一种金刚石寄主岩被持续关注.全球最优质的金刚石产于钾镁煌斑岩中,主要分布于西澳阿盖尔等地.中国钾镁煌斑岩主要分布于黔湘一带、山西饮牛沟、山东大井头、湖北大洪山和西昆仑克里阳地区,综合分析认为,钾镁煌斑岩主要分布于深大断裂附近,中国钾镁煌斑岩受江南台隆西缘的都匀—贵阳—铜仁—怀化深断裂、常德—安仁深断裂以及郯庐断裂带等深大断裂带控制;贵州镇远马坪、湖南宁乡云影窝、山东平邑大井头等钾镁煌斑岩有原生金刚石产出,钾镁煌斑岩的金刚石成矿潜力仍然有待深入研究,尤以湘黔钾镁煌斑岩带、郯庐断裂带大井头等地可望突破.钾镁煌斑岩的标志性矿物有富钛贫铝金云母、钾碱镁闪石、镁橄榄石、镁铝榴石、铬尖晶石、铬铁矿等.其中S1、S2组贫铝富镁铬铁矿对钾镁煌斑岩中金刚石的形成有指示意义.中国钾镁煌斑岩活动具多期性,其中晚侏罗世—早白垩世(147—100 Ma)时期属于中国含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩和相关的金-稀土等金属矿产的重要成矿时期.     

钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石矿床找矿准则和找矿判别模型

利用钾镁煌斑岩的地质特征、标型矿物和岩石化学参数,预测钾镁煌斑岩含金刚石的可能性,指导金刚石的普查找矿工作,国内外学者已做过一定的研究,总结出一些有效的成矿规律。我们在前人研究的基础上,收集了若干典型含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩、不含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩及与钾镁煌斑岩相似岩石的各种地质资料,总结了对形成金刚石有利或不利的地质因素,     

西昆仑北缘钾镁煌斑岩及超镁铁岩地质特征

产于塔里木地台铁克力克隆起内的钾镁煌夺岩石化学成分与亚洲钾煌斑岩的平均岩这成分接近,与澳大利亚西后利地区钾镁煌斑岩一致。稀土元素、微量元素组成与世界已 知钾镁煌斑岩具有相同特征。铁克力克隆起南缘柯岗－塔伦深断裂南阔绰人串珠状分布的超镁铁岩体,与钾镁煌斑岩具有相同的地质背景。该深断裂与西昆仑北缘深断裂交汇处是寻找含矿钾镁煌斑岩的有利部位。     

贵州省施秉大坪钾镁煌斑岩地球化学特征及源区指示

借助矿物学和主微量元素研究手段,本论文对贵州省施秉县大坪钾镁煌斑岩开展了系统地球化学探讨.主元素研究显示,研究区钾镁煌斑岩SiO2含量变化较低(35.0～55.0 wt.％),为超基性岩浆岩;Al2O3、TiO2、CaO、P2O5和Na2O指数表明研究区火成岩属典型的钾镁煌斑岩.另外,研究区钾镁煌斑岩显示出轻稀土元素(...     

贵州镇远地区含金刚石母岩再认识

贵州镇远马坪"东方一号"岩体为中国最早发现的原生金刚石矿,受当时只有金伯利岩才含金刚石矿及后来西澳阿盖尔钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石原生矿等的影响,先后定名为金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、金云火山岩等。最近专题调查分析研究表明,镇远马坪地区含金刚石母岩,其岩石学矿物学和地球化学特征均更接近澳大利亚典型金伯利岩,白坟地区岩体则类似于澳大利亚典型钾镁煌斑岩,建议将镇远马坪地区"东方一号"等岩类定名为角砾凝灰质金伯利岩,白坟地区岩类定名为钾碱镁闪石-透辉石-金云母钾镁煌斑岩,镇远地区兼有金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩的特征,与西澳大利亚极其类似,镇远地区乃至黔东地区具有较大的金刚石原生矿找矿勘查潜力和研究意义。     

中国夕卡岩矿床中的角闪石

文章综合分析研究了中国21个夕卡岩矿床中的130个角闪石的成分分析数据。根据夕卡岩类型及其伴生金属矿化的不同，把角闪石分为4大类：钙夕卡岩中的角闪石多属钙角闪石，包括绿钙闪石、铁角闪石、镁绿钙闪石、铁浅闪石、阳起石、铁阳起石、铁镁钙闪石和铁韭闪石等；镁夕卡岩中的角闪石以透闪石为主，局部有浅闪石或韭闪石；锰质夕卡岩中的角闪石有锰质阳起石、锰质透闪石、锰直闪石和锰镁闪石；碱质夕卡岩中的角闪石属钠-钙角闪石或钠角闪石类，包括钠透闪石、镁亚铁钠闪石、亚铁钠闪石、镁铝钠闪石和镁钠闪石。碳酸盐围岩和有关侵入岩的成分对角闪石的类型、成分及其伴生金属矿化起重要的作用。     

A new find of lamproite dyke near Chintalapalle area,NW margin of the Cuddapah basin,eastern Dharwar craton,southern India

A singular outcrop of a lamproite dyke is located ~1.5 km south-west of Chintalapalle village at the NW margin of the Cuddapah basin, eastern Dharwar craton, southern India.. The dyke trends E-W and is emplaced within the granitic rocks belonging to the peninsular gneissic complex. The lamproite dyke has a porphyritic to weakly porphyritic texture comprising microphenocrysts of sanidine, and potassic richterite set in a groundmass rich in carbonate, and chlorite with rutile and titanate as accessory phases. This new occurrence of lamproite is located mid-way between the well-known Narayanpet kimberlite field towards the west and the Ramadugu and Vattikod lamproite fields in east. The Chintalapalle lamproite dyke, together with those from Vattikod, Ramadugu, Krishna and Cuddapah basin lamproite fields, constitute a wide spectrum of ultrapotassic magmatism emplaced in and around the Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic Cuddapah basin in southern India.     

Petrology of Lamproites from Smoky Butte, Montana

Hyalo-armalcolite-phlogopite lamproites and sanidine-phlogopitelamproites occurring at Smoky Butte, Montana are rocks formedfrom rapidly quenched, high temperature, uncontaminated lamproiticmagma. Petrographic variations are attributable to differentcooling histories of several batches of compositionally identicalmagma. Compared with other occurrences of lamproite, the rocksare unusually rich in TiO₂ and are characterized by the presenceof abundant armalcolite and the most TiO₂-rich phlogopites yetfound in this paragenesis. Compositional data are given fortitanian phlogopite, olivine, diopside, titanian potassian richterite,armalcolite, sanidine, analcite, and glass. The mafic mineralsare Al-deficient and exhibit very little compositional variation.Original leucite has been pseudomorphed by sanidine or analcite.The latter mineral was probably formed at the same time thatthe glass lost K, and gained Na, during alteration by groundwater.All of the lamproites are strongly enriched in Ta, Hf, and thelight REE (La /Yb = 162–280), and have high MgO and Crcontents. Mineralogical, geochemical, and previously publishedisotopic data are combined in developing a petrogenetic modelwhich suggests that these lamproites were derived from an ancient(2.5 Ga) doubly metasomatized harzburgitic source, and thatthey represent relatively primitive lamproites which were intrudedat near-liquidus temperatures.     

Melting experiments on SiO2-rich lamproites to 6.4 GPa and their bearing on the sources of lamproite magmas

Summary Supra-solidus phase relations at temperatures and pressures ranging from 800 to 1700 °C and 2 to 6.4 GPa have been determined experimentally for three silica-rich lamproites: hyalo-leucite phlogopite lamproite (Oscar, West Kimberley); sanidine richterite lamproite (Cancarix, Murcia-Almeria); and phlogopite transitional madupitic lamproite (Middle Table Mountain, Wyoming). All samples have extended melting intervals (500–600 °C). Bulk composition has a significant control on the nature of the initial liquidus phases, with orthopyroxene occurring at low pressures (<4 GPa) in the relatively calcium-poor Oscar and Cancarix lamproites. At higher pressure (>6 GPa) orthopyroxene is replaced by garnet plus clinopyroxene as near-liquidus phases in the Oscar lamproite and by orthopyroxene plus clinopyroxene in the Cancarix sample. Clinopyroxene is a near-liquidus phase at all pressures in the Middle Table Mountain lamproite. Near-solidus phase assemblages at high pressure (>5 GPa) are: clinopyroxene + phlogopite + coesite + rutile + garnet (Oscar); clinopyroxene + garnet + coesite + K–Ti-silicate (Cancarix); clinopyroxene + phlogopite + apatite + K–Ti-silicate (Middle Table Mountain). In all compositions olivine is never found as a liquidus phase at any of the temperatures or pressures studied here. The phase relationships are interpreted to suggest that silica-rich lamproites cannot be derived by the partial melting of lherzolitic sources. Their genesis is considered to involve high degrees of partial melting of ancient metasomatic veins within a harzburgitic-lherzolitic lithospheric substrate mantle. The veins are considered in their mineralogy to be similar to the experimentally-observed, high pressure, near-solidus phase assemblages. The composition of silica-rich primary lamproite magmas differs between cratons as a consequence of differing mineralogical modes of the source veins and different relative contributions from the veins and wall-rocks to the partial melts. Received February 21, 2000; revised version accepted July 3, 2001     

Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA

Cores and cuttings of lamproite sills and host sedimentary country rocks in southeastern Kansas from up to 312 m depth were analyzed for major elements in whole rocks and minerals, certain trace elements in whole rocks (including the REE) and Sr isotopic composition of the whole rocks. The lamproites are ultrapotassic (K₂O/Na₂O = 2.0–19.9), alkalic [molecular (K₂O/Na₂O)/Al₂O₃ = 1.3-2.8], enriched in mantle-incompatible elements (light REE, Ba, Rb, Sr, Th, Hf, Ta) and have nearly homogeneous initial Sr isotopic compositions (0.707764-0.708114).

These lamproites could have formed by variable degrees of partial melting of harzburgite country rock and cross-cutting veins composed of phlogopite, K-Ti richterite, titanite, diopside, K-Ti silicates, or K-Ba-phosphate under high H₂O/CO₂ ratios and reducing conditions. Variability in melting of veins and wall rock and variable composition of the metasomatized veins could explain the significantly different composition of the Kansas lamproites.

Least squares fractionation models preclude the derivation of the Kansas lamproites by fractional crystallization from magmas similar in composition to higher silica phlogopite-sanidine lamproites some believe to be primary lamproite melts found elsewhere. In all but one case, least squares fractionation models also preclude the derivation of magmas similar in composition to any of the Kansas lamproites from one another. A magma similar in composition to the average composition of the higher SiO₂ Ecco Ranch lamproite (237.5–247.5 m depth) could, however, have marginally crystallized about 12% richterite, 12% sanidine, 7% diopside and 6% phlogopite to produce the average composition of the Guess lamproite (305–312 m depth).

Lamproite from the Ecco Ranch core is internally fractionated in K₂O, Al₂O₃, Ba, MgO, Fe₂O₃, Co and Cr most likely by crystal accumulation-removal of ferromagnesian minerals and sanidine. In contrast, the Guess core (305–312 m depth) has little fractionation throughout most of the sill except in several narrow zones. Lamproite in the Guess core has large enrichments in TiO₂, Ba, REE, Th, Ta and Sc and depletions in MgO, Cr, Co and Rb possibly concentrated in these narrow zones during the last dregs of crystallization of this magma.

The Ecco Ranch sill did not show any evidence of loss of volatiles or soluble elements into the country rock. This contrasts to the previously studied, shallow Silver City lamproite which did apparently lose H₂O-rich fluid to the country rock. Perhaps a greater confining pressure and lesser amount of H₂O-rich fluid prevented it from escaping.     

Accessory mineralogy of orangeite from Swartruggens, South Africa

Summary ?Orangeite occurring as a complex series of dikes at Swartruggens (South Africa), is host to a diversity of accessory minerals, the most common of which are apatite, barite and calcite. Less common, but important phases are perovskite, wadeite, an unidentified Ca–Ti–Fe-silicate, strontianite, unidentified Ca-REE phosphate, zircon, rutile, titaniferous magnetite, quartz and diverse sulphides. The accessory minerals show wide variations in their mode in different segments of the dike suite as a consequence of crystal sorting during flow differentiation. Compositional data are given for apatite, barite, calcite, perovskite, wadeite and the unidentified Ca–Ti–Fe-silicate. The accessory mineral suite is similar to that found in lamproites but is sufficiently distinct in composition and paragenesis to preclude inclusion with that clan. Differences include the common presence of groundmass calcite, barite and serpentine in the orangeite and the absence of typomorphic minerals (leucite, sanidine, richterite) of the lamproite clan. Received January 15, 2001; revised version accepted October 15, 2001     

Melting Experiments on a Sanidine Phlogopite Lamproite at 4-7 GPa and their Bearing on the Sources of Lamproitic Magmas

Suprasolidus phase relations at pressures from 4 to 7 GPa andtemperatures from 1000 to 1700C have been determined experimentallyfor a sanidine phlogopite lamproite from North Table Mountain,Leucite Hills, Wyoming. The lamproite is silica rich and hasbeen postulated to be representative of the magmas which wereparental to the Leucite Hills volcanic field. Near-liquidusphases above 5 GPa are pyrope-rich garnet and jadeite-rich pyroxene.Below 5 GPa, jadeite-poor pyroxene is the only near-liquidusphase. Near-solidus assemblages consist of clinopyroxene, titanianpotassium richterite and titanian phlogopite with either potassiumtitanian silicate above 5 GPa or potassium feldspar below 5GPa. The potassium titanian silicate is a newly recognized high-pressurephase ranging in composition from K₄Ti₂Si₇O₂₀ to K₄TiSi₈O₂₀.It coexists with coesite at pressures above 6 GPa at 1100–1400C.A previously unrecognized K-Ba-phosphate is a common near-solidusphase. The phase relationships are interpreted to suggest thatlamproites cannot be derived by the partial melting of simplelherzolitic sources. However, it is proposed that sanidine phlogopitelamproites an derived by high degrees of partial melting ofancient metasomatic veins within a harzburgitic–lherzoliticlithospheric substrate mantle. The veins are considered to consistof phlogopite, K–Ti-richterite, K–Ba-phosphate andK–Ti-silicates. KEY WORDS: lamproilte; experimental petrology; upper mantle ^*Corresponding author     

初论金刚石原生矿床成矿系列

目前所知产金刚石的岩石类型包括金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、榴辉岩、蛇绿岩套、碱性超基性杂岩、碱性超基性煌斑岩和橄榄岩类(方辉橄榄岩、纯橄榄岩等) 等偏碱性超镁铁质岩石, 而有经济价值的金刚石原生矿床仅见于金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩中, 除此之外的其他岩石类型中仅见有少量微粒金刚石.金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩都起源于地幔深部, 就此意义上讲, 二者是同源的, 但其岩石化学成分、主要矿物组成、产出大地构造背景以及同位素资料等, 却存在着比较明显的差异.由此构成了金刚石原生矿床的两个成矿系列: 金伯利岩成矿系列和钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列.金伯利岩成矿系列又可以根据其化学成分划分为3个亚系列, 即: 高Cr, Ti, Mg成矿亚系列, 低Cr, Ti, Mg成矿亚系列和介于二者之间的一种具有复杂化学成分的成矿亚系列.钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列则可以根据其主要矿物组成, 划分出橄榄石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列、白榴石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列以及介于两者之间的白榴石-橄榄石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列共3种次级成矿系列.与此同时, 无论是金伯利岩成矿系列, 还是钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列, 又都可以根据其野外地质产状, 划分为以下3个成矿亚系列(形成时间从早到晚) : (1) 火山沉积凝灰岩成矿亚系列; (2) 火山凝灰角砾岩成矿亚系列; (3) 火山-次火山侵入相成矿亚系列.      

Amphiboles of the Khibiny alkaline pluton, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The rocks of the Khibiny pluton contain 25 amphibole varieties, including edenite, fluoredenite, kaersutite, pargasite, ferropargasite, hastingsite, magnesiohastingsite, katophorite, ferrikatophorite, magnesiokatophorite, magnesioferrikatophorite, magnesioferrifluorkatophorite, ferrimagnesiotaramite, ferrorichterite, potassium ferrorichterite, richterite, potassium richterite, potassium fluorrichterite, arfvedsonite, potassium arfvedsonite, magnesioarfvedsonite, magnesioriebeckite, ferriferronyboite, ferrinyboite, and ferroeckermannite. The composition of rock-forming amphiboles changes symmetrically relative to the Central Ring of the pluton; i.e., amphiboles enriched in K, Ca, Mg, and Si are typical of foyaite near and within the Central Ring. The Fe and Mn contents in amphiboles increase in the direction from marginal part of the pluton to its center. Foyaite of the marginal zone contains ferroeckermannite, richterite, arfvedsonite, and ferrorichterite; edenite is typical of foyaite and hornfels of the Minor Arc. Between the Minor Arc and the Central Ring, foyaite contains ferroeckermannite, arfvedsonite, and richterite; amphiboles in rischorrite, foidolite and hornfels of the Central Ring are (potassium) arfvedsonite, (potassium) richterite, magnesiokatophorite, magnesioarfvedsonite, ferroeckermannite, and ferriferronyboite; amphiboles in foyaite within the Central Ring, in the central part of the pluton, are arfvedsonite, magnesioarfvedsonite, ferriferronyboite, katophorite, and richterite. It is suggested that such zoning formed due to the alteration of foyaite by a foidolite melt intruded into the Main (Central) Ring Fault.