Early warning research on salt-alkalization desertification in western Songnen Plain

Desertification is an environmental issue in the world. The salt-alkalization desertification land area formed by both primary and secondary salt-alkalization has extended in a large scale, which has become a significant eco-environmental problem. Based on the characteristics of eco-environment and the situation of desertification in westem Songnen plain, this paper reports the analyzes of its formation in background and cause. An early waming system on the salt-alkalization desertification is established and the GIS technology is used to abstract the information of desertification evaluation index. Supported by the integrated technology of the GIS and ANN, the orientation and quantitative result of desertification are gained, which is helpful to the eco-environment protection and resource development in westem Songnen Plain.     

Early warning research on salt-alkalization desertification in western Songnen Plain

Desertification is an environmental issue in the world. The salt-alkalization desertification land area formed by both primary and secondary salt-alkalization has extended in a large scale, which has become a significant eco-environmental problem. Based on the characteristics of eco-environment and the situation of desertification in western Songnen plain, this paper reports the analyzes of its formation in background and cause. An early warning system on the salt-alkalization desertification is established and the GIS technology is used to abstract the information of desertification evaluation index. Supported by the integrated technology of the GIS and ANN, the orientation and quantitative result of desertification are gained, which is helpful to the eco-environment protection and resource development in western Songnen Plain.     

Dynamics of saline-alkali land and its ecological regionalization in western Songnen Plain,China

As the important reserve land resources for food production,saline-alkali land should play a significant role to ensure the national food security in the context of global food crisis. The western Songnen Plain is one of main distribution regions of saline-alkali land in China,with great potential in agricultural development. In this study,the extent,transformation,spatial distribution and temporal change of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain during 1954–2005 were investigated by using remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis methods. Saline-alkali land change was detected from a temporal series of topographic maps in 1954,satellite images of Landsat MSS in 1976,Landsat TM/ETM in 1988,2000 and 2005 through artificial visual interpretation. The results indicated a significant expansion in saline-alkali land area and aggravation in salinization. The area of saline-alkali land had increased from 401.48×103 ha in 1954 to 1 097.45×103 ha in 2005. While the ratio of light,moderate and serious salinized land areas changed from 6.72︰2.92︰1.00 to 1.25︰1.06︰1.00 in the study period. Grassland,cropland,swampland and water body were the major land use and land cover types from which saline-alkali land transformed. And the secondary salinization occured mainly in Da′an City,Tongyu County,Changling County,Daqing City,Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County and Zhaoyuan County. Finally,seven large ecoregions and 14 corresponding sub-ecoregions were delineated out based on spatio-temopral dynamic characteristics of saline-alkali land and geo-relational environmental attributes. According to the results,measures of amelioration and ways of development of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain were put forward.     

DYNAMICS OF SANDY DESERTIFICATION AND ITS DRIVING FORCES IN WESTERN JILIN PROVINCE

By establishing the interpreting elements, and applying supervised classification, the sandy desertification was interpreted and the desertified land areas of the counties in the western Jilin Province in 1986 and in 2000 were obtained. Taking Tongyu and Qian‘an as examples, the natural driving forces and man-made driving forces were analyzed. The paper comes the conclusions that the material sources and the warming and dry climate are the internal causes of potential land descrtification: the irrational human activities, such as destroying forest and reclaiming the grassland, are the external causes of potential land desertification; while more rational human activities, such as planting trees and restoring grassland can reverse the land desertification. Furthermore, the countermeasures and suggestions for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in the western Jilin Province are put forward.     

The types of lake in Songnen Plain and their regional character

The lake groups in the Songnen Plain are low plain lake groups, which are located in the temperate semihumid area in China. They are characterized by small area, shallow basin, thick density and various types. In the try for classifying comprehensively the lake groups, a classification system is developed based on three main factors, i.e. forming cause, water quantity and water quality. The most internal character can be concisely grasped through three principal indexes and three auxiliary indexes of three main factors. A sample of complicated changeable path is put forward for further analyzing and outlining these basic types, in the meantime, it’s linking up easily with the classification system of the single factor. According to the regional environment, the regional differences of the type composition and the principal types, the lake groups in the Songnen Plain can be divided into 6 sub-regions. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(49671077). Biography: LU Jin-fu (1938–), male, professor. His research interest includes paleo-environment in the Quaternary.     

Early warning for geo-hazards based on the weather condition in China

According to national early warning practice for geo-hazards from 2003 .to 2005, it is systematically concluded that the basic characteristics of geo-hazards, early warning method and forecast result based on the geological maps of China in a scale 1：6 000 000. With the contrast of different characters between sustained rainfall and typhoon rainfall inducing geo-hazards, the disaster reduction result and some problems are preliminarily analyzed. Some basic recognition is that early warning to geo-hazards is feasible, national scale forecast is only to call attention, but can＇ t immediately be used to disaster reduction decision-making. And, the future direction is to build a united disaster reduction framework of early warning system including national, provincial and county levels based on weather factors in different scale of area.     

Early warning for geo-hazards based on the weather condition in China

According to national early warning practice for geo-hazards from 2003 to 2005, it is systematically concluded that the basic characteristics of geo-hazards, early warning method and forecast result based on the geological maps of China in a scale 1∶6 000 000. With the contrast of different characters between sustained rainfall and typhoon rainfall inducing geo-hazards, the disaster reduction result and some problems are preliminarily analyzed. Some basic recognition is that early warning to geo-hazards is feasible, national scale forecast is only to call attention, but can't immediately be used to disaster reduction decision-making. And, the future direction is to build a united disaster reduction framework of early warning system including national, provincial and county levels based on weather factors in different scale of area.     

松嫩平原西南部水域信息图谱分析

地学信息图谱综合了地学景观规律性、简洁性和数学模型的抽象性,它是现代空间技术与我国传统研究成果结合的产物,它可反演过去、预测未来。基于地学信息图谱原理与表达方法,采用遥感与地理信息系统技术,通过对松嫩平原西南部水域1979、2001年两期遥感数据,进行水域遥感信息图谱变化研究与图谱分析表达。研究表明,1979年松嫩平原西南部水体总面积为2018.22km²,2001年面积为1488.12km²,减少了530km²,水域变化的动态度为1.01%,主要影响因素是土地沙化、草地退化以及过度的人为开发造成的。通过多种景观指数图谱理论来表达水域的变化特点,反映水域要素的相关性和数量关系。利用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的方法,对松嫩平原西南部遥感水域信息,反演了研究区的水域动态变化。     

Geo-hazards risk zonation and warning system based on GIS in Anshan City of Liaoning

Debris flow and Karst collapse are the main parts of geological disasters in Anshan,which have affected on the construction and development of the social economy of Anshan.In order to enhance the studies of rules of disaster and give scientific estimation and alarm ahead of schedule warning,we established the warning system of Anshan and investigated the corresponding software,which are based on the deep discussions about the crisis estimation and methods of prediction of disasters.In this paper,the foundation of model used in estimating the alarm ahead of schedule for disaster and the methods of appraisal for the alarm ahead of schedule are discussed.This system for warning and evaluating is the combination of the models of warning and GIS flat roof,with so many virtues,such as complete functions,convenience,applicability,which has considered the output of data,analyses of space,chooses of model,output of production,report of information for warning and the statements and help of system.     

Geo-hazards risk zonation and warning system based on GIS in Anshan City of Liaoning

Debris flow and Karst collapse are the main parts of geological disasters in Anshan, which have affected on the construction and development of the social economy of Anshan. In order to enhance the studies of rules of disaster and give scientific estimation and alarm ahead of schedule warning, we established the warning system of Anshan and investigated the corresponding software, which are based on the deep discussions about the crisis estimation and methods of prediction of disasters. In this paper, the foundation of model used in estimating the alarm ahead of schedule for disaster and the methods of appraisal for the alarm ahead of schedule are discussed. This system for warning and evaluating is the combination of the models of warning and GIS flat roof, with so many virtues, such as complete functions, convenience, applicability, which has considered the output of data, analyses of space, chooses of model, output of production, report of information for warning and the statements and help of system.     

COUPLING ANALYSES OF FRAGILE ECO-ENVIRONMENT IN THE WEST OF THE SONGNEN PLAIN

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｆｒａｇｉｌｅｅｃｏｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｓｄｅｆｉｎｅｄａｓｔｈｅ“ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ＂ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｗｏｏｒｍｏｒｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｏｆｍａｔｔｅｒｅｎｅｒｇｙｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｅｘｔｅｎｄｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｔｈｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅＮＩＵ１９８９．ＴｈｅｆｒａｇｉｌｅｅｃｏｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｎｇｎｅｎＰｌａｉｎｉｓｓｉｔｕ-ａｔｅｄｏｎｓｕｃｈ…     

Land use/cover changes and environmental consequences in Songnen Plain, Northeast China

The Songnen Plain in Northeast China, one of the key national bases of agricultural production, went through remarkable land use/cover changes in recent years. This study aimed to explore the long-term land use/cover changes and the effects of these changes on the environment. The Landsat-based analysis showed that, during 1986–2000, cropland, built-up land and barren land had increased, among which cropland had the largest increase of 9,198km² with an increase rate of 7.5%. Woodland, grassland, water body and swampland had decreased correspondingly, among which grassland had the most dramatic decrease of 6,127km² with a decrease rate of 25.6%. The transition matrix results revealed that grassland, woodland and swampland were the three main land use types converted to cropland. Climate warming created the potential environment for the conversion of grassland and swampland into cropland. Land resources policy made by central and provincial governments of China affected the pattern and intensity of land use. Land use/cover changes accompanied by climatic variation brought out a series of environmental consequences, such as sand desertification of land, land salinization and alkalinization, grassland degradation, and more frequent floods. Under this circumstance, optimized land use structure and restoration measures are needed.     

松嫩平原含水层沉积物特征及其对砷赋存态分布的影响

松嫩平原西部地区为中国砷中毒区域,含水层沉积物特征及砷赋存态对地下水砷迁移、转化的影响并不清楚。在对研究区高砷区与低砷区钻孔沉积物进行取样的基础上,运用激光粒度分析、Tessier五步提取法和Keon分步提取法分别确定了不同深度沉积物的粒度分布和不同赋存态砷含量,系统研究了沉积物的水力传导系数、不同赋存态砷的分布及其与高砷地下水形成的关系。结果表明:沉积物5种赋存态砷(包括可交换态、碳酸盐吸附态、铁/锰氧化物吸附态、有机物或硫化物吸附态和基质态)中,铁/锰氧化物吸附态砷含量最高,并且砷含量与铁、锰含量呈明显正相关性;高砷区钻孔沉积物铁/锰氧化物吸附态砷质量分数为(1.18~6.11)×10-6,低砷区为(0.67~2.60)×10-6;高砷区钻孔沉积物以粉砂、黏土为主,水力传导系数介于0.004~0.027m·d-1,低砷区钻孔沉积物以细砂、中砂为主,水力传导系数介于0.005~0.2m·d-1;沉积物中粉砂或黏土含量越多,则沉积物颗粒越小,其水力传导系数越低,各赋存态砷含量越高,因此,高砷区低水力传导系数有利于还原环境的形成。通过地下水的循环,高砷含水层沉积物的淋滤作用和铁/锰氧化物的还原性溶解形成了研究区高砷地下水。     

太湖蓝藻水华遥感动态监测预警信息系统

太湖蓝藻水华暴发对其周边地区的生态、经济和社会造成了严重影响,对蓝藻水华进行监测预警对于改善太湖水环境具有重要意义。本文在分析蓝藻水华遥感监测预警研究动态基础上,从信息系统构建角度,结合太湖蓝藻水华监测情况,对太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测预警流程进行系统性分析,提出建立太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测预警系统的总体框架,利用C#语言和IDL语言实现了该框架的软件架构,并且论述了实现该系统框架所采用的系统集成技术和软件模式技术。     

鲁中南典型岩溶水系统地下水污染预警评价

地下水污染预警是区域地下水资源保护的重要手段.山东双村岩溶水系统是典型的鲁中南单斜构造型岩溶水系统之一,现开采量39.848万m3/d,为特大型岩溶水源地.30余年的水质监测数据表明,岩溶水水质逐渐变差、水化学类型变复杂.在查明水文地质条件、污染源调查和长序列水质监测的基础上,构建了有针对性的地下水污染风险评价指标体系...     

青岛市崂山区建立地质灾害自动监测预警示范工作的探索

青岛市崂山区特殊的自然地理和地质环境条件,在降雨以及人类工程-经济活动的影响下,引发了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等突发性地质灾害.在对区内地质灾害点全面调查、排查和勘测工作的基础上,通过学习总结其他省市经验,建立了青岛市崂山区青山滑坡地质灾害自动监测预警示范区,为该区地质灾害防治工作提供技术依据.     

Diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration at temperate Leymus chinensis meadow steppes in western Songnen Plain,China

To evaluate the diurnal and seasonal variations in soil respiration(Rs) and understand the controlling factors, we measured carbon dioxide(CO2) fluxes and their environmental variables using a LI-6400 soil CO2 flux system at a temperate Leymus chinensis meadow steppe in the western Songnen Plain of China in the growing season(May–October) in 2011 and 2012. The diurnal patterns of soil respiration could be expressed as single peak curves, reaching to the maximum at 11:00–15:00 and falling to the minimum at 21:00–23:00(or before dawn). The time-window between 7:00 and 9:00 could be used as the optimal measuring time to represent the daily mean soil CO2 efflux. In the growing season, the daily value of soil CO2 efflux was moderate in late spring(1.06–2.51 μmol/(m2·s) in May), increased sharply and presented a peak in summer(2.95–3.94 μmol/(m2·s) in July), and then decreased in autumn(0.74–0.97 μmol/(m2·s) in October). Soil temperature(Ts) exerted dominant control on the diurnal and seasonal variations of soil respiration. The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration(Q10) exhibited a large seasonal variation, ranging from 1.35 to 3.32, and decreased with an increasing soil temperature. Rs gradually increased with increasing soil water content(Ws) and tended to decrease when Ws exceeded the optimum water content(27%) of Rs. The Ts and Ws had a confounding effect on Rs, and the two-variable equations could account for 72% of the variation in soil respiration(p 0.01).     

基于多重分形特征和分项组合预测联合响应的滑坡预警预测研究

为准确掌握滑坡变形发展规律,基于滑坡变形监测成果构建滑坡预警预测模型,即先利用MF-DFA模型开展滑坡变形数据的多重分形特征分析,并进一步利用M-K分析构建双重判据（Δa指标判据和Δf(a)指标判据）进行滑坡预警研究;另外,在利用集成经验模态分解法对滑坡变形数据信息进行分离处理基础上,通过GOA-RNN-CT模型实现滑坡变形的分项组合预测。结果表明,h(q)值随波动函数q值减小而减小,说明滑坡变形数据具有多重分形特征,且预警分级研究表明,滑坡预警等级为Ⅱ级,即滑坡变形趋向不利方向发展;同时,通过变形预测分析认为,分项组合预测在滑坡变形预测中具有较优的预测效果和稳定性,且外推预测结果显示,滑坡变形会继续增加;最后,将多重分形特征研究结果和变形预测分析结果进行联合响应综合得出,滑坡现有预警等级相对不利,且后续变形仍会进一步增加,趋向不稳定方向发展,建议对滑坡采取必要防治措施。     

基于震源定位技术的地下开采矿山实时监测系统研究及应用

为解决对地下矿产资源开采活动有效监控的难题,笔者在科技管矿上进行了有益探索,提出了以震源定位为基础技术的地下矿山开采活动实时监测系统的设计思路,并开发出了融地质科学、岩土力学、电子信息与通信科学、数学、软件技术、工程学等多门学科于一体的非接触、感应式地下矿产资源开采活动实时监测工具,为进一步提高科技管矿水平积累了宝贵的经验。     

潍北平原高氟地下水的分布及成因分析

通过环境地质调查及水样测试,从地层、气象、地貌、水文地质等几个角度进行了系统分析,潍北平原高氟地下水的分布、形成条件受地质、气候、地貌和水文地质的控制,大气降水在入渗过程中通过水岩作用及淋滤作用将岩石和土壤中氟元素带入地下水中,在蒸发作用下浓缩,最终形成高氟地下水。