SQY-1型水文水井定深取样器的研制与应用

介绍了SQY-1型水文水井定深取样器的性能特点及适用性,阐述了其工作原理和使用方法。该定深取样器的成功应用,有效地解决了在复合含水层且水质变化较大的井孔采集水样难题,准确反映了不同地层埋深的含水层水质的真实情况,为水文地质调查工作特别是对不同含水层水质的判别提供了一种新的取样工具。     

双层抽水试验中观测井井筒效应的数值模拟研究

建立了具有代表性的双层含水层抽水概念模型,基于等效渗透系数法建立了井筒—含水层耦合数值模拟模型,利用该模型模拟了双层抽水试验中观测井井筒及周边水头降深的分布、观测井内部水流的垂向分布、含水层与观测井的补给关系。分析了井筒效应的发生机理及观测井井筒内径和径距对井筒效应的影响规律,得出以下主要结论:在双层含水层中利用不完整井抽水时,同一水平位置不同高度处的水头降深不一样,由此导致的垂直方向的水头差会导致观测井内产生垂向水流,水流的流量受观测井井径和径距影响,井径越大流量越大,径距越大流量越小;观测井中的垂向流量会导致井筒周边含水层水头的重分布,此即井筒效应。距离观测井越近,受井筒效应影响越大。同时井筒效应的影响程度和影响范围受观测井井径和径距决定,井径越大影响程度和范围越大,径距越大影响程度和范围越小。     

地下水观测井井筒效应的多场耦合数值模拟

利用3种不同水流运移方程分别模拟井管附近不同区域的水流运动, 基于流量守恒原理实现不同流态区域边界的耦合, 建立了有代表性的观测井-含水层系统场景; 利用建立的耦合模型模拟了观测井-含水层系统中水头的分布, 基于模型模拟数据分析了观测井井筒存在对含水层局部水头分布及地下水水质采样和环境监测结果的影响; 还分析了地下水三维水流强度、观测井井径以及含水层介质参数等对井筒效应的影响规律: 井筒效应在粘土等渗透系数和比单位贮水系数相对较小的含水层介质中更为明显, 其影响随着三维水流强度及观测井井径的增加而增大; 进行了上述参数的敏感性分析, 指出对于同一参数其在不同区间的敏感性比例不同, 对于不同参数观测井井径的敏感性比例最大, 因此在地下水环境监测的工程实践中减小观测井井径是相对快速且有效提高监测和采样精度的方法.      

单孔抽水试验资料的分析整理

单孔抽水试验称作井试验,有别于设置有观测孔的含水层试验。井试验无专门水位观测孔,且受井的完善程度、施工工艺及井结构等因素的影响。井中水位下降值失去真实性,其Q=f（s）则为上述诸因素的综合反映。所得资料用常规方法计算的含水层水文地质参数亦受其影响而降低可靠程度。      

屋顶雨水回灌裂隙岩溶含水层连通示踪试验

雨水回灌后对岩溶水的影响分析和效果需要对回灌井和下游的观测井监测数据说明。由于岩溶含水层中岩溶发育极不均匀,在测定地下水位并判定出地下水流向的基础上,连通示踪试验是选择与回灌井相对应的观测井的有效办法。用氯化钠作为示踪剂,监测不同测井不同埋深地下水电导率随时间变化的方法确定了岩溶水观测井选址、岩溶含水层的结构及水文地质条件。示踪试验结果表明,3#观测井(西院井)可用来监测雨水回灌效果,并计算出该地区的地下水势流速在9 m/h～20 m/h之间。该成果对北方地区岩溶含水层回灌和环境评价具有重要的参考价值。     

多层含水层系统水文地质参数计算

为求取含水层水文地质参数,常用的试验方法是抽水试验。在进行抽水试验时,经常有越流现象,计算时一般采用越流模型计算。越流模型假定非抽水含水层的水位恒定不变,但在实际抽水过程中,抽水含水层和非抽水含水层间通过越流相互影响、相互作用。如果只考虑抽水含水层的水位变化而不考虑非抽水含水层的水位变化,会导致计算的水文地质参数不准确。实际工作中,有时会在非抽水含水层中布置一口观测井来观测抽水含水层抽水时对非抽水含水层的影响。如果采用多层含水层系统模型的方法,即可利用各含水层观测井中的数据计算出每个含水层和相关弱透水层的水文地质参数,提高参数计算精度、节省资金和工作量。     

海洋冲击伸缩绳索取样器的研制与应用

海洋沉积物地层主要由淤泥、软土、半固结泥岩、砂岩等组成,沉积物地层钻探取样是海洋工程和地质调查的重要组成部分。常规回转取样器取样,极易破坏样品的原状而且取样率较低;静压取样器取样,在砂岩、半固结泥岩等较硬地层取样率较低。针对上述问题,研制了一种冲击伸缩绳索取样器,该取样器结合了静压取样器和锤击取样器的特点,实现对海底以沉积物为主地层的高保真取样。     

邯郸平原深层地下水质量评价

为了查明邯郸平原深层地下水水质现状,在分析邯郸平原深层地下水水文地质条件的基础上,通过选取十一处具有代表性深层地下水井进行取样化验,采用单项组分评价和综合评价方法进行评价。评价结果表明,十一眼取样井中水质良好、较差、极差井数分别为5眼、5眼、1眼,影响水质的物质为pH、总硬度、氟、铁、锰、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物。     

渗流井合理竖井降深确定

通过采用单位面积河流在单位水头差作用下的渗漏量来表征河流渗漏能力,建立渗流井取水理想模型,分别计算了在不同河流渗漏能力和含水层渗透性能条件下,竖井降深对渗流井出水量的影响。建立渗流井取水非稳定流模型,计算了在前期稳定竖井降深不同条件下,河流断流后渗流井出水量衰减过程及竖井降深发展过程。提出渗流井合理竖井降深应根据河流与地下水是否脱节以及含水层渗透性能,在岸边渗流井中部及一侧各布设一个观测孔,根据观测孔水位进行确定。对于含水层渗透性能较强地区,渗流井竖井降深应使得渗流井范围内地下水位与河流脱节,但高于辐射孔顶面;对于含水层渗透性能较差地区,渗流井竖井降深应使得侧部观测孔水位接近河床底面或刚出现脱节。     

人工回灌对承压含水层中Cl~-含量的淡化过程

本文论述了上海西郊一含水层储能试验场回灌自来水后含水层中 Cl~-含量的淡化过程。计算了单井回灌时水质变化规律。对其中三个水质取样点进行了对比拟合,结果较为满意。     

利用滨海地下水潮汐效应估计含水层参数:以北海半岛为例

通过分析滨海含水层中观测孔的水位动态资料,确定含水层的水力性质和某些参数,或推测含水层在海底的延伸长度和露头处是否存在覆盖层,是水文地质学家一直很感兴趣的问题之一。文中充分分析了广西北海半岛滨海地区水文地质条件,将研究区第一个承压含水层系统概化为具有上覆弱透水层越流和含水层海底露头覆盖层的垂向三层结构的不稳定流模型。应用该模型的解析解对广西北海半岛滨海含水层系统的观测数据进行了分析,拟合效果很好,并利用最小平方罚函数法估算了研究区含水层的参数。     

A comparison of the geochemical response to different managed aquifer recharge operations for injection of urban stormwater in a carbonate aquifer

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is increasingly being considered as a means of reusing urban stormwater and wastewater to supplement the available water resources. Subsurface storage is advantageous as it does not impact on the area available for urban development, while the aquifer also provides natural treatment. However, subsurface storage can also have deleterious effects on the recovered water quality through water–rock interactions which can also impact on the integrity of the aquifer matrix. A recent investigation into the potential for stormwater recycling via Aquifer Storage Transfer and Recovery (ASTR) in a carbonate aquifer is used to determine the important hydrogeochemical processes that impact on the recovered water quality. An extensive period of aquifer flushing allows observation of water quality changes under two operating scenarios: (1) separate wells for injection and recovery, representing ASTR; and (2) a single well for injection and recovery, representing Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR).     

An extension to the DRASTIC model to assess groundwater vulnerability to pollution: application to the Haouz aquifer of Marrakech (Morocco)

An extension to the DRASTIC model is proposed in order to assess aquifer vulnerability to pollution. In contrast to the DRASTIC model, which considers the unsaturated and saturated zones together and computes a global intrinsic vulnerability index, the suggested approach discriminates between the aquifer vertical vulnerability (a concept related to the pollutant percolation) and the groundwater susceptibility (a concept that depends on the behaviour and uses of the groundwater). This approach is applied to the Haouz aquifer (Morocco) that supplies water to the Marrakech area. This aquifer is widely overexploited and there is evidence that the groundwater quality is threatened by various sources of pollution. Evaluation of the vertical vulnerability indicates that the aquifer mainly presents a moderate-to-weak vertical vulnerability. The zones potentially most favourable to pollutant percolation are mainly located in Central Haouz, along or near the surface wadis. The aquifer susceptibility is high in places located near the N’Fis, Baaja and Issil wadis. Everywhere else, low-to-moderate susceptibility is observed. This new approach therefore enables areas of vertical vulnerability and areas of susceptibility to be delineated separately. As a result, it constitutes a valuable decision-making tool for optimising the management of aquifer water resources and land-use planning.     

Assessing the inconsistency between groundwater vulnerability and groundwater quality: the case of Chapala Marsh, Mexico

Aquifer systems present intrinsic properties such as vulnerability, which is identified as the potential risk of groundwater pollution by contaminants generated by human activity. When there are surface sources of pollution, usually there is a direct relationship between high vulnerability and decreased water quality. Nevertheless, this relationship is not observed in all aquifers and so the causative circumstances of inconsistencies between aquifer vulnerability and water quality have been investigated. This work addresses the vulnerability assessment of the Chapala Marsh area, Mexico, using SINTACS analysis. The Chapala Marsh aquifer is characterized by a granular structure and a fractured recharge zone; there are natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. The results show discrepancies between the vulnerability indices and groundwater quality, as indicated by the existence of vulnerable areas with good water quality and vice versa. This is because the SINTACS method works well when contaminants have only vertical movement. For scenarios with lateral movement of contaminants, the method of geographic weighted regression (GWR) is used to model the influence of potential sources of contaminants on the water quality.     

淮北矿区刘桥一矿含水层水化学特征研究

为了研究刘桥一矿含水层水化学特征,在分析矿区水文地质条件的基础上,对各个含水层投产前后水质动态变化进行详细研究,并将各含水层中的矿化度、总硬度以及阴阳离子所占的比例进行对比。结果表明,随着出水时间的增加,出水点水样中Na++K+和SO42-平均含量在逐渐减少,Mg2+有所增加,Ca2+和HCO3-变化不大;总硬度和总矿化度表现出不同程度的降低。最后,从突水点水样分析结果和附近的太灰、八含长观孔的水位变化情况,推测出太灰水和八含水联系紧密,也是6煤层底板的主要突水水源。     

A geoelectrical and hydrogeological study for the assessment of groundwater resources in Wadi Al Bih, UAE

Drilling information, historical water table levels, groundwater salinity records of the existing water wells in Wadi Al Bih area, United Arab Emirates, were stored in a geodatabase and used to characterize the geological and hydrogeological settings of this area. A 2D earth resistivity imaging survey was conducted for the first time in the Northern UAE to determine the potential of the Quaternary aquifer and its groundwater quality in the areas where there are no monitoring wells. The results of the chemical analyses of the collected groundwater samples together with the inversion results of the resistivity data were used to draw a total salinity map and determine the spatial variations in groundwater quality. The inversion results of the 2D earth resistivity imaging data indicated that the Quaternary aquifer in the study area is in a good connection with the underlying carbonate aquifer. It also indicated that the carbonate aquifer is of major regional and vertical extension and it contains the fresh water in this area. The data stored in the developed database were used to produce different types of geopotential maps.     

平煤八矿己15-13030工作面煤层顶板突水溃砂可能性评价

煤矿突水溃砂灾害的发生与煤层上履含水层性质、岩性特征及破坏程度等诸多因素有关。通过研究己15煤层顶板基岩与第四系底部的含、隔水性能及顶板覆岩岩性组合特征,计算出一次全部开采3．6m煤层时,其导水裂缝带最小发育高度为38．46m,最大为47．95m,确定了采煤活动导致的上覆顶板含水层发生水力联系的范围,认为己15—13030工作面煤层开采时发生顶板突水的可能性不大;计算一次全部开采3．6m煤层时,防砂安全垂高最大为23．5m．防塌安全煤岩柱最大垂高为12．5m,结合煤层顶板基岩及第四系底部岩层的水文地质特征,认为工作面回采时顶板溃砂的可能性也不大。强调在生产过程中,要加强顶板涌水的观测,同时增加现有排水系统的排水能力,从而为工作面安全回采提供支持。     

Interactions of diffuse and focused allogenic recharge in an eogenetic karst aquifer (Florida, USA)

The karstic upper Floridan aquifer in north-central Florida (USA) is recharged by both diffuse and allogenic recharge. To understand how recharged water moves within the aquifer, water levels and specific conductivities were monitored and slug tests were conducted in wells installed in the aquifer surrounding the Santa Fe River Sink and Rise. Results indicate that diffuse recharge does not mix rapidly within the aquifer but instead flows horizontally. Stratification may be aided by the high matrix porosity of the eogenetic karst aquifer. Purging wells for sample collection perturbed conductivity for several days, reflecting mixing of the stratified water and rendering collection of representative samples difficult. Interpretive numerical simulations suggest that diffuse recharge impacts the intrusion of allogenic water from the conduit by increasing hydraulic head in the surrounding aquifer and thereby reducing influx to the aquifer from the conduit. In turn, the increase of head within the conduits affects flow paths of diffuse recharge by moving newly recharged water vertically as the water table rises and falls. This movement may result in a broad vertical zone of dissolution at the water table above the conduit system, with thinner and more focused water-table dissolution at greater distance from the conduit.