基于灰色理论的脆性岩石抗压强度尺寸效应试验研究

采用相同直径不同高度的圆柱形白色大理岩及灰岩试样进行单轴压缩试验研究,验证了脆性岩石抗压强度在一定范围内随高径比的增大而减小的规律。依据岩石单轴压缩试验结果,基于灰色预测GM（1,1）模型建立了脆性岩石的单轴抗压强度与试件高径比之间的非线形关系式,该经验公式对脆性岩石具有统一的形式,同时通过式中参数a值反映了由于岩性、试验条件等不同而引起的强度差异。利用该关系式可以很方便地在相关岩土工程中为相似岩石估算其强度值提供参考、借鉴。     

Crack damage stress as a composite function of porosity and elastic matrix stiffness in dolomites and limestones

Twenty-five uniaxial compression tests were performed to determine stress at onset of dilation, referred to herein as “the crack damage stress,” in heterogeneous dolomites and limestones. A simplified model for crack damage stress (σ_cd) is developed here using porosity, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and three empirical coefficients. The model shows that when porosity decreases and elastic modulus increases, σ_cd rapidly increases and approaches its maximum value. On the other hand, when porosity increases and elastic modulus decreases, σ_cd rapidly decreases and approaches its minimum value. The proposed model is validated for six heterogeneous limestone and dolomite formations which are widely distributed in Israel.     

单轴压缩下两种脆性岩石强度及声发射特性的试验研究

脆性对岩石破裂机制及声发射特性具有重要影响。采用花岗岩及大理岩两种不同岩性的岩石,开展了单轴压缩及声发射测试试验,获取了两种岩石的强度及变形特性,并对其脆性大小进行定量评价,分析了单轴压缩过程中两种岩石声发射能量演化特性,结合声发射b值计算结果及其物理意义,对比了两种岩石破裂机制的差异性。结果表明:(1)试验所采用的两种岩石,花岗岩的σ_cd/σ_p之比介于0.676~0.745之间,平均为0.706,而大理岩的σ_cd/σ_p之比介于0.439~0.615,平均为0.52;(2)基于脆性评价指标,结合试样宏观破坏现象及形态,本次试验采用的花岗岩其脆性大于大理岩;(3)岩石脆性程度越大,在裂纹不稳定扩展阶段,在产生相同的轴向压缩变形的情况下,环向变形量越大;(4)强脆性的花岗岩在裂纹不稳定扩展阶段持续出现高能级的声发射信号,而弱脆性的大理岩则表现出能量持续降低的变化趋势,峰值强度后,弱脆性的大理岩其高能级能量的声发射信号更活跃;(5)单轴压缩下,与大理岩相比,花岗岩破坏过程中大尺度的破裂事件所占比例较大。     

巴东组典型红层软岩单轴压缩试验细观组构特征

红色粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩是巴东组特殊性岩土的代表,具有遇水易崩解特性。根据岩样单轴压缩试验,基于PFC_2D程序,建立中硬岩、软岩单轴压缩试验数值模型;模型选用平行黏结颗粒接触模型。根据应力-应变曲线特征,采用分段定量参数标定法对软岩试样的细观参数进行标定;且通过调整法向和切向黏结强度比值σ_c/τ_c,控制试样单轴压缩破坏模式;分别对不同风化程度的粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩在饱和、天然状态下单轴压缩试验过程进行模拟;并分析了试验过程中颗粒法向接触力、切向接触力、配位数、孔隙度等细观组构参数的分布特征和演化规律。研究结果表明:该数值方法能够很好地模拟中硬岩、软岩的单轴压缩试验过程,除中风化粉砂质泥岩外,风化程度和浸水条件仅能影响试样颗粒接触力在统计角度范围的大小,不能影响其分布形式;同时,风化程度和浸水条件延长了配位数显著下降的加载时间,配位数随裂缝数量的增加而减小;浸水条件和风化程度对泥质粉砂岩的孔隙度演化影响较大;风化程度对粉砂质泥岩孔隙度演化影响较大,而浸水条件影响较小。      

硬脆性流纹岩变形分析的综合刚度法

天然岩石在压缩荷载作用下内部裂隙的闭合、张开、扩展过程直接影响岩石的力学性能。在经典移动点回归法的基础上,引入泊松比进行修正提出了一种6阶段变形划分方法——综合刚度法。不同加载路径下流纹岩的单轴压缩试验结果分析表明:（1）采用综合刚度法可以准确获得硬脆性岩石试样接触应变ε₀、裂隙闭合应变ε_c、弹性应变ε_e、裂隙稳定扩展应变ε_i、裂隙不稳定扩展应变ε_d和峰后应变值ε_f;（2）单轴压缩下流纹岩试样裂隙闭合应变达到峰前总应变的44.2%,峰前裂隙扩展应变和峰后应变均较小,脆性特征明显;（3）单轴压缩弹性阶段加卸载试验表明,采用综合刚度法能更准确剔除试样接触应变,获得裂隙闭合应变。综合刚度法更加适用于硬脆性岩石的变形分析,可以准确剔除试样接触应变并获得更准确的各阶段应变,特别是裂隙闭合应变,可以作为评价岩石内裂隙密度的定量参数。     

Weathering effects on the strength and deformational behaviour of crystalline rocks under uniaxial compression state

Uniaxial compression tests were performed on different categories of weathering of three lithological units: Malanjkhand granite; Nagpur basalt; and Delhi quartzite, occurring in central and northern parts of India. The deformational behaviour is studied in terms of variation in tangent modulus (E_t50) and initial modulus (E_i) due to weathering. The power relationship between uniaxial compressive strength (σ_c) and E_t50 shows strong correspondence for weathering sequence of common rock types. This relationship has been established by regression analysis and significant correlation parameter (coefficient of determination, r²=0.87) for crystalline rocks. It is shown that there is a systematic decrease in stiffness ratio, that is, ratio of tangent modulus and uniaxial compressive strength with increased weathering state. Comparison of E_t50 and E_i values has shown that E_t50 decreases more gradually than E_i, and reduction is more drastic for E_i values with an increased degree of weathering in all the three rock types. The mode of failure has been found to be influenced by weathering extent in rocks. A brief account is given of the intrinsic characteristics of fresh and weathered rocks and mineralogical changes produced by weathering investigated quantitatively. Correlation drawn between the petrographical and mechanical indices has shown that mechanical properties are apparently dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of weathered rocks.     

Considerations on strength of intact sedimentary rocks

This study presents the results of laboratory testing of sedimentary rocks under point loading as well as in uniaxial and triaxial compression. From the statistical analysis of the data, different conversion factors relating uniaxial compressive and point loading strength were determined for soft to strong rocks. Additionally, the material constant m_i, an input parameter for the Hoek and Brown failure criterion, was also estimated for different limestone samples by analysing the results from a series of triaxial compression tests under different confining pressures. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of intact rocks, as estimated from the point load index using conversion factors, together with the Hoek–Brown constant m_i, and the Geological Strength Index (GSI) constitute the parameters for the calculation of the strength and deformability of rock masses.     

黄土的构度指标及其试验确定方法

黄土的结构性是一个重要的物理性质指标,它与土的粒度、密度和湿度一起影响土的力学性质。依据加荷、扰动、浸水释放土结构势的方法,由土的无侧限抗压强度定义了黄土结构性的构度指标。通过多个场地不同黄土的无侧限单轴压缩试验,测试分析了不同含水率原状土、重塑土和饱和原状土的单轴压缩应力-应变曲线及无侧限抗压强度变化规律,由此得出土的构度指标的变化规律。并且,在粒度、密度、湿度相似条件下,比较分析了土的构度指标与其压缩性之间的关系。土的构度指标与粒度、密度和湿度指标一起能够合理描述土的物理力学基本性质。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的冻融循环条件下露天煤矿边坡岩体力学系数修正

在露天矿边坡稳定性计算和评价过程中,边坡稳定性评价结果与岩体力学参数的选取密切相关。而在冻融循环条件下,岩石的物理力学参数随着冻融次数的变化而变化。首先通过室内模拟的方法对粗砂岩和细砂岩进行不同次数的冻融循环试验,然后进行一系列的单轴和三轴压缩试验,得到冻融循环条件下完整粗砂岩和细砂岩的物理力学参数;基于Hoek-Brown强度准则中的爆破扰动参数D,提出冻融循环劣化参数D_f,利用修正的Hoek-Brown准则得到冻融循环条件下岩体力学参数,并分析了边坡岩体的破坏模式。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,粗砂岩和细砂岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和黏聚力降低减小,内摩擦角变化较小;而岩体的单轴抗压强度、整体抗压强度、抗拉强度、变形模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角均减小,这说明岩体在冻融循环环境中是不断损伤的,质量逐渐变差;随着冻融循环次数不断增加,岩体的抗剪强度劣化在不断加速,边坡的破坏形式主要为剪切破坏。修正的岩体力学参数为露天矿边坡稳定性分析提供更为准确的数据。      

An Empirical Failure Criterion for Intact Rocks

The parameter m _i is an important rock property parameter required for use of the Hoek–Brown failure criterion. The conventional method for determining m _i is to fit a series of triaxial compression test data. In the absence of laboratory test data, guideline charts have been provided by Hoek to estimate the m _i value. In the conventional Hoek–Brown failure criterion, the m _i value is a constant for a given rock. It is observed that using a constant m _i may not fit the triaxial compression test data well for some rocks. In this paper, a negative exponent empirical model is proposed to express m _i as a function of confinement, and this exercise leads us to a new empirical failure criterion for intact rocks. Triaxial compression test data of various rocks are used to fit parameters of this model. It is seen that the new empirical failure criterion fits the test data better than the conventional Hoek–Brown failure criterion for intact rocks. The conventional Hoek–Brown criterion fits the test data well in the high-confinement region but fails to match data well in the low-confinement and tension regions. In particular, it overestimates the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and the uniaxial tensile strength of rocks. On the other hand, curves fitted by the proposed empirical failure criterion match test data very well, and the estimated UCS and tensile strength agree well with test data.     

类砂质泥岩常规三轴浆压致裂起裂压力试验研究

为深入探究两淮矿区典型砂质泥岩劈裂注浆起裂机制,研制了常规三轴劈裂注浆试验装置,开展了类砂质泥岩浆压致裂起裂压力模型试验,基于试验结果分析了岩石强度与应力状态对注浆起裂压力、裂缝扩展形态影响规律,揭示了砂质泥岩劈裂注浆起裂机制。研究表明：起裂压力与岩石抗压强度呈正相关,且岩石抗压强度越高,劈裂路径越复杂;起裂压力对围压的敏感程度远高于轴压,且应力差 Δσ =σ_V −σ_H越大,裂缝形态越规整;孔压三轴条件下,封闭裸孔段浆压致裂法确定的岩石抗拉强度值约为单轴抗拉强度的 2.5倍。该研究结果可为今后类似岩层劈裂注浆参数设计与施工提供参考。     

Mechanical and Physical Characterization of Tabriz Marls, Iran

Three types of marls can be found in the Tabriz area (Iran): yellow, green, and gray/black marls. In the present paper, strength and deformation characteristics of Tabriz marls and their stress–strain behavior are investigated by various in situ and laboratory tests. In order to study the deformation behavior of these marls, various experiments such as the pressuremeter test, plate loading test (PLT), seismic wave velocity test, uniaxial compression test, standard penetration test (SPT), and direct shear test were carried out. Ranges of strain at the elastic and failure points were determined. Young’s and shear modulus were obtained. Test results showed that the strength characteristics increase with depth. The value of deformation modulus determined by the pressuremeter test was in good agreement with those obtained from the PLT. This implies that pressuremeter is a suitable in situ test for characterizing the deformation modulus of marl. Deformation modulus obtained from pressuremeter and plate loading tests were approximately 4–5 times the results of uniaxial compressive test and the deformation modulus obtained from seismic data was about 30–50 times the static deformation modulus. Stress–strain curves showed that the maximum value of strain at the elastic and failure points and the minimum value of strength and deformation modulus are corresponding to the yellow marls while the minimum value of strain and the maximum value of strength and deformation modulus are corresponding to the gray/black marls. Some empirical relationships between different characteristics of Tabriz marls were also derived.     

含水量对冻结含盐粉土单轴抗压强度影响的试验研究

采用取自甘肃省白银市平川区黄河岸边的天然盐渍土,用蒸馏水洗去土中的盐分,配制成NaCl/Na2SO4含量为1.5%,含水量不同的试样,研究了冻结条件下含水量对冻结含盐粉土单轴抗压强度、破坏应变的影响.结果表明:当含水量较小时,随着含水量的增加,冰的胶结作用增强,并与土颗粒、盐晶体一起承受荷载,冻结含盐土的单轴抗压强度不断增大;当含水量超过某一值时,试样更多地呈现出冰的性质,而冰的强度远远小于矿物颗粒的强度,单轴抗压强度随含水量的增加而减小.随着含水量的变化,含盐土的破坏应变与单轴抗压强度有相似的变化规律.     

基于P-R相关性研究的岩石地基承载力优化取值

岩石地基承载力是建筑工程中一个重要的力学指标,大多数建筑工程主要依据岩石饱和单轴抗压强度的标准值R确定,重要建筑工程还需要通过岩体载荷试验的承载力特征值P确定,那么两种方法必然存在一定的相关性。实践经验表明,用R确定承载力的方法简单易行,但R代表的是岩石材料的特性,与工程岩体的情况有显然的不同,而原位载荷试验是在半无限条件下进行的,与工程实际条件更为接近,因此,用P确定地基承载力比用R要合理。在总结多达43点的岩体载荷试验及对应部位至少3组的单轴抗压强度对比试验成果与收集248组重庆地区岩石的三轴强度试验成果的基础上,建立了P-R相关关系及围压条件下的强度特征。通过揭示它们之间的相关性,提出采用岩石饱和单轴抗压强度标准值的1.5倍作为地基承载力特征值的重要结论,为岩石地基承载力优化取值提供了重要依据。     

非贯通单节理岩体裂纹扩展方向研究

裂纹扩展方向的确定对分析岩桥破坏机制和岩体抗剪强度参数具有重要意义。首先以断裂力学观点推导了复杂应力条件下裂纹尖端应力分布函数的表达式,以节理岩体尖端的扩展裂纹可分为张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹为前提,基于Griffith破坏判据,提出了张拉裂纹扩展方向(张裂角)的计算公式;基于Mohr-Coulomb判据,提出了剪裂纹扩展方向(剪裂角)的计算公式。通过新判据与试验和其他判据的结果对比表明,该判据能准确判断张拉裂纹扩展方向,而剪裂角的扩展方向有待进一步试验验证。分析表明:在单向拉应力作用下,张裂纹扩展方向均有偏向于最大主应力方向的趋势,张裂纹与最大主应力夹角小于15°;双向拉应力作用下,随着微裂纹倾角变大,张裂纹有远离最大主应力方向的趋势;单轴压缩作用下,张裂角随裂纹倾角的增加而减小,而两者的和为先减小后增加。      

冻土单轴抗压强度影响因素的试验研究

新疆地区是我国典型的咸寒区, 渠基土在冬季的冻结引起了输水渠道衬砌的破坏. 为了解冻结状态下渠基土的物理力学特性, 在常应变率条件下对新疆北疆季节性冻土区的含硫酸钠渠基土进行了多种条件下的单轴抗压强度试验. 结果表明: 单轴抗压强度随温度的降低线性增加; 单轴抗压强度随干密度的增加而增大, 二者之间具有较好的幂函数关系. 与氯化钠盐渍土不同, 硫酸盐渍土的单轴抗压强度随着硫酸钠含量的升高而增大, 并且呈现近似线性增加的特性.     

软弱下卧层上持力岩层的端阻力特征值取值

在分析岩体特征和岩体力学强度的基础上,从基于岩石抗拉强度的冲切破坏模式出发,建立起软弱下卧层上岩体的冲切安全指标和冲切端阻值系数数学模型,再利用岩石的力学性质经验数据,计算出沉积岩的拉压系数、冲切安全指标、端阻值系数,并对各自的特征进行了分析,认为以单轴饱和抗压强度为端阻力特征值取值指标,对于软弱下卧层上抗压强度大、拉...     

不同应变率下砂岩动态强度准则的试验研究

分别利用RMT－150C和多功能分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验系统对砂岩进行了不同应变率下的单轴压缩、三轴压缩和拉伸试验。结果表明,在围压为0或围压一定的情况下,应变率低于102 s-1时,抗压强度的增加与应变率的量级呈正比;在应变率高于102 s-1时,岩石的抗压强度增加趋势与应变率的1/3次方呈正比。拉伸强度也存在类似规律。针对101～102 s-1应变率范围内缺少岩石动态强度准则这一现状,根据上述试验规律,结合Mohr-Coulomb准则、Hoek-Brown准则和Griffith准则的原理,给出了不同应变率范围内动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和动态Hoek-Brown准则的具体表达形式。研究结果表明,在低应变率情况下,动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和动态Hoek-Brown准则均适用,但Griffith准则判别结果误差很大。在高应变率情况下,动态Mohr-Coulomb准则比较适用,Griffith准则仅适用于评估高应变率单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度之间的关系。     

川东北深井剖面碳酸盐岩力学参数分布特征研究

研究深部碳酸盐岩力学特性参数分布规律,对于预防碳酸盐岩地层钻井事故的发生具有十分重要的意义。采集对应地层埋深从3 568～5 983 m的20组不同层系的碳酸盐岩露头岩芯,借助MTS815.03和RMT150C岩石力学试验系统、RSM-SYS5非金属声波测试仪等,完成显微电镜分析、单轴压缩、三轴压缩和围压声波测试等试验。试验结果表明,（1）南方海相碳酸盐岩主要以生物碎屑白云岩、泥晶灰岩为主,粒径范围在0.01～0.20 mm之间,孔隙类型以粒内溶蚀孔隙、粒间孔隙、晶间溶孔为主,孔隙率范围为2%～12%;（2）单轴抗压强度在空间分布上有一定的规律性,三轴抗压强度在空间上为无序分布,表现出某种混沌的特征;（3）碳酸盐岩纵波速度随围压的增加而增大,在低围压下纵波速度增加明显;高围压下纵波速度变化相对较小,围压下纵波速度增幅,白云岩大于灰岩,获得白云岩、灰岩的抗压强度与其纵波波速不同的相关关系。其结论可为深部碳酸盐岩地层安全钻进提供技术参数。     

THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE WEAK ROCK MASS AND THE METHOD OF DETERMINING LONG-TERM STRENGTH

Based on the in-situ uniaxial compression rheological tests on the weak intercalations and on the fault fragmentation zone ,time-effect on deformation and failure mechanism of the weak rock mass is investigted. The method of determining long-term strength of weak intercalations , empirical formula and influencing range of the time-effect on the various tests are made and the met of determining different stages of rheological process and long-term strength are discussed in detail .