基于功率谱密度的评估岩石节理粗糙度新方法

为进一步提高结构面粗糙特征描述的精确性和可靠性,更全面地体现出细微形貌的影响,将轮廓线凹凸起伏分解为幅值、倾角和曲率3个特征,分别代表轮廓线的高度变化、角度变化和弯曲程度变化。以Barton建议的10条标准轮廓线为例,计算其幅度、角度和弯曲度的特征曲线,获得了三者的分布规律。利用可表征微细观形貌的功率谱密度函数研究了3种特征曲线的频谱特征,然后从功率谱密度对数曲线中提取了可以描述形貌特征的分形参数D_j（斜率相关）和粗糙度参数A_j（截距相关）,在此基础上研究了D_j和A_j与节理粗糙度系数（joint roughness coefficient,简称JRC）的关系。同时,将该指标推广到了三维形貌的表征形式,并计算了大理岩剪切面的三维粗糙度。结果表明：新指标评估精确度高,可反映结构面各向异性特征,能有效表征结构面粗糙特征,对研究结构面剪切力学性质有重要意义。     

岩体节理面的力学效应研究

简易纵剖面仪和Ｒｙ—ＪＲＣ尺为定量统计研究岩体节理的表面形态和粗糙度系数提供了有效的量测工具．本文根据简易纵剖面仪在某一节理面上野外现场绘制的１０２３条不同方向、不同取样长度的节理表面轮廓曲线的实测统计资料,系统、定量地分析了节理表面形态的各质异性、各向异性和非均一性;运用ＪＲＣ—ＪＣＳ模型讨论了岩体节理力学参数的各质异性效应、各向异性效应、非均一性效应、评定长度效应、几何形状效应和法向应力效应等问题．在此基础上,提出了按岩性定向统计研究节理表面形态、估测节理粗造度系数和估算岩体节理力学参数的科学思路．文末对正确运用ＪＲＣ—ＪＣＳ模型估算岩体节理力学参数的有关注意事项作了简要说明．     

甘肃北山花岗岩节理表面形态特性研究

花岗岩是中国高放废物处置的候选围岩,大量存在的节理面是核素迁移的主要通道,同时节理面对岩体的力学、水力性质起着支配作用。而节理面的表面形态与这些性质密切相关,因此需要对候选花岗岩体节理面展开多样本、大尺寸的现场表面形态研究。以中国高放废物深地质处置甘肃北山预选区某采石场中的天然节理面为研究对象,运用基于几何理论的测量方法,获得了大量不同尺度、不同方位的现场节理面的表面形态特征曲线。采用Barton直边法和统计参数法处理这些特征曲线,系统分析了特征曲线的尺度效应、各向异性特征以及与不同节理类型的关系。为进一步分析裂隙岩体的力学、水力特性建立了基础。     

于肃北山花岗岩节理表面形态特性研究

花岗岩是中国高放废物处置的候选围岩,大量存在的节理面是核素迁移的主要通道,同时节理面对岩体的力学、水力性质起着支配作用。而节理面的表面形态与这些性质密切相关,因此需要对候选花岗岩体节理面展开多样本、大尺寸的现场表面形态研究。以中国高放废物深地质处置甘肃北山预选区某采石场中的天然节理面为研究对象,运用基于几何理论的测量方法,获得了大量不同尺度、不同方位的现场节理面的表面形态特征曲线。采用Barton直边法和统计参数法处理这些特征曲线,系统分析了特征曲线的尺度效应、各向异性特征以及与不同节理类型的关系。为进一步分析裂隙岩体的力学、水力特性建立了基础。     

基于三维形貌的岩石节理抗剪强度计算模型

JRC-JCS模型在岩土工程领域被广泛应用,但也存在一定缺陷：其一,粗糙度系数JRC的二维性不能综合表征节理表面形貌的各向异性;其二,抗压强度系数JCS不能全面反映材料属性对节理剪切力学行为的影响。借助三维激光扫描和3D打印技术,浇筑具有自然节理形貌的人工节理试样,对其进行常法向应力下的剪切试验。将试验结果和理论推导相结合,建立了含有三维形貌参数和抗拉强度参数的抗剪强度模型。通过室内试验以及模型对比,分析了法向应力和三维形貌特征对岩石节理的抗剪强度以及剪胀角的影响。结果表明：节理剪切是以张拉为主导的破坏模式,而不是单纯的压缩破坏。不同的三维形貌特征会得到不同的初始剪胀角。随着法向应力的增大,峰值剪胀角减小,通过研究剪胀效应中峰值剪胀角的变化规律,可用于计算岩石节理的抗剪强度。     

岩体结构面倾向参数概率分布函数改进的Bayes推断方法

三峡船闸是世界上最大的船闸。该地区断层及节理比较发育,且具有一定的随机统计性,它对岩体力学性质起重要的控制作用。为了研究节理倾向的概率分布特征,本文引入以Bayes 最小熵优度比较检验为基础的概率分布的改进Bayes 统计推断方法,基于三峡工程永久船闸节理岩体3373 条结构面的实测参数,就对岩体力学性质起控制作用的各组结构面的倾向参数的概率分布进行了研究。文章最后还讨论了推断的最优分布参数,估计了结构面参数的检验误差范围。     

基于节理面三维形貌的岩石节理抗剪强度计算模型

JRC-JCS模型在岩土工程领域被广泛应用,但也存在一定缺陷:其一,粗糙度系数(JRC)的二维性不能综合表征节理表面形貌的各向异性;其二,抗压强度系数(JCS)不能全面反映材料属性对节理剪切力学行为的影响。借助三维激光扫描和3D打印技术,浇筑具有自然节理形貌的人工节理试样,对其进行常法向应力下的剪切试验。将试验结果和理论推导相结合,建立了含有三维形貌参数和抗拉强度参数的抗剪强度模型。通过室内试验以及模型对比,分析了法向应力和三维形貌特征对岩石节理的抗剪强度以及剪胀角的影响。结果表明,节理剪切是以张拉为主导的破坏模式,而不是单纯的压缩破坏。不同的三维形貌特征会得到不同的初始剪胀角。随着法向应力的增大,峰值剪胀角减小,通过研究剪胀效应中峰值剪胀角的变化规律,可用于计算岩石节理的抗剪强度。     

表面形貌含波纹度的节理的闭合模型

节理的闭合性质主要取决于节理的组合形貌特征，而并不单独地取决于节理面各自的形貌特征。本文分析了节理面及节理组合形貌的形貌特征，提出了含波纹度节理的闭合模型，模型中采用了节理组合形貌参数，可反映接触状态和初始开度对节理闭合性质的影响。实验验证了该模型比不考虑波纹度的闭合模型更接近于试验结果。     

基于Grasselli模型的一个新的岩石节理三维粗糙度指标

岩石节理粗糙度是影响岩体剪切力学特性和渗流特性的关键因素。为了获得一个具有各向异性特征且能够反映节理剪切机制的三维粗糙度指标,采用三维激光扫描仪对4组砂岩节理开展了形貌扫描试验,结合Grasselli模型的思想,提出了一个新的三维粗糙度指标θ_R~*。为了验证新指标的合理性,将其与其他3种模型进行了对比,分析结果表明:相较于Grasselli模型、Liu模型以及Tian模型,新模型与形貌测试结果更加吻合。首次提出了迎剪侧视倾角密度函数的概念,并发现Liu模型实质上遵循Weibull分布。相较于Grasselli模型、Liu模型以及Tian模型的理论密度函数,新模型的密度函数与试验实测结果更加吻合,从而证明了新模型的合理性。新的粗糙度指标更为简单,仅考虑迎剪侧视倾角的作用,量纲和物理意义明确,且和节理的粗糙度呈正相关,试验结果也表明新指标能够较好的反映节理粗糙度的各向异性。     

层状块体结构岩坡崩塌过程的数值模拟

本文在某实际工程地质分析的基础上，采和数值模拟方法研究了反倾层状块体结构岩体中开挖边坡的崩塌过程。通过统计分析得到岩体结构的统计性质参数及岩层厚度和节理间距分布的密度函数。采用随机参数模拟生成边坡岩体的结构，随机生成边坡开挖线切割岩体，根据岩块间的相互关系追踪每个岩块的稳定性，统计岩体崩塌的最大深度，得到破坏深度分布的概率分布曲线。模拟结果为实际开挖过程所证实。     

A study of profile characterization for rock joints

Summary This study is part of a longer-term effort to characterize the shear and normal behavior of rock joints. The profile characterization of rock joints is an important part of this effort since the topography of a joint has a major influence on its tribological behavior. Although many parameters have been proposed by various authors to characterize joint topography, they do not represent unambiguous intrinsic properties of a joint. Such parameters are usually sensitive to the approach used to estimate their values, and, for joint measurements, are dependent on the sampling interval as well as the sample size. Thus, consistent values for these parameters can be difficult to determine. This paper presents an investigation of the sensitivity of some joint profile parameters using numerically-generated profiles which allow one to investigate the characterization technique and some aspects of the sampling methodology.Specifically, Gaussian-distributed profiles characterized by an exponential cosine autocorrelation function and an exponential autocorrelation function are generated. Gaussian profiles can be completely characterized by the first three even spectral moments, and, in this study, these spectral moments are estimated by three approaches — the finite difference approximation approach, the crossing-counting approach, and the autocorrelation function (acf) approach. The estimated values of these spectral moments are then compared with their analytical values to investigate the discrepancies caused by different estimation approaches. The variations of the spectral moments of the exponential cosine representation against the profile structure, the sampling interval and the sample size are also described. In addition, the influence of the sampling interval on the inferred roughness angle of profiles characterized by an exponential cosire function is briefly discussed.     

A direction-dependent shear strength criterion for rock joints with two new roughness parameters

The surface morphology of a rock joint is closely related to its mechanical properties. To reasonably characterize a rock surface, two new roughness parameters were proposed in this paper. One is related to the average slope angle of asperities that contribute to the shear strength, and the other reflects the frictional behavior of asperities that is defined as the maximum possible contact area in the shear direction. Taking the standard joint roughness coefficient profiles as example, these two roughness parameters can be applied to describe the directional characteristics of shear strength. Based on their relationships with initial dilation angles, the proposed roughness parameters were incorporated into a peak shear strength criterion. It is shown that the predicted peak shear strength is consistent with experimental data, and there is a power–law relationship. The application range of new roughness parameters was determined, which may facilitate a measurement process.     

利用大型岩质滑坡形成的环境条件及重力圧密原理分析滑面形态与强度参数

大型、特大型岩质滑坡,因其体积大,范围大,且多位于高山峡谷地区,用勘探方法虽能较准确的查明滑带的位置、形态,但因极恶劣的地形条件,绝大部分在初步研究阶段,由于缺少勘探资料而不能确定滑面位置,因而也难以获得滑面的强度参数。本文从大型岩质滑坡形成的初始环境地质条件:地形条件,地貌条件,岩性条件,构造条件,河流形态,斜坡坡体结构和变形破坏特征,结合滑坡形成后的形态特征,以反馈研究的方式,分析确定大型岩质滑坡滑面的位置及形态特征,在获得滑坡滑面位置的基础上,分析、计算滑面上覆岩体重量在滑面上产生的正应力（压应力）;在获取部分滑带土的基础上,用滑坡体重力在滑面上产生的正应力,以重力压密原理在室内开展相匹配的试验,进而获得各地段相应的物理指标,在室内开展相匹配的强度试验,获得强度参数,建立滑带土孔隙比、含水量与摩擦系数、内聚力的关系,用试验获得的关系式,结合重力压密试验得到的不同部位的含水量,去分析、研究滑面的强度参数,采用传递系数法、摩根斯坦法开展相应的稳定性分析,得到的稳定性系数均大于12,与滑坡当前的变形动态较吻合。     

汶川地震地表破裂面形貌特征

准确描述破裂面形貌对于我们理解地震断层作用是非常重要的,破裂面的形貌特征包含许多关于地震和断层机制的有用信息。在Mw7.9 2008汶川地震中断层活动产生了两个新鲜的破裂面,八角庙破裂面和沙坝破裂面。我们使用3D便携式激光扫描仪(Tri mble GX)对两个破裂表面进行测量,在野外微观尺度上研究了破裂面形貌特征。通过能谱密度和均方值两个方法分析破裂面形貌,新鲜的破裂面表现为自相仿性,能谱密度和均方值均与剖面长度存在幂律关系。在能谱密度与空间频率的对数图中,能谱密度曲线存在明显的拐点,该拐点所对应的波长称为"特征波长",表明单一分形不能准确描述破裂面形貌。八角庙破裂面在平行滑动方向上的特征波长为7 mm,在垂直方向上特征波长略大一些(区域Ⅰ为10 mm,区域Ⅱ为9 mm);沙坝破裂面在平行滑动方向上的特征波长为8 mm,但垂直方向上特征波长略小(6 mm)。均方值曲线的最小二乘拟合直线的斜率为Hurst指数,该指数依赖于剖面线方向并描述破裂面形貌的各向异性,H指数的最小值和最大值分别与平行擦痕和垂直擦痕方向对应,这与野外断层面擦痕测量结果一致。沙坝破裂面的H指数极坐标图中存在次级H指数峰值(对应剖面线方向为85°和160°),这揭示破裂面上存在一组隐匿擦痕。该组隐匿擦痕为汶川地震之前断层活动中形成的,但这还不足以推测上一次断层活动的时间和规模。另外,通过比较新鲜节理面和破裂面表明H指数是否大于0.8反映了断层类型。在整个空间频率域上,能谱密度曲线斜率(-α)和均方值曲线斜率(H)的线性拟合关系为α=1.22+1.72H,并不严格满足两者之间理论关系式,α=1+2H。这个差异是由于测量信号噪音、破裂面的多分形性和分析方法的差异造成的。     

New Methodology to Characterize Shear Behavior of Joints by Combination of Direct Shear Box Testing and Numerical Simulations

A new procedure is presented, which combines big shear box tests on rocks and corresponding numerical simulations with explicit consideration of joint roughness to get deeper insight into the shear behavior of rock joints. The procedure consists of three parts: (1) constant normal load- or CNS-shear box tests with registration of shear- and normal-components of stress and displacements and deduction of basis rock mechanical parameters; (2) high resolution 3D-scanning of joint surface to deduce joint topography; and (3) set-up, run and evaluation of 3-dimensional numerical model with explicit duplication of joint roughness as back-analysis of shear box tests. The numerical back-analysis provides deeper insight into the joint behavior at the micro-scale. Several parameters can be deduced, like micro-slope angle distribution, aperture size distribution, local normal stress distribution and detailed analysis of dilation in relation to shear direction. The potential of the new procedure is illustrated exemplary by shear box tests on slate.     

Rock Joint Surfaces Measurement and Analysis of Aperture Distribution under Different Normal and Shear Loading using GIS

Summary The geometry of the rock joint is a governing factor for joint mechanical and hydraulic behaviour. A new method for evaluating the aperture distribution, based on measurement of joint surfaces and three dimensional characteristics of each surface, is developed. This method allows one to determine and visualize the aperture distribution under different normal stresses and shear displacements, which is difficult to observe experimentally. A new laser scanner system is designed and developed for joint surface measurements. Special attention is paid to both surfaces’ data gained by measurements and processing, such as x-y coordinate table modification, data referencing, and matching between upper and lower surfaces. The surfaces of an artificial joint in granite are measured, processed, analyzed and three dimensional approaches are carried out for surface characterization. Parameters such as “asperity’s heights”, “slope angles”, and “aspects” distribution at micro scale, local concentration of elements and their spatial localization at local scale are determined by Geographic Information System (GIS). These parameters are used for joint surfaces matching and its real behavior quantitative analysis. The upper surface is brought down to make contact with the lower surface and the distance between the two surfaces is evaluated from the joint mean experimental aperture, which is obtained from normal and shear tests. Changes of aperture distribution at different normal stresses and various shear displacements are visualized and interpreted. Increasing normal load causes negative changes in aperture frequency distribution which indicates high joint matching. However, increasing shear displacement causes a rapid increase in the aperture and positive changes in the aperture frequency distribution, which could be due to un-matching, surface anisotropy and spatial localization of contact points with proceeding shear. Author’s address: Mostafa Sharifzadeh, Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez 424, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran     

岩石节理表面几何特性的三维统计分析

在利用三维非接触式高精度激光表面形状测定仪精确测量岩石节理的表面粗糙形状并进行数值化表达的基础上,应用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,实现了岩石节理粗糙面的三维可视化。再对岩石节理粗糙面的三维几何特性参数（诸如表面粗糙度、裂隙张开度和粗糙高度等）进行统计分析并计算频数分布的特征数字。最后,根据频率直方图的分布趋势和频数分布的特征数字研究各几何特性参数的分布规律。结果表明,花岗岩节理粗糙表面起伏比砂岩大,但二者几何特性参数的分布规律相似,节理粗糙高度和裂隙张开度分布近似于正态分布规律,而节理粗糙面倾斜角分布近似于Γ分布规律。     

岩土体力学参数空间分布下的滑坡稳定性数值计算方法

滑坡岩土体强度参数具有空间变异性,采用统一强度参数进行数值建模计算不能很好地体现这一客观性质对结果的影响.本文提出一种考虑岩土体力学参数空间分布下的滑坡数值建模方法,通过对滑坡地形地貌和有限的勘察数据进行控制边界下的插值补充,形成参数分布云图,结合Visual Basic和FISH编程将差异分布的参数加载到数值网格模型中,使理论模型和实际更接近.算例分析结果表明该方法可行,能更准确显示出滑体变形破坏部位及特征,对后期变形监测和治理有指导意义.     

Natural rock joint roughness quantification through fractal techniques

Accurate quantification of roughness is important in modeling hydro-mechanical behavior of rock joints. A highly refined variogram technique was used to investigate possible existence of anisotropy in natural rock joint roughness. Investigated natural rock joints showed randomly varying roughness anisotropy with the direction. A scale dependant fractal parameter, K _v, seems to play a prominent role than the fractal dimension, D _r1d, with respect to quantification of roughness of natural rock joints. Because the roughness varies randomly, it is impossible to predict the roughness variation of rock joint surfaces from measurements made in only two perpendicular directions on a particular sample. The parameter D _r1d × K _v seems to capture the overall roughness characteristics of natural rock joints well. The one-dimensional modified divider technique was extended to two dimensions to quantify the two-dimensional roughness of rock joints. The developed technique was validated by applying to a generated fractional Brownian surface with fractal dimension equal to 2.5. It was found that the calculated fractal parameters quantify the rock joint roughness well. A new technique is introduced to study the effect of scale on two-dimensional roughness variability and anisotropy. The roughness anisotropy and variability reduced with increasing scale.     

基于3D雕刻技术的岩体结构面剪切各向异性研究

相同形貌结构面重复性剪切试验和各向异性剪切试验一直是岩体结构面剪切力学特性试验研究中的难点,而该问题对于工程岩体的开挖力学响应和稳定性分析、评价与控制至关重要,问题的关键在于同一种岩石的结构面形貌的再现。为此,基于3D扫描和3D雕刻技术,重复制备了3种不同粗糙度的大理岩结构面试样,开展了不同法向应力下相同形貌结构面的各向异性剪切试验。试验结果发现：（1）同一法向应力、不同剪切方向下,相同形貌结构面的剪切强度、剪胀和剪切破坏特征均呈现明显各向异性;（2）结构面粗糙度各向异性很大程度上决定了剪切强度的各向异性,两者具有较好的正相关性;（3）随着法向应力的升高,结构面剪切特征的各向异性有逐渐弱化的趋势。同时,研究还充分表明,3D雕刻技术是系统开展结构面剪切力学特征各向异性研究的可靠手段,可在将来研究中发挥更为重要的作用。