春季南极昭和站上空增温与臭氧含量和分布的关系

本文利用南极昭和站1966—1979年的臭氧和高空气象资料,讨论了春季南极大气爆发性增温及其与臭氧总量、臭氧分压垂直分布的关系,发现如下事实:1.平流层爆发性增温与臭氧总量突变有三种类型,即一次突变型,两次突变型和一次突变与一次缓变混合型;2.平流层爆发性增温3—5天后,对流层上部也有一次剧烈升温;3.增温过程自平流层上部向对流层下传时,伴随着臭氧分压增压中心逐渐向下传递;在平流层各等压面上,臭氧分压变化与气温变化值之间有较好的正相关,相关系数为0.85.     

Variations of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Greenhouse Effect at Syowa Station (69o00’S, 39o35’E), Antarctica

On the basis of the analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration variations and the annual mean air temperature at Syowa Station, Antarctica in the period of 1984-1988, the following results are easily obtained:(1) The annual mean values of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration are gradually increased and equal to 342.59, 343.80, 345.15, 346.83 and 348.82 ppmv for 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988, respectively. Its annual in-crease rates are 1.21, 1.35, 1.68 and 1.99 ppmv/yr. For 1984-1985, 1985-1986, 1986-1987 and 1987-1988, respectively and are raised year by year.The seasonal variations are observed and the maximum concentration is in spring and the minimum one is in late-summer or early-autumn.(2)The increasing tendency of the concentration of the atmospheric carbon dioxide is consistent with that of the air temperature.     

Modeling tropospheric ozone formation over East China in springtime

In this study, we investigate the springtime O₃ formation over East China (April 2008) using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). A simple process analysis scheme is added to WRF/Chem, which could calculate the contributions of photochemical and physical processes to O₃ formation. WRF/Chem calculates the hourly 3-D O₃ mixing ratios, photochemical O₃ production rates (CPR) and physical processes contribution rates (PCR) on a two nested domain system, with inner domain focusing on East China. Model evaluation shows that the modeled results agree relatively well with the observations. On the ground level, the high O₃ mixing ratios (>45 ppbv) are located over Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. The O₃ levels over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and northern Jiangsu are low (<30 ppbv). The distribution patterns of CPR and PCR over East China reveal that the high O₃ mixing ratios over Jiangxi and Fujian are caused by both local photochemical generation and regional transport, while the O₃ concentrations over the YRD region are transported and diffused from surrounding areas. In addition, the contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions as well as the regional transport from domain’s upstream regions are discussed. On average, the biogenic and anthropogenic emissions account for 2.6 and 4.5 ppbv of daytime mean O₃ mixing ratios in East China, respectively.     

夏季青藏高原北部对流层臭氧垂直分布的观测研究

对流层臭氧垂直分布变化对气候环境有重要的影响,然而观测数据一直较为稀缺。利用2016年7月下旬—8月青海省格尔木市对流层臭氧探空观测资料开展夏季青藏高原北部对流层臭氧垂直分布变化特征及其形成机制的大气背景研究。结果表明,在大气背景的转换下对流层臭氧垂直分布整体上呈现高（低）臭氧与低（高）水汽和高（低）位势涡度的对应。除7月25—27日高空低压槽过境导致的平流层向下输送使对流层臭氧浓度升高明显外,阻塞暖高压反气旋和源自青藏高原主体地区的强对流天气过境也对对流层臭氧分布有影响:阻塞暖高压在观测点东北部形成后导致7月31日至8月8日格尔木对流层连续出现罕见东风,但对流层臭氧浓度仅在8月2日因东北—西南方向反气旋切变而出现较高值,其中6 km高度以下则因为东风输送而出现高臭氧、高比湿的污染性气团;强对流天气过境影响使得8月12—14日10 km高度以上出现臭氧最低值和比湿最高值。与西宁历史夏季（1996年7—8月初）臭氧探空测值比较,格尔木对流层臭氧浓度8月偏低,该特征与季风影响青藏高原纬度最高地区所在月份一致。与林芝（2014年7月）、那曲（2011年7月末—8月中旬）和拉萨（1998年8月）历史夏季臭氧探空测值比较发现,纬度效应对青藏高原地区对流层臭氧浓度有影响。      

Correlation between black carbon aerosols, carbon monoxide and tropospheric ozone over a tropical urban site

Black carbon aerosols plays an important role in the earth's radiative balance and little is known of their concentrations, distributions, source strength, and especially the aerosol chemistry of the developing world. The present study addresses the impact of back carbon aerosols on different atmospheric species like CO and tropospheric ozone over an urban environment, namely Hyderabad, India. Ozone concentration varies from 14 to 63 ppbv over the study area. Diurnal variations of ozone suggest that ozone concentration starts increasing gradually after sunrise, attaining a maximum value by evening time and decreasing gradually thereafter. Black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentrations varies from 1471 to 11,175 ng m⁻³. The diurnal variations of BC suggest that the concentrations are increased by a factor of 2 during morning (06:00–09:00 h) and evening hours (18:00 to 22:00 h) compared to afternoon hours. Positive correlation has been observed between BC and CO (r²=0.74) with an average slope of 6.4×10⁻³ g BC/g CO. The slope between black carbon aerosol mass concentration and tropospheric ozone suggests that every 1 μg m⁻³ increase in black carbon aerosol mass concentration causes a 3.5 μg m⁻³ reduction in tropospheric ozone. The results have been discussed in detail in the paper.     

Atmospheric circulation and the tropospheric ozone maximum over the tropical South Atlantic Ocean

Summary Ozone for a ten year period obtained from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) has been compared with velocity potential for the same period. It has been found that the global-scale circulation serves to modulate the ozone concentration over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Examination of the low frequency modes reveal close correspondence between the two parameters, especially at the annual timescale. Descending motion over southern Africa reduces precipitation, thereby enhancing biomass burning and the subsequent release of trace gases and the possible photochemical production of ozone. Transport to the ozone maximum region over the tropical Atlantic Ocean occurs mainly from tropical Africa. Little evidence has been found on a climatological time-scale to support the theory of stratospheric infusion into the troposphere above the tropical Atlantic Ocean.     

Simulation of Tropospheric Ozone with MOZART-2： An Evaluation Study over East Asia

Climate changes induced by human activities have attracted a great amount of attention. With this, a coupling system of an atmospheric chemistry model and a climate model is greatly needed in China for better understanding the interaction between atmospheric chemical components and the climate. As the first step to realize this coupling goal, the three-dimensional global atmospheric chemistry transport model MOZART-2 (the global Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2) coupled with CAM2 (the Community Atmosphere Model, version 2) is set up and the model results are compared against observations obtained in East Asia in order to evaluate the model performance. Comparison of simulated ozone mixing ratios with ground level observations at Minamitorishima and Ryori and with ozonesonde data at Naha and Tateno in Japan shows that the observed ozone concentrations can be reproduced reasonably well at Minamitorishima but they tend to be slightly overestimated in winter and autumn while underestimated a little in summer at Ryori. The model also captures the general features of surface CO seasonal variations quite well, while it underestimates CO levels at both Minamitorishima and Ryori. The underestimation is primarily associated with the emission inventory adopted in this study. Compared with the ozonesonde data, the simulated vertical gradient and magnitude of ozone can be reasonably well simulated with a little overestimation in winter, especially in the upper troposphere. The model also generally captures the seasonal, latitudinal and altitudinal variations in ozone concentration. Analysis indicates that the underestimation of tropopause height in February contributes to the overestimation of winter ozone in the upper and middle troposphere at Tateno.     

Model analysis of seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide over East Asia

Temporal-spatial variations in tropospheric ozone concentrations over East Asia in the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2004 were simulated by using the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with meteorological fields calculated by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The simulated concentrations of ozone and carbon monoxide were compared with ground level observations at two remote sites, Ryori (39.03°N, 141.82°E) and Yonagunijima (24.47°N, 123.02°E). The co...     

南极昭和站平流层臭氧变化与NAT凝结温度的关系

根据南极昭和站的臭氧和气象探空资料,分析了昭和站上空平流层内几个等压面（20,30,50,70,100和150 hPa）上臭氧变化与硝酸·三水合物（分子式HNO3·3H2O,记为NAT）凝结温度的关系,给出了臭氧变化的一个基本特征。