工质变物性对EGS热开采过程影响的数值模拟

增强型地热系统(EGS)热开采过程中循环工质的温度和压力会经历较大范围的变化,这会造成循环工质的热物性变化,从而影响流体工质的输运和岩石-流体热交换;数值模拟EGS热开采过程,预测EGS的寿命、出力等性能指标有必要考虑循环工质的热物性变化.笔者在EGS热开采过程三维数值模拟中考虑水和超临界二氧化碳的变物性,实现了热流双向耦合.针对水EGS分析了各物性变化对EGS采热性能的影响,并对变物性条件的水和超临界二氧化碳EGS的采热性能进行了对比研究.结果表明:工质在密度影响下开采寿命为9.0 a在密度和比定压热容共同影响下的开采寿命为7.5 a,说明密度和比定压热容越大则EGS开采寿命越短;在黏度系数影响下的开采寿命为18.0 a,说明黏度系数越大则EGS开采寿命越长;导热系数则对EGS采热性能无明显影响.注入压力一定的条件下以水为工质的EGS具有较长寿命,但相同时刻的质量流率和热开采率低于以临界二氧化碳为工质的EGS.     

靖安水源地地下水流模拟与预测

地下水数值模拟是地下水资源评价的重要方法之一。应用GMS软件建立靖安水源地的地下水流数值模型,利用该模型对设计的不同开采方案进行模拟,预测降水保证率95%条件下各方案开采20年后的地下水流场变化及水位变化情况。结果表明,当水源地总开采量为10万m3/d时,地下水流场能够达到稳定状态,中心水位降深较小,不会对生态环境造成明显影响。     

埋藏型岩溶地下水源地的三维数值模拟——以天津市宁河北岩溶地下水源地为例

根据宁河北岩溶地下水源地已有的水文地质勘查成果和大型抽水试验资料,对研究区水文地质条件进行概化,建立地下水流三维非稳定流数学模型并进行数值计算,对开采性抽水试验的地下水位变化过程进行模拟。结果表明,该模型可以刻画埋藏型水源地地下水流场的变化过程,用它对规划的水源地三种开采方案的开采动态进行预测计算也取得了良好的效果。模拟计算中将开采条件下浅层第四系含水层对深层奥陶系灰岩含水层的越流补给处理为边界条件,可以刻画埋藏型水源地在开采条件下获得的补给增量。      

基于数值模拟技术的地下水流场变化特征分析

矿山的开采大多需要进行疏干排水,而在疏干排水时持续的地下抽水势必导致区内含水层中地下水流场的变化,对周边地下水的开发利用造成影响。为了分析矿山开采中地下水流场的变化特征,本文通过对兴隆县某金、铁矿水文地质条件分析建立研究区地下水系统的数值模拟模型,并通过对已知地下水动态水位的拟合与检验,确定模型的可靠性,然后利用识别后的模型预测兴隆县某金、铁矿运行投产含水层水位的变化特征,探讨矿山开采对地下水系统的影响。     

大藤峡水库对广西盘龙铅锌矿矿坑涌水量影响预测

矿井突水是矿山开采过程中最具威胁的自然灾害之一,其中以岩溶水突水最为常见.大藤峡水利枢纽蓄水后,抬高了盘龙铅锌矿附近黔江的地表水位.矿山继续向深部开采,矿坑涌水危险进一步增加.文章基于Visual Mod Flow地下水流数值模拟软件,建立盘龙铅锌矿大岭矿段的数值模型,采用矿坑涌水量实测值以及多种矿坑涌水量计算方法对数...     

煤储层渗透率动态变化效应研究

基于现代测试技术和煤层气井实测排采数据,采用物理模拟和数值模拟研究方法,探讨了开采过程中煤储层渗透率动态变化效应。研究结果表明,试验模拟和数值模拟渗透率数值相差较大,可达1～2个数量级;煤储层渗透率动态变化效应呈现出两种相反的规律,即数值模拟渗透率随流体压力降低而衰减,试验模拟渗透率随流体压力降低而增大,两种模拟渗透率动态变化特征看似相互矛盾,实则相互衔接,预示煤储层渗透率在排采过程中会逐渐得以改善。根据分析,揭示了二者差异性的根本原因。提出在整个排采过程中,应采用动态渗透率指标,不断调整和优化工作制度     

城市地下孤石的地震波场响应特征及其在地震层析成像中的应用研究

城市浅层地质条件复杂,地下孤石是常见的地质灾害体.为降低城市地下空间开发过程中孤石造成的安全隐患,本文通过构建城市地下孤石的数值模型,分析地震波在含孤石介质中的传播特征,根据地震波的传播特征利用层析成像技术对孤石进行速度成像,并通过工程实例进行验证.研究表明:(1)地震波场的数值模拟是研究地球物理勘探的有效方法,能高效...     

油井开采过程中油层变形的流固耦合分析

在油气开采过程中,随着油气的不断采出,必然造成孔隙流体压力的逐渐降低,由此导致储层岩石骨架的有效应力增大,使得油层产生变形或压实。当油层产生变莆或压实时,对油气生产将造成不利影响。比如：使得油藏的渗透率降低,继而使油井的产能降低,同时,油层的变形直接影响着油井和套管的变形与破坏等等。敢开采过程中油层的变形可以描述为三维变形与三维流体流动场的耦合问题,利用可变形多孔介质中流体渗流的流固耦合有限元数值     

应用数值模拟研究神狐海域水合物第一次试采数据

2017年神狐海域第一次试开采成功后,许多学者应用数值模拟对试采数据进行研究,但模拟结果与实际试采数据存在偏差.为了探求原因,本研究建立了二维柱坐标系下水合物降压开采数学模型,开发了相应的程序,能够模拟渗透率等储层参数非均匀分布条件下开采过程,同时能够模拟开采井压力等动态参数对开采过程的影响.通过数值实验,得出偏差原因:（1）泥质粉砂型储层存在水敏性,水合物分解产生的淡水引起粘土膨胀,使渗透率下降;（2）须将开采井压力作为动态输入参量.据此,修正了渗透率模型,考虑了开采井压力随时间的变化,得到的模拟产气量与试采数据十分接近,使降压开采数值模拟更逼近实际情况.      

油页岩原位开采井距影响数值模拟研究

近年来,随着我国能源消费水平的提高,油气资源进口量逐年上升,寻找替代能源逐渐受到世界各国关注。油页岩是一种重要的石油替代能源,其储量巨大,分布广泛,开采前景广阔。地下原位转化开采油页岩具有低污染、占地面积小的优点。本文采用CMG-STARS数值模拟软件建立油页岩地下原位开采模型,通过原位注入热蒸汽法模拟了油页岩地下原位转化过程中的产油动态,并分析不同井距对开采的影响。结果表明,井距对油页岩开采有重要影响,井距越大,油页岩长期开采效果越好,但短期开采效果越差。最后对井距进行敏感性分析,结果表明井距40 m左右时产油效果最好。     

FDEM-TH3D: A three-dimensional coupled hydrothermal model for fractured rock

This paper proposes a three-dimensional coupled hydrothermal model for fractured rock based on the finite-discrete element method to simulate fluid flow and heat transport. The 3D coupled hydrothermal model is composed of three main parts: a heat conduction model for the rock matrix, a heat transfer model for the fluid in the fractures (including heat conduction and heat convection), and a heat exchange model between the rock matrix and the fluid in the fractures. Four examples with analytical solutions are provided to verify the model. A heat exchange experiment of circulating water in a cylindrical granite sample with one fracture is simulated. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results. The effects of the fracture aperture, fluid viscosity, and pressure difference on the heat exchange between the fluid and rock are studied. Finally, an application concerned with heat transport and fluid flow in fractured rock is presented. The simulation results indicate that the 3D fully coupled hydrothermal model can capture the fluid flow and temperature evolution of rocks and fluids.     

Simulations of hydro-fracking in rock mass at meso-scale using fully coupled DEM/CFD approach

The paper deals with two-dimensional (2D) numerical modelling of hydro-fracking (hydraulic fracturing) in rocks at the meso-scale. A numerical model was developed to characterize the properties of fluid-driven fractures in rocks by combining the discrete element method (DEM) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The mechanical behaviour of the rock matrix was simulated with DEM and the behaviour of the fracturing fluid flow in newly developed and pre-existing fractures with CFD. The changes in the void geometry in the rock matrix were taken into account. The initial 2D hydro-fracking simulation tests were carried out for a rock segment under biaxial compression with one injection slot in order to validate the numerical model. The qualitative effect of several parameters on the propagation of a hydraulic fracture was studied: initial porosity of the rock matrix, dynamic viscosity of the fracking fluid, rock strength and pre-existing fracture. The characteristic features of a fractured rock mass due to a high-pressure injection of fluid were realistically modelled by the proposed coupled approach.

     

Numerical Simulation of 3D Hydraulic Fracturing Based on an Improved Flow-Stress-Damage Model and a Parallel FEM Technique

The failure mechanism of hydraulic fractures in heterogeneous geological materials is an important topic in mining and petroleum engineering. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model that considers the coupled effects of seepage, damage, and the stress field is introduced. This model is based on a previously developed two-dimensional (2D) version of the model (RFPA2D-Rock Failure Process Analysis). The RFPA3D-Parallel model is developed using a parallel finite element method with a message-passing interface library. The constitutive law of this model considers strength and stiffness degradation, stress-dependent permeability for the pre-peak stage, and deformation-dependent permeability for the post-peak stage. Using this model, 3D modelling of progressive failure and associated fluid flow in rock are conducted and used to investigate the hydro-mechanical response of rock samples at laboratory scale. The responses investigated are the axial stress–axial strain together with permeability evolution and fracture patterns at various stages of loading. Then, the hydraulic fracturing process inside a rock specimen is numerically simulated. Three coupled processes are considered: (1) mechanical deformation of the solid medium induced by the fluid pressure acting on the fracture surfaces and the rock skeleton, (2) fluid flow within the fracture, and (3) propagation of the fracture. The numerically simulated results show that the fractures from a vertical wellbore propagate in the maximum principal stress direction without branching, turning, and twisting in the case of a large difference in the magnitude of the far-field stresses. Otherwise, the fracture initiates in a non-preferred direction and plane then turns and twists during propagation to become aligned with the preferred direction and plane. This pattern of fracturing is common when the rock formation contains multiple layers with different material properties. In addition, local heterogeneity of the rock matrix and macro-scale stress fluctuations due to the variability of material properties can cause the branching, turning, and twisting of fractures.     

FDEM-flow3D: A 3D hydro-mechanical coupled model considering the pore seepage of rock matrix for simulating three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing

A hydro-mechanical coupled model that can simultaneously consider the pore seepage of a rock matrix and the fracture seepage is proposed to simulate three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing. This model appropriately takes into account the fluid leak-off into the surrounding rock matrix from the fracture. Several examples are given to validate the seepage algorithms and the coupled model. The results suggest that this model can solve problems involving pore seepage and fracture seepage through simple pure fracture seepage. Moreover, it can reproduce the fluid pressure distribution and the crack initiation and propagation and consider the fluid loss during hydraulic fracturing.     

A 2D coupled hydro-thermal model for the combined finite-discrete element method

Based on the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM), a two-dimensional coupled hydro-thermal model is proposed. This model can simulate fluid flow and heat transfer in rock masses with arbitrary complex fracture networks. The model consists of three parts: a heat conduction model of the rock matrix, a heat-transfer model of the fluid in the fracture (including the heat conduction and convection of fluid), and a heat exchange model between the fluid and rock at the fracture surface. Three examples with analytical solutions are given to verify the correctness of the coupled model. Finally, the coupled model is applied to hydro-thermal coupling simulations of a rock mass with a fracture network. The temperature field evolution, the effect of thermal conductivity of the rock matrix thermal conductivity and the fracture aperture on the outlet temperature are studied. The coupled model presented in this paper will enable the application of FDEM to study rock rupture driven by the effect of hydro-thermo-mechanical coupling in geomaterials such as in geothermal systems, petroleum engineering, environmental engineering and nuclear waste geological storage.

     

A two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating rock hydraulic fracturing

Within the framework of our discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure algorithm, this paper presents a two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating the rock hydraulic fracturing process. In the proposed approach, based on the generated joint network, the calculation of fluid mechanics is performed first to obtain the seepage pressure near the tips of existing cracks, and then the fluid pressure is treated as linearly distributed loads on corresponding block boundaries. The contribution of the hydraulic pressure to the initiation/propagation of the cracks is considered by adding the components of these blocks into the force matrix of the global equilibrium equation. Finally, failure criteria are applied at the crack tips to determine the occurrence of cracking events. Several verification examples are simulated, and the results show that this newly proposed numerical model can simulate the hydraulic fracturing process correctly and effectively. Although the numerical and experimental verifications focus on one unique preexisting crack, because of the capability of discontinuous deformation analysis in simulating block‐like structures, the proposed approach is capable of modeling rock hydraulic fracturing processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

构造成矿非线性动力学:2.湘西金矿研究实例

应用递增应力流变学方法对湘西沃溪金矿成矿过程中构造变形、应力、流体流动、地球化学反应及成岩成矿作用等多过程间的耦合作用和非线性特征进行了模拟和分析。构造压溶作用对矿源层中成矿物质的溶解与迁移起了重要作用。断裂作用可以产生比原岩渗透率高近4个数量级的断裂渗透率,从而促进流体的流动、组分扩散和在断裂中的汇聚成矿。不同岩性对断裂作用和断裂渗透率的演化有重要影响,并且构造、流体、岩石之间存在强烈的非线性耦合作用,马底驿组中段是最有利的构造成矿层位。     

Influence of flow velocity on conservative solute transport in sets of parallel fractures with fracture skin

Analysis of contaminant transport through fractured crystalline rocks has received considerable attention, particularly with regard to subsurface nuclear waste repositories. Most of the studies have employed the dual continuum approach, with the fractures and the rock matrix as the two continuums, assuming that fractures control the overall conductivity of the rock and the porous matrix just provides storage. However, field observations of rock fractures have shown that the real situation can be very complex. Based on some recent investigations, it has been reported that the portion of the rock matrix adjacent to many open fractures is physically and chemically altered. These alterations, referred to as the fracture skin, can have different sorption and diffusion properties compared to those of the undisturbed rock matrix and this may influence the transport of solutes through such formations. In the present study, a numerical model is developed to simulate conservative solute transport in a fractured crystalline rock formation using the triple continuum approach ?? with the fracture, fracture skin and the rock matrix as the three continuums. The model is solved using a fully implicit finite difference scheme. Contaminant migration in the fractured formation with and without skin has been simulated. It is observed that contaminant penetration along the fracture is enhanced at large flow velocities. The effect of flow velocity on conservative solute transport is investigated for different fracture apertures and fracture skin thicknesses. The influence of flow velocity on contaminant transport is demonstrated to be more with change in fracture aperture than with change in skin thickness.     

利用地球化学测井-密度测井建立的孔隙度解释模型及其校正分析

地球化学测井能给出二十余种元素的含量,根据矿物组合模型、元素含量与矿物的转换关系可以得到岩石的矿物种类及其百分含量,然后得出比较准确的岩石骨架密度。由骨架密度、体积密度、流体密度联合建立孔隙度解释模型。由于骨架密度和体积密度均是动态变量,且都包含有碎屑、杂基、胶结物组分,模型中参数的地质含义和应用条件相互统一,从而使得计算的孔隙度值更加准确。     

栅格胎体孕镶金刚石钻头的破岩机理分析

从岩石宏观裂纹变化出发,研究孕镶金刚石钻头在钻进过程中由于岩体裂纹的影响而造成的断裂问题。运用岩石断裂力学理论,结合钻头实际工作条件,简化应力、水力及裂纹条件,建立了简化的岩石断裂等效模型,从理论上分析了一种新型栅格胎体孕镶金刚石钻头的破岩机理。研究结果表明：与常规的钻头相比,新型钻头的特殊栅格结构能有效提高钻压,比压由原来的68.03 kgf/cm²增加到了113.33 kgf/cm²,提高了将近67 %,使钻头能更有效地压入岩体,产生破碎穴及裂纹;特殊的栅格结构有利于冲洗液的储存,改善了金刚石颗粒的冷却效果,从而以更加有利的拉裂破坏方式破碎岩石。