贵州高原马铃薯生态气候条件分析

根据马铃薯生长发育的特性和优质高产所需的气象条件,分析了贵州高原马铃薯的生态气候条件,概述了贵州高原栽培马铃薯的气候优势及主要的气象灾害,提出贵州马铃薯优质,高产,稳产的农业气象适用栽培技术。     

商洛山地地质灾害分布及诱发成因研讨

利用商洛各县 (区 ) 46a降水资料与典型地质灾害个例对比分析。研究不同性质降水与地质灾害发生的关系。通过综合分析发现商洛各类地质灾害主要以滑坡为主 ;时段性较强 ,7— 9月为主发期 ;空间分布呈现南多北少 ;降水是诱发地质灾害的根本原因 ;暴雨和连阴雨导致各类地质灾害直接发生。同时研究确定了不同日数类型降水与易形成地质灾害的临界范围 ,为开展地质灾害预报业务提供参考依据     

商洛板栗气象灾害、病虫害指标及防御方法研究

通过分析对比商洛市板栗生态监测资料和气象观测资料,得到适宜商洛板栗生长的光、温、水气象指标;找出影响商洛板栗产量和品质提高的主要因子有花期低温寡照,栗苞膨大期伏旱,成熟前的连阴雨,胴枯病和栗实象两种病虫害;确定影响商洛板栗产量和品质的主要气象灾害、病虫害指标;提出针对性的防御方法。     

山茱萸适宜气候条件与高产栽培技术

利用商洛气候资源分布特点和中药产业基地的栽培试验资料,在实地勘察,调查研究、统计分析的基础上,找出山茱萸适宜生长的气候生态条件指标;提出山茱萸高产栽培技术方法。     

商洛近56年无霜期变化特征分析

利用商洛7县(区)1961—2016年初、终霜日及无霜期资料,运用统计方法对其气候特征及变化趋势进行分析。结果显示:商洛初霜日随纬度和海拔高度的增加提前,终霜日随纬度和海拔高度的增加推迟,无霜期随纬度和海拔高度的增加缩短。商洛区域平均初霜日为10月31日,呈推迟趋势,线性倾向率为2.1d/10a;区域平均终霜日为3月29日,呈提前趋势,线性倾向率为-1.0d/10a;区域平均无霜期为214.7d,呈增长趋势,线性倾向率为3.1d/10a。商洛初霜日推迟趋势十分显著,2003年发生突变;终霜日无明显突变,无霜期日数增长显著,2007年发生突变。     

秦巴山区红豆杉适宜气候条件与高产栽培技术

利用商洛气候资源分布特点和中药产业基地的栽培试验资料，在实际勘察、调查研究、统计分析的基础上找出了红豆杉适宜生长的气候生态条件指标，根据GAP高产栽培技术规范，提出红豆杉高产栽培技术方法。     

秋种马铃薯晚疫病气候试验研究

利用贵州六盘水市农业科学研究院综合科研基地(平均海拔1 100 m),于2016—2017年开展秋种马铃薯气候试验。基于马铃薯晚疫病监测资料,结合2016—2017年的8月15日至12月31日逐日平均温度、最低温度、相对湿度、降水量等资料,对秋种马铃薯晚疫病发生、流行的气象因子和动态特征进行分析、研究。结果表明:马铃薯晚疫病发生、流行的主要时期为现蕾—开花期。在马铃薯现蕾—开花期,当连续3 d及以上日平均温度≤18℃,且相对湿度75%时,3 d之后,当日平均温度18℃、相对湿度75%时,有利于晚疫病发生。建议以此气象条件作为秋种马铃薯晚疫病防御的预警指标,以便在预警指标出现后积极组织预防,以提高防治效果。     

商洛一次局地暴雨诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY2E卫星资料、商洛多普勒雷达资料,从环流背景、水汽、动力条件和不稳定机制等方面对2014年7月28日发生在商洛局地性较强的一次短时暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:这次短时暴雨过程天气的影响系统主要为短波槽、副热带高压与热低压。低层850hPa副高西侧暖湿气流北上为暴雨发生发展提供了有利的水汽条件。对流层中高层涡旋运动增强带动低层上升运动发展加强,为对流天气的进一步发展提供了动力条件。短波槽后西北干冷气流与低层偏南暖湿气流形成不稳定层结,加之中低层对流不稳定层结加强,CAPE值及低层湿度显著增大,抬升凝结高度与自由对流高度降低,因此在较低的抬升条件下,触发了此次对流性天气。卫星云图和雷达图上表现为中尺度系统,生命期短,发生发展速度快。强降水主要发生在对流云团强中心西北侧TBB梯度大值区。     

一次中尺度对流系统（MβCS）触发特大暴雨机理研究

采用MICAPS提供常规和非常规资料,通过对2008年4月12日出现在桂东南大暴雨的大尺度环流背景和中尺度对流系统及发生发展机制研究后认为:(1)中高纬地区呈现"两槽一脊型",为冷空气的南下提供了有利的环流条件,高原槽和南支槽的东移为暴雨的产生提供了有利的动力、水汽条件;(2)高低层急流形成优质配置,高层强辐散与中低层强辐合及强上升运动为MβCS的发生发展提供了有利的动力条件;(3)水汽通量和水汽通量散度的强辐合以及对流不稳定为MβCS的发生发展提供了有利的热力条件;(4)最强降水时段主要发生在MβCS突然增强阶段.     

巴中短时强降水特征分析及预报方法研究

利用2010~2014年巴中区域自动站资料、高空实况资料、地面实况资料以及雷达资料,分析了巴中短时强降水(小时雨量≥20mm)的年际、月际、主要发生时间段和落区、强度特征以及短时强降水和海拔高度关系。研究并总结了巴中发生短时强降水的影响系统、概念模型、物理量预警指标、雷达预警指标,为今后预警巴中短时强降水提供参考。     

Set-asides for carbon sequestration: implications for permanence and leakage

This paper examines the potential role of forest set-asides in global carbon sequestration policy. While set asides that protect forests from timber harvests and land-use conversion may alleviate concerns with permanence, and they may provide large ancillary environmental benefits, they may also lead to large leakage. This paper uses a global land use and forestry model to examine the efficiency of three crediting schemes for set-asides. The results show that if set-asides are integrated into a global forestry carbon sequestration program that includes a wide range of other management options, then 300 million hectares of land would be set-aside, and up to 128 Pg C could be sequestered in global forests by 2105. Under alternative policies that focus exclusively on set-asides, more forestland can be set-asides, up to 3.2 billion hectare, but these policies invite large leakage in the near-term, and in the long-run, they less net carbon is removed from the atmosphere. Specifically, leakage is estimated to be 47–52%, depending on the policy, and by the end of the century, up to 17% less carbon will be sequestered in all forests.     

Simple devices for radiation measurement and integration

Summary Simple thermopiles formed by copper-plating a constantan wire were used to build a solarimeter and a net radiometer. Output was 5–10 mV per cal·cm^–2·min^–1, adequate to operate a small portable galvanometer for spot readings, a continuously recording potentiometer, or, for integration, a Siemens electrolytic meter. The net radiometer was unventilated, but when oscillated manually, output was independent of wind speed. With two solarimeters in a null-balance circuit, reflection and transmission coefficients of a field crop were read directly on a dial. A circuit was designed to integrate solarimeter output and the standard error of weekly readings was only ±40 cal·cm^–2.

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Zusammenfassung Einfache, durch Verkupferung eines Konstantandrahts gebildete Thermosäulen wurden zum Bau eines Solarimeters und eines Strahlungsbilanzmessers verwendet. Die Thermospannung betrug 5–10 mV per cal·cm^–2·min^–1, was für Einzelablesungen an einem kleinen transportablen Galvanometer, für fortlaufende Registrierung mit einem Potentiometer und für Integration mit einem Elektrolytzähler von Siemens ausreichend ist. Der Bilanzmesser war nicht ventiliert; doch konnte die Anzeige durch Hin- und Herbewegen des Empfängers von der Windgeschwindigkeit unabhängig gemacht werden. Mit Hilfe von zwei kombinierten Solarimetern konnten Reflexions- und Transmissionskoeffizienten einer Pflanzung direkt abgelesen werden. Es wurde eine Schaltung zur Integration der Solarimeteranzeigen entwickelt, bei der der mittlere Fehler der Wochensummen nur ±40 cal cm^–2 betrug.

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Résumé L'auteur se sert de couples thermo-éléctriques faits de fils de constantan plaqués de cuivre pour construire un solarimètre et un appareil pour la mesure du bilan de radiation. La tension ainsi développée est de 5 à 10 mV par cal·cm^–2·min^–1. Ceci suffit aussi bien pour des lectures à un galvanomètre transportable, que pour l'enregistrement au moyen d'un potentiomètre ou pour l'intégration par un compteur électrolytique Siemens. Le bilanmètre n'était pas ventilé, mais on a aisément pu supprimer l'influence de la vitesse du vent en l'agitant de la main. Au moyen de la combinaison de deux solarimètres, on peut établir directement les coefficients de réflexion et de transmission d'une culture. On a enfin construit un circuit permettant d'intégrer les indications du solarimètre, circuit dont l'erreur moyenne de la somme hebdomadaire n'est que de ±40cal·cm^–2.

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With 8 Figures     

Stability functions correct at the free convection limit and consistent for for both the surface and Ekman layers

For the thermal stability function _h used to calculate heat and moisture fluxes in the surface layer, we choose a formulation which has the theoretically correct free convection limit % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeikaiabgk% HiTGqaciaa-PhacaqGVaGaamitaiaabMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHi% TiaaigdacaGGVaGaaG4maaaaaaa!3DFE!\[{\rm{(}} - z{\rm{/}}L{\rm{)}}^{ - 1/3} \]. We then use the experimental result that z/L Ri to deduce a formulation with an exponent -1/6 for the momentum stability function _m. This formulation also resolves the matching problem at the interface between the surface and Ekman layers. The proposed functions are found to remain reasonably close to another formulation that is well supported by observations and has exponents -1/2 for _h and -1/4 for _m. The intent of the proposals is mainly to clarify and simplify the parameterization of the convective boundary layer in present day atmospheric models, without significantly altering the results.     

Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes

The spatial resolution of meteorological observations of scalars (such as concentrations or temperature) and scalar fluxes (e.g., water-vapour flux, sensible heat flux) above inhomogeneous surfaces is in general not known. It is determined by the surface area of influence orsource area of the sensor, which for sensors of quantities that are subject to turbulent diffusion, depends on the flow and turbulence conditions.Functions describing the relationship between the spatial distribution of surface sources (or sinks) and a measured signal at height in the surface layer have been termed thefootprint function or thesource weight function. In this paper, the source area of levelP is defined as the integral of the source weight function over the smallest possible domain comprising the fractionP of the total surface influence reflected in the measured signal. Source area models for scalar concentration and for passive scalar fluxes are presented. The results of the models are presented as characteristic dimensions of theP=50% source areas (i.e., the area responsible for 50% of the surface influence): the maximum source location (i.e., the upwind distance of the surface element with the maximum-weight influence), the near and the far end of the source area, and its maximal lateral extension. These numerical model results are related directly to non-dimensional surface-layer scaling variables by a non-linear least squares method in a parameterized model which provides a user-friendly estimate of the surface area responsible for measured concentrations or fluxes. The source area models presented here allow conclusions to be made about the spatial representativeness and the localness (these terms are defined in the text) of flux and concentration measurements.     

A proposal for a new statistic and technique development for the design and evaluation of cloud seeding experiments

Abstract

The use of short‐term predictions of rain flux from isolated showers is discussed in the context of the design and evaluation of cloud‐seeding experiments. It is found that for a sample of 85 seeded convective clouds a seeding effect of 25% could be detected at the 10% significance level.     

Uncertainty analysis for estimation of landfill emissions and data sensitivity for the input variation

Results of research and practical experience confirm that stabilization of GHG concentrations will require a tremendous effort. One of the sectors identified as a significant source of methane (CH₄) emissions are solid waste disposal sites (SWDS). Landfills are the key source of CH₄ emissions in the emissions inventory of Slovakia, and the actual emission factors are estimated with a high uncertainty level. The calculation of emission uncertainty of the landfills using the more sophisticated Tier 2 Monte Carlo method is evaluated in this article. The software package that works with the probabilistic distributions and their combination was developed with this purpose in mind. The results, sensitivity analysis, and computational methodology of the CH₄ emissions from SWDS are presented in this paper.     

Hybrid Methods for Computing the Streamfunction and Velocity Potential for Complex Flow Fields over Mesoscale Domains

Three types of previously used numerical methods are revisited for computing the streamfunction ψ and velocity potential χ from the horizontal velocity v in limited domains. The first type, called the SOR-based method, uses a classical successive over-relaxation(SOR) scheme to compute ψ(or χ) first with an arbitrary boundary condition(BC) and then χ(orψ) with the BC derived from v. The second type, called the spectral method, uses spectral formulations to construct the inner part of(ψ, χ)—the in...     

Henry's law coefficients for aqueous solutions of acetone,acetaldehyde and acetonitrile,and equilibrium constants for the addition compounds of acetone and acetaldehyde with bisulfite

Vapor phase concentrations of acetone, acetaldehyde and acetonitrile over their aqueous solutions were measured to determine Henry's law partition coefficients for these compounds in the temperature range 5–40 °C. The results are for acetone: ln(H ₁/atm)=–(5286±100)T+(18.4±0.3); acetaldehyde: ln(H ₁/atm)=–(5671±22)/T+(20.4±0.1); and acetonitrile: ln(H ₁/atm)=–(4106±101)/T+(13.8±0.3). Artificial seawater of 3.5% salinity in place of deiionized water raisesH ₁ by about 15%. A similar technique has been used to measure the equilibrium constants for the addition compounds of acetone and acetaldehyde with bisulfite in aqueous solution. The results are ln(K ₁/M ^–1)=(4972±318)/T–(11.2±1.1) and ln(K ₁/M ^–1)=(6240±427)/T–(8.1±1.3), respectively. The results are compared and partly combined with other data in the literature to provide an average representation.     

Creating usable science: Opportunities and constraints for climate knowledge use and their implications for science policy

In the past several decades, decision makers in the United States have increasingly called upon publicly funded science to provide “usable” information for policy making, whether in the case of acid rain, famine prevention or climate change policy. As demands for usability become more prevalent for publicly accountable scientific programs, there is a need to better understand opportunities and constraints to science use in order to inform policy design and implementation. Motivated by recent critique of the decision support function of the US Global Change Research Program, this paper seeks to address this issue by specifically examining the production and use of climate science. It reviews empirical evidence from the rich scholarship focused on climate science use, particularly seasonal climate forecasts, to identify factors that constrain or foster usability. It finds, first, that climate science usability is a function both of the context of potential use and of the process of scientific knowledge production itself. Second, nearly every case of successful use of climate knowledge involved some kind of iteration between knowledge producers and users. The paper argues that, rather than an automatic outcome of the call for the production of usable science, iterativity is the result of the action of specific actors and organizations who ‘own’ the task of building the conditions and mechanisms fostering its creation. Several different types of institutional arrangements can accomplish this task, depending on the needs and resources available. While not all of the factors that enhance usability of science for decision making are within the realm of the scientific enterprise itself, many do offer opportunities for improvement. Science policy mechanisms such as the level of flexibility afforded to research projects and the metrics used to evaluate the outcomes of research investment can be critical to providing the necessary foundation for iterativity and production of usable science to occur.     

One-Equation Turbulence Modelling for Atmospheric and Engineering Applications

A new algebraic turbulent length scale model is developed, based on previous one-equation turbulence modelling experience in atmospheric flow and dispersion calculations. The model is applied to the neutral Ekman layer, as well as to fully-developed pipe and channel flows. For the pipe and channel flows examined the present model results can be considered as nearly equivalent to the results obtained using the standard k– model. For the neutral Ekman layer, the model predicts satisfactorily the near-neutral Cabauw friction velocities and a dependence of the drag coefficient versus Rossby number very close to that derived from published (G. N. Coleman) direct numerical simulations. The model underestimates the Cabauw cross-isobaric angles, but to a less degree than the cross-isobar angle versus Rossby dependence derived from the Coleman simulation. Finally, for the Cabauw data, with a geostrophic wind magnitude of 10 ms^–1, the model predicts an eddy diffusivity distribution in good agreement with semi-empirical distributions used in current operational practice.