广西苗儿山铀矿田张家铀矿床成矿时代:沥青铀矿微区原位测定

张家铀矿床是苗儿山铀矿田北部的代表性铀矿床之一,对其开展详细的成矿年代学研究不仅对认识区域铀成矿规律十分重要,也对探讨华南花岗岩型热液铀矿床的成矿大地构造背景及动力学机制具有重要意义.在详细的镜下观察基础上,采用电子探针U-Th-Pb化学法、LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素方法对脉状沥青铀矿进行了年代学研究.20个点的U-Th-Pb化学年龄为55.3~81.1 Ma,其中19个点的加权平均年龄为71.4±1.9 Ma.根据稀土元素特征的不同,将34个点的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年龄分为2组,第一组共15个点,其中13个点的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为69.4±4.9 Ma;第二组共19个,其中16个点的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为94.1±3.0 Ma.电子探针U-Th-Pb化学法加权平均年龄（71.4±1.9 Ma）与LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素法较年轻的一组206Pb/238U加权平均年龄（69.4±4.9 Ma）一致,代表张家铀矿床的成矿时代,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素法较老的一组206Pb/238U加权平均年龄（94.1±3.0 Ma）可能是沥青铀矿受后期改造和/或样品剥蚀过程杂质矿物影响而地质意义不明确.晚中生代期间,古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲可能是控制华南大规模花岗岩型铀矿床形成的动力学机制,包括张家铀矿床在内的华南花岗岩型铀矿床大规模成矿作用可能受80~50 Ma古太平洋板块对亚洲东部的斜向俯冲动力体制的控制.      

某铀矿区三种类型铀矿床中沥青铀矿特征的研究

本文对某铀矿区内产出的三种类型铀矿床中沥青铀矿的物理性质、红外光谱、化学成分、形成温度及铀-铅同位素组成进行了研究对比,并应用沥青铀矿的稀土分布模式及与沥青铀矿共生的石英、方解石的氧同位素组成的研究,探讨了成矿物质及矿液的来源。     

A Rapid In Situ Method for Determining the Ages of Uranium Oxide Minerals: Evolution of the Cigar Lake Deposit,Athabasca Basin

We present a rapid and accurate technique for making in situ U-Pb isotopic measurements of uranium oxide minerals that utilizes both electron and ion microprobes. U and Pb concentrations are determined using an electron microprobe, whereas the isotopic composition of Pb for the same area is measured using a high-resolution ion microprobe. The advantages of this approach are: mineral separation and chemical digestion are unnecessary; homogenous uranium oxide standards, which are difficult to obtain, are not required; and precise and accurate U-Pb ages on ～10 μm spots can be obtained in a matter of hours. We have applied our method to study the distribution of U-Pb ages in complexly intergrown uranium oxides from the unconformity-type Cigar Lake uranium deposit, Saskatchewan, Canada. In situ U-Pb results from early formed uraninite define a well-correlated array on concordia with upper and lower intercepts of 1467 ± 63 Ma and 443 ± 96 Ma (±lσ), respectively. The 1467 Ma age is interpreted as the minimum age of mineralization and is consistent with the age of clay-mineral alteration (～1477 Ma) and magnetization of diagenetic hematite (1650 to 1450 Ma) that is associated with these unconformity-type uranium deposits and early diagenesis of the Athabasca Basin sediments. In situ U-Pb isotopic analyses of uraninite and coffinite can document the Pb?/U heterogeneities that can occur on a scale of 15 to 30 μm, thus providing relatively accurate information regarding the timing of fluid interactions associated with the evolution of these deposits.     

LA-ICPMS与EPMA结合测定铀矿物微区原位U-Pb年龄

晶质铀矿、沥青铀矿、铀石等铀矿物的微区原位U-Pb定年对研究铀矿床有着十分重要的意义。使用激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)与电子探针(EPMA)相结合的方法更加准确地测定铀矿物微区原位U-Pb年龄,既解决了EPMA不能测定同位素比值,无法准确扣除普通铅等不足,又解决了目前LA-ICPMS测定的铀矿物标样极少,标样难寻的困扰,从而有利于铀矿物微区原位U-Pb定年技术的推广使用,为铀矿床研究提供更准确的定年数据。这一定年方法不但在铀矿床的年代学研究中有重要的应用,在各种地质体的铀矿物U-Pb同位素年代学研究中也有广阔的应用前景。     

伊犁盆地砂岩型铀成矿同位素地质特征

本对伊犁盆地可地浸砂岩型铀矿及其蚀源区进行了同位素地质特征研究，结果表明：伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿具有多时期成矿的特点，其成矿年龄分别为82.4,60,11.4,7.1,3.5Ma，而主要成矿期集中在第三纪的中、上新世。伊犁盆地南侧蚀源区发育有以海西期为主的花岗岩和火山岩，前为293－316Ma，后为235－259Ma，从含矿砂体精选出的锆石，其U－Pb同位素年龄为308Ma，与蚀源区花岗岩，火山岩的时代一致，从而肯定了含矿砂体的物质来源，此外，通过对含矿砂体和蚀源区岩石U-Pb同位素体系演化特征的研究，指伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿具有多铀源富集的特点，这些铀源分别是：地层沉积时形成的富铀砂体（主要的）和富铀的蚀源区岩石的近代风化淋滤释出的铀。     

伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿同位素地质特征

本项目试图探讨砂岩型铀矿床的同位素地质特征 ,开拓同位素地质研究的新领域。对伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿床及其蚀源区的初步研究表明 ,该区砂岩型铀矿具有期成矿作用的特点 ,成矿年龄有 82Ma、6 0Ma、11 4Ma、7 1Ma和 3 5Ma。从含矿砂体中精选出的碎屑锆石的U Pb等线年龄为 380Ma,与蚀源区花岗岩和火山岩的年龄一致 ,从而限定了含铀砂体的物源。笔者认为 ,伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿床具有多铀源富集的特征 ,铀源主要来自沉积过程中形成的富铀砂体 ,也有部分来自蚀源区富铀岩石风化淋滤作用而释出的铀。     

相山铀矿田铀多金属成矿时代与成矿热历史

相山铀矿田的铀多金属矿化主要可划分为碱性铀矿化、酸性铀矿化、铅锌银铜矿化和金矿化四种类型。通过沥青铀矿和矿化岩石U-Pb等时线、黄铁矿Rb-Sr等时线、绢云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位素年龄测定,结合铀多金属成矿特征研究,厘定了相山铀矿田铀多金属成矿时代,确定铀多金属矿化的成矿时序为:碱性铀矿化、铅锌银铜矿化、金矿化、酸性铀矿化。锆石裂变径迹研究表明,相山矿田铀多金属矿化样品的锆石裂变径迹峰值年龄与U-Pb、Rb-Sr和~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位素年龄一致性良好,裂变径迹年龄(峰值年龄)可以限定热液铀多金属成矿热事件时代。碱性铀成矿热事件的锆石裂变径迹峰值年龄为119. 8～125. 6Ma;金成矿热事件和铅锌银铜多金属成矿热事件的锆石裂变径迹峰值年龄为106. 1～113. 8Ma;酸性铀成矿热事件的锆石裂变径迹峰值年龄为86. 7～100. 0Ma;新发现一期锆石裂变径迹峰值年龄为66. 4～78. 6Ma的热事件,该期热事件可能为相山矿田最晚一期酸性铀成矿热事件。相山矿田66. 4～78. 6Ma的铀成矿热事件,与华南花岗岩型热液铀矿床的区域成矿热事件时代耦合,该发现对华南火山岩型铀矿成矿时代的重新认识,对火山岩型、花岗岩型铀矿床成矿统一性认识具有重要意义。     

Deposition and remobilization of uranium in the North Baikal region: Evidence from the U-Pb isotopic systems of uranium ores

Based on the study of local volumes of minerals, including their microsampling and subsequent analysis of Pb/Pb and U/Pb isotope ratios with the classic methods of isotopic dilution and thermoionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), U-Pb and Pb-Pb isotopic datings of minerals were carried out in uranium ores from deposits in the Akitkan and Nechera-Nichatka ore districts (North Baikal region). Reliable evidence in favor of the Middle Devonian (384 ± 8 Ma) remobilization of Paleoproterozoic primary uranium concentrations and the redeposition of uranium as pitchblende 2 has been obtained for the first time for ores of the Akitkan district. The Paleoproterozoic (1832 ± 13 Ma) age of uraninite mineralization and the timing of the latest (377 ± 5 Ma) transformation of uranium ores at the Chepok deposit (Nechera-Nichatka district) are substantiated.     

西秦岭降扎地区金、铀矿床年代学对比研究

西秦岭降扎地区寒武、志留系中的金、铀矿床,是我国相当重要的碳硅泥岩型矿床。根据金矿床中岩石和矿石异常铅模式年龄、氩-氩同位素年龄和钾-氩同位素年龄等,获得了一批有益的年代学信息。金矿床的各种同位素年龄数据主要有2组:(1)242-186Ma;(2)137-47Ma.结合区域地质发展史、成矿热液脉与岩脉的穿切关系以及矿床产出的其它宏观特征等,确定金矿床的成矿时代为137-47Ma,与区域铀矿床形成的主要时代(117-55Ma)相比,二者成矿时间大体相同。     

砂岩型铀矿中铀矿物U-Pb年代学研究现状及研究方向

该文基于中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心研究团队近年来的研究工作及对相关文献的综合研究,对砂岩型铀矿中一些重要铀矿物如沥青铀矿(晶质铀矿)、铀石、钛铀矿等的微区原位成因矿物学和U-Pb年代学研究现状进行了深入分析,提出新的研究方向,即通过采用二次离子质谱法、激光剥蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱法与电子探针化学分析法和同位素稀释热电离质谱法相结合的方式,综合研究砂岩型铀矿中沥青铀矿(晶质铀矿)、铀石、钛铀矿等铀矿物和金红石、磷灰石等含铀矿物的微区原位成因矿物学和U-Pb年代学,探索砂岩型铀矿中矿石矿物的U-Pb同位素测年新方法,获取更精确的砂岩型铀矿成岩成矿的年代学信息。这对于全面准确地认识砂岩型铀矿床的生成和演化历史,建立砂岩型铀矿床的成矿新理论具有十分重要的科学意义。铀矿物测年新方法在砂岩型铀矿床的地质勘探中也有广阔的应用前景。     

A growing sandstone type uranium district in South Yili Basin,NW China as a result of extension of Tien Shan Orogen: Evidences from geochronology and hydrology

The Mesozoic Yili Basin of NW China represents the largest known concentration of U deposits in China and contains five major deposits, namely (from west to east) the 512 (Kujie’ertai), 513, 511, 510 (Mengqiguer), and 509 deposits. Pre-mining resources within the explored sandstone-type uranium deposits in this area are reportedly as much as 20,000 t contained U. The mineralization is hosted by the Middle–Lower Jurassic Shuixigou Group, which (from base to top) is divided into the Badaowan, Sangonghe, and Xishanyao formations. The U-Pb isotopic analysis of ores from the Kujie’ertai and Mengqiguer deposits indicate that they contain high and variable amounts of initial (common) Pb, meaning that the only possible way to date these deposits is by using U-Pb isochrons. Two major stages of uranium mineralization have been identified by the U-Pb isotope dating of uranium ores in this region. The Kujie’ertai deposit apparently formed between 23.4 ± 3.3 and 20.18 ± 0.49 Ma, corresponding to a period of crustal thickening and uplift within the Tien Shan Orogen. This event (35–21 Ma) accommodated the majority of the strain generated by the northward collision of the Indian Plate with the Asian Plate. However, the dating of samples from the Mengqiguer deposit yielded much younger ages (between 0.61 ± 0.24 and 0.347 ± 0.0048 Ma). The western Tien Shan mountains expanded until the Pliocene as a result of the far-field influence of continuous penetration of the Indian Plate into the Asian Plate. This activated reverse faults and folds in the piedmont of the Tien Shan mountains and caused the continuous uplift of the southern flank of the Yili Basin. The uplift caused the erosion of anticline hinge zones, introducing significant amounts of oxidizing water into the Shuixigou Group, generating a second stage of uranium mineralization. Hydrological sampling also suggests that the Mengqiguer deposit continues to grow, indicating a possible third stage of uranium mineralization (∼0 Ma). This also indicates that the U within these deposits is derived not only from U-bearing sediments but from the Tien Shan mountains as a result of groundwater cycling. The evolution of the U contents of groundwater that was initially derived from cold springs that flow into the mineralized units indicates that these cold springs have an essential role in mobilizing U from the Tien Shan mountains, with rivers flowing through areas of outcropping mineralized units acting as a source of mineralizing fluids during the formation of the Mengqiguer deposit.     

砂岩型铀矿微区原位U-Pb同位素定年技术方法研究

铀矿物定年一直是成矿年代学中的难点,随着微区原位U-Pb同位素定年技术的发展,可以直接针对矿石矿物(铀矿物)进行同位素定年;但是其中的砂岩型铀矿由于其存在状态复杂,在原位定年中剥蚀要求高,也缺乏合适的外部校正标准物质,所以定年准确度有待提高。本文研究了两种微区原位U-Pb同位素测年的方法,对砂岩型铀矿定年进行了尝试,试图解决铀矿测年中的无基体匹配问题并提高砂岩型铀矿定年水平。一是建立了一种激光剥蚀多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪联合电子探针进行微区原位U-Pb同位素测年的技术(LA-MC-ICP-MS&EMPA)。通过优化实验方法,对秦岭陈家庄花岗岩型铀矿进行了测试,获得与同位素稀释热电离质谱法(ID-TIMS)一致的年龄结果,证明了微区原位U-Pb同位素测年无基体匹配标准物质分析的可行性;并利用此法获得鄂尔多斯盆地红庆河和塔然高勒砂岩型铀矿的微区原位U-Pb同位素年龄信息。二是尝试了利用飞秒激光剥蚀多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱法(fsLA-MC-ICP-MS)对红庆河和宁夏宁东砂岩型铀矿样品进行微区原位U-Pb同位素定年,并获得了微区原位U-Pb同位素年龄,表明飞秒激光剥蚀技术在砂岩型铀矿定年中有很好的应用前景。本文提出,比较单一且年龄偏老的单矿物样品可以选择LA-MC-ICP-MS&EMPA联合法进行分析,需要高空间分辨率的样品建议使用fsLA-MC-ICP-MS法。     

辽东大石桥组蛇纹石化大理岩中铀矿化特征及形成时代

在辽东大石桥组蛇纹石化大理岩中新发现晶质铀矿矿化现象。晶质铀矿呈角砾状发育在蛇纹石化白云石大理岩中,并叠加有辉钼矿、黄铁矿等矿化。U-Pb同位素年龄测定显示,晶质铀矿形成于1763~1794Ma。EPMA U-Th-Pb化学年龄显示,晶质铀矿形成后经历了1512±20Ma的热事件改造,对应一次岩浆侵入事件。辽东地区经历了古元古代的裂谷拉张、碰撞造山、造山后伸展等重大地质事件。大石桥组中蛇纹石化大理岩中的铀矿化,以及连山关铀矿床、翁泉沟地区铁-硼-铀矿床的热液铀成矿作用均形成于古元古代晚期造山后/非造山区域伸展环境,可能与区域伸展体制下的地幔柱活动有关。     

地浸砂岩型铀矿成矿年代学研究

本文提出用铀矿石样品U-Ra平衡系数修正样品的铀含量,再进行U-Pb等时线拟合,从而获得产铀盆地中地浸砂岩型铀矿的成矿年龄。通过对中国北方主要产铀盆地砂岩型铀矿成矿年代学研究,发现砂岩型铀矿的成矿作用具有“幕式”及多阶段性特征。不同构造单元的盆地铀成矿时代有差异,表明了铀的成矿作用与盆地构造抬升的演化历史及古气候关系密切。     

U-Pb systematics of an Upper Carboniferous black shale from South Yorkshire, UK

Open-system behaviour of uraniferous shales, which has been known for many years, has discouraged attempts to use U-Pb geochronology to date sedimentary systems. Techniques now available can facilitate better understanding of their geochemical evolution and their possible use in geochronometry. For the U-rich Alton (G. listeri) Marine Band, a combined fission track mapping, electron optical and sequential chemical extraction study confirms that uranium is incorporated into francolite, an early diagenetic precipitate. U-Pb analyses of uranium-rich (>1000 ppm) francolite nodules are discordant and imply ages ∼50-150 Ma younger than the date of sedimentation. Pb isotopic analysis suggests that uranium daughters continually leaked from the francolite, ²³⁸U daughters being released more efficiently than those of ²³⁵U. Extrapolation of the U-Pb data to concordia produces an age consistent with the time of sedimentation. These features are also displayed by other uranium-rich shales such as the Swedish Kolm Measures, despite uranium being incorporated into different phases. Preferential loss of ²³⁸U daughters from fine-grained particles due to alpha recoil could explain the unusual U-Pb isotopic composition, in both examples. Further work would be justified to investigate the application of U-Pb isotopic analysis of such material to date sedimentary sequences.     

沽源-红山子铀成矿带核桃坝铀矿床矿相学和成矿年代学研究

核桃坝矿床是著名的沽源-红山子铀成矿带上新近勘查突破的重要铀矿床之一。为恢复成矿过程、划分成矿阶段和探讨矿床成因,本文开展了系统的矿相学和成矿年代学研究,以期为区内铀矿勘查和找矿突破提供理论支持。矿相学研究表明,矿床矿石矿物以铀石为主,成矿作用可划分为早期钠长石化交代阶段、早期热液成矿阶段、晚期热液成矿阶段和成矿后阶段四个阶段。核桃坝矿床属于碱交代型(钠交代)热液铀矿床。沥青铀矿U-Pb同位素表观年龄、电子探针化学年龄以及等时线年龄综合研究显示,矿床形成时代应在99. 1Ma左右,是晚白垩世成矿作用的产物。核桃坝矿床可能是富铀岩体在碱交代作用后形成流体(富铀含硅酸成矿流体)在外部条件改变的情况下沉淀成矿。因此,矿体的定位与富铀岩体关系密切,富铀岩体附近的开放空间(断裂构造、层间破碎带等)是重要的找矿方向。     

外生铀矿床成矿铀质来源与资源评价若干问题

概述了外生铀矿床的基本特点,即近源、浅成、层控、有机萃取、多阶段成矿、多种成因类型。根据成矿作用和矿床成因,把外生成矿的铀质来源分为:1.同生铀源;2.再造铀源;3.后生铀源等三类。着重讨论了外生铀矿资源评价的若干问题,即铀源岩石的原始铀丰度及活化丢失情况;花岗岩类铀源岩的岩石化学标志;各种铀源地质体形成的大地构造背景;外生铀矿成矿省、成矿带的评价准则。     

粤北石角围花岗岩型铀矿床沥青铀矿LA-ICP-MS原位U-Pb定年研究

石角围花岗岩型铀矿床位于粤北下庄铀矿田东部,沥青铀矿是矿床的主要矿石矿物,也是厘定成矿年龄的理想对象。前人采用同位素稀释法(ID-TIMS)和电子探针U-Th-totalPb化学定年法获得的成矿年龄为38～138Ma,但前人年龄变化范围大,可靠性有待考究,难以有效约束矿床的成矿时代。本文利用LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析技术,对石角围矿床矿石中沥青铀矿开展了原位U-Pb定年。研究表明:沥青铀矿的206Pb/238U年龄为52. 46～56. 89Ma,加权平均年龄为54. 68±0. 53Ma(MSWD=1. 19,n=18)。本次沥青铀矿原位U-Pb定年与前人相比更好地避免了矿物包裹体、后期次生变化、显微裂隙等因素的影响,获得的沥青铀矿原位U-Pb同位素年龄代表矿床的成矿年龄。本研究获得的石角围矿床成矿年龄(～55Ma)与华南花岗岩型铀矿床主成矿期(～50Ma)相一致,指示石角围矿床铀成矿作用与华南岩石圈局部伸展作用下的断裂构造活动密切相关。     

U-Pb systems and U isotopic composition of the sandstone-hosted paleovalley Dybryn uranium deposit, Vitim uranium district, Russia

The isotopic (U-Pb, ²³⁸U-²³⁵U, ²³⁴U-²³⁸U) and chemical study of whole-rock samples and finegrained fractions of rocks in a vertical section of the terrigenous sequence at the Dybryn uranium deposit in the Khiagda ore field shows that a wide U-Pb isotopic age range (26.9-6.5 Ma) is caused by oxidation and disturbance of the U-Pb isotopic system in combination with protracted uranium ore deposition. The oxidation of rocks resulted in the loss of uranium relative to lead and eventually to an overestimated ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age at sites with a low U content. The ²³⁸U/²³⁵U ratios in the studied samples are within the range of 137.74–137.88. Samples with a high uranium content are characterized by a decreasing ²³⁸U/²³⁵U ratio with a decrease in ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U and ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages. A nonequilibrium ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratio in most studied samples furnishes evidence for young (<1.5 Ma) transformation of the Miocene uranium ore, which is responsible for uranium migration and its redeposition.     

吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿床铀源条件

以吐哈盆地十红滩砂岩型铀矿床为例,利用U-Pb同位素体系演化特征,计算含矿砂岩和顶底板泥岩的原始铀质量分数及变化系数,认为赋矿地层沉积时就存在铀的预富集,同生沉积碎屑岩和泥岩都是本区重要的铀源。结合古水文地质演化和碳-氧同位素特征,认为成岩期泥岩压榨水携带铀进入砂岩含水层,在砂岩中产生铀的预富集。