GPS坐标时间序列分析研究

近20年来,以GPS为代表的空间大地测量技术观测精度不断提高,已累积了丰富的、高精度、全球覆盖的坐标时间序列数据。这些数据为研究不同时空尺度下的各类地球物理现象提供了重要的数据支撑和大地测量几何约束。然而,由于GPS坐标时间序列中同时包含了各类“信号”和“噪声”,而且噪声来源复杂,信号类型多样,水平和高程分量上信号与噪声的表现形式差异较大。如何从原始序列中提取可靠的“信号”、分离出“误差”是目前地学界研究的热点和难点之一。     

CATS: GPS coordinate time series analysis software

Over the last 10 years, several papers have established that daily estimates of GPS coordinates are temporally correlated and it is therefore incorrect to assume that the observations are independent when estimating parameters from them. A direct consequence of this assumption is the over-optimistic estimation of the parameter uncertainties. Perhaps the perceived computational burden or the lack of suitable software for time series analysis has resulted in many heuristic methods being proposed in the scientific literature for estimating these uncertainties. We present a standalone C program, CATS, developed to study and compare stochastic noise processes in continuous GPS coordinate time series and, as a consequence, assign realistic uncertainties to parameters derived from them. The name originally stood for Create and Analyze Time Series. Although the name has survived, the creation aspect of the software has, after several versions, been abandoned. The implementation of the method is briefly described to aid understanding and an example of typical input, usage, output and the available stochastic noise models are given.     

GPS坐标时序共模误差提取方法研究

针对GPS坐标时序数据中存在的共模误差(CME),研究利用堆栈滤波(SF)、网络反演滤波(NIF)和主成分分析(PCA)三种方法进行剔除,以提高GPS监测区域地表位移的精度.通过构建GPS坐标时序模型,去除明显构造运动,提取噪声残差时序,将隐含在噪声残差时序中的区域CME利用SF、NIF、PCA方法提取出来.以日本房总半岛2019—2021年GPS坐标时序为例,比较三种方法和GPS站点空间分辨率对CME提取的影响,分析CME去除前后慢滑移地表位移的变化.研究结果表明：SF、NIF、PCA方法提取CME的结果基本一致;GPS站点空间分辨率降低,提取的CME离散度增大;CME对慢滑移地表水平位移的大小和方向均会产生影响,需进行剔除.     

基于RSI的GPS坐标时间序列瞬态地壳形变信号探测

提出了利用RSI的瞬态地壳形变信号探测方法,并将其应用于北美洲卡斯卡迪亚古陆俯冲带区域的部分GPS连续跟踪站的时间序列的瞬态形变探测中。研究结果表明：RSI方法能有效探测各序列中的瞬态形变,且能获得瞬态形变发生的开始时间、结束时间、持续时间和滑移量;与未使用偏移改正的序列相比,使用瞬态偏移改正得到的残差时间序列方差显著减小。     

顾及有色噪声的ETS对GPS坐标时间序列影响分析

以12个GPS站12年的坐标序列为研究对象.采用Kashyap信息准则（KIC）噪声模型估计准则对四种组合噪声特性进行估计,探讨慢滑移（ETS）现象对GPS站坐标时间序列的影响,结果表明:ETS引起了GPS站坐标序列模型的变化,E、N方向分量噪声模型占比与U分量模型占比差异较大,可能造成噪声模型的错误估计;ETS后的站速度及其不确定度相比ETS前站速度及其不确定度均有增加,且在U分量表现明显;特殊地理位置的测站可进行标记研究,尽量减少地震运动带来的不利影响,为地壳运动研究提供有价值的参考资料．      

GPS坐标时间序列严密三维噪声模型建立方法

积累多年的GPS基准站坐标时间序列被广泛应用于大地测量学与地球动力学研究。实现坐标时间序列中噪声与信号的有效分离并建立顾及不同分量噪声之间相关性的严密三维噪声模型,有助于确定测站线性以及非线性运动参数估值更加真实的不确定度。这对于精化速度场、合理解释地壳形变特征、建立毫米级的地球参考框架等研究具有重要的科学和现实意义。     

地震对GPS站坐标时序共模误差的影响分析

通过选取日本7个IGS基准站在东日本大地震前后各3a的坐标时间序列,提取并分析此区域的共模误差的特点和地震对其的影响,以及共模误差对基准站噪声时序的影响。结果表明:滤波后测站各方向坐标时序平均均方根相较于过滤前明显减少,测站坐标可靠性和精确性得到明显提高;地震的发生导致其N、U方向均值分别增大2.1倍和1.5倍;共模误差在N、E、U方向均表现出明显的周期特性,其周期特性在地震前后几乎截然相反,地震对其周期特性的影响必须充分考虑。     

Monument-antenna effects on GPS coordinate time series with application to vertical rates in Antarctica

We examine the electromagnetic coupling of a GPS antenna–monument pair in terms of its simulated affect on long GPS coordinate time series. We focus on the Earth and Polar Observing System (POLENET) monument design widely deployed in Antarctica and Greenland in projects interested particularly in vertical velocities. We base our tests on an absolute robot calibration that included the top ~0.15 m of the monument and use simulations to assess its effect on site coordinate time series at eight representative POLENET sites in Antarctica over the period 2000.0–2011.0. We show that the neglect of this calibration would introduce mean coordinate bias, and most importantly for velocity estimation, coordinate noise which is highly sensitive to observation geometry and hence site location and observation period. Considering only sub-periods longer than 2.5 years, we show vertical site velocities may be biased by up to ±0.4 mm/year, and biases up to 0.2 mm/year may persist for observation spans of 8 years. Changing between uniform and elevation-dependent observation weighting alters the time series but does not remove the velocity biases, nor does ambiguity fixing. The effect on the horizontal coordinates is negligible. The ambiguities fixed series spectra show noise between flicker and random walk with near-white noise at the highest frequencies, with mean spectral indices (frequencies <20 cycles per year) of approximately −1.3 (uniform weighting) and −1.4 (elevation-dependent weighting). While the results are likely highly monument specific, they highlight the importance of accounting for monument effects when analysing vertical coordinate time series and velocities for the highest precision and accuracy geophysical studies.     

地表质量负载对格陵兰岛区域GPS站点坐标时序特征的影响

选取ITRF2008框架下格陵兰岛区域12个GPS站2013年1月-2016年12月期间的日解坐标时间序列作为研究对象,并利用极大似然估计分析地表质量负载改正前后各站点的噪声特性、速度场及周期项振幅。结果表明：站点最优噪声模型主要为白噪声+幂律噪声与白噪声+闪烁噪声,地表质量负载形变修正GPS坐标时序后,明显增加U方向闪烁噪声的成分,平均降低其速度约0.36 mm/a,对水平方向影响较小;同时分别降低高程方向44.1%、14.2%的1 a项、0.5 a项振幅,相反,却增加了水平方向的周期项振幅。     

GPS interactive time series analysis software

Time series analysis is an important part of geodetic and geodynamic studies, especially when continuous GPS observations are used to explore areas with a low rate of deformation. In this domain, having precise and robust tools for processing and analyzing position time series is a prerequisite. To meet this requirement, a new software package called GPS Interactive Time Series Analysis was developed using the MATLAB language. Along with calculating basic statistics and quality parameters such as mean and variance, the software is capable of importing and visualizing different time series formats, determining and removing jumps and outliers, interpolating data, and producing numerical and publication quality graphical outputs. Furthermore, bivariate statistical analysis (such as correlation coefficients, curvilinear and nonlinear regression), residual analysis, and spectral analysis (such as auto-spectrum, Lomb–Scargle spectrum, evolutionary power spectrum, and wavelet power spectrum) form the main analysis features of the software.     

陆态网基准站高程时间序列的环境负载效应分析

GPS坐标时间序列呈现显著的季节性变化,以中国大陆构造环境监测网络(CMONOC) 233个GPS测站的高程方向坐标时间序列为研究对象,通过计算环境负载效应改正前后的均方根(RMS)减少率,对比了德国波茨坦地学研究中心(GFZ)与法国斯特拉斯堡大学提供的EOST不同环境负载产品对CMONOC坐标时间序列数据的改善程度.统计结果表明：经过GFZ环境负载产品和EOST环境负载产品改正后分别有90.2%和75.54%的测站RMS减小,说明GFZ的环境负载产品对CMONOC基准站坐标时间序列数据的改善效果更好.同时发现环境负载效应不仅对GPS坐标时间序列中的季节项有明显的改正效果,对非季节项的改善效果也非常明显,经过GFZ提供的环境负载产品改正后有87.8%的GPS测站周年项振幅削弱,有82.4%的测站非季节项的RMS减小.     

不同插值方法对GPS时间序列的影响分析

针对现有GPS时间序列研究中不同插值方法对比方面研究不足,文中选取ITRF2008框架下的7个IGS基准站坐标时间序列,按照其缺值情况分为6种方案,分别采用线性插值、三次样条插值、拉格朗日插值和建模插值等6种方法对不同缺值情况下的GPS时间序列进行插值,并对不同方法的插值效果进行对比分析．结果表明,三次样条插值和拉格朗日插值效果较差;当缺值数量较少时,最邻近插值、线性插值、三次多项式插值和建模插值效果相差不大;随着缺值数量的增加,建模插值效果最好．      

EPN coordinate time series monitoring for reference frame maintenance

The EUREF permanent network (EPN) is a network of continuously operating global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations, primarily installed for reference frame maintenance. In order to ensure the long term reliability of the EPN products, a thorough station performance monitoring has been initiated and carried out in addition to the routine GNSS data management, processing and analysis. This paper addresses the main factors influencing the quality of the coordinate time series in a permanent GNSS network. Relevant examples, based on the EPN experience are given, the analysis strategy is introduced, the estimated coordinate offsets are published and the importance of this analysis for site velocity estimation is demonstrated. The results are derived from the analysis of the EPN weekly combined solutions covering the period from 1996 to 2003. Our target is the identification, interpretation and elimination of offsets and outliers present in the EPN coordinate time series in order to estimate reliable coordinates and velocities and consequently maintain a high quality kinematic reference network.

验潮站坐标时间序列特性分析

文中以298个验潮站作为研究对象,采用广义高斯-马尔科夫模型(GGM)、自回归滑动平均模型(ARMA)以及分形自回归聚合滑动平均模型(ARFIMA)三种模型,对验潮站坐标时间序列噪声模型特性及海平面变化趋势进行估计分析,并探讨了时间跨度对验潮站速度估计的影响.实验结果表明:验潮站坐标时间序列主要呈现为ARFIMA(1,...     

京津地区GNSS坐标时间序列噪声特性研究

针对地表质量负荷对京津地区GNSS坐标时间序列噪声特性的影响,选取中国大陆构造环境监测网络8个GNSS基准站2012—2014年的坐标时间序列,利用CATS软件计算大气压、非潮汐海洋、积雪和土壤湿度等质量负载改正前后GNSS坐标时间序列的谱指数、最优噪声模型、速度的变化。发现地表质量负载对GNSS坐标时间序列的噪声特性产生了明显影响。结果显示,京津地区GNSS坐标序列包含白噪声和有色噪声,且最优噪声模型具有多样性。扣除质量负载后N、U分量的噪声模型变化明显,主要表现为FN+WN和PL+WN,而N、E分量的谱指数分别趋近于FN和WN。质量负载改正后基准站U方向的线性速度变化较大,且北京地区变化量大于天津地区。研究结果为提高GNSS数据解算精度、精细分析地壳形变提供参考。     

Detecting discontinuities in GNSS coordinate time series with STARS: case study,the Bologna and Medicina GPS sites

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) data are a fundamental source of information for achieving a better understanding of geophysical and climate-related phenomena. However, discontinuities in the coordinate time series might be a severe limiting factor for the reliable estimate of long-term trends. A methodological approach has been adapted from Rodionov (Geophys Res Lett 31:L09204, 2004; Geophys Res Lett 31:L12707, 2006) and from Rodionov and Overland (J Marine Sci 62:328–332, 2005) to identify both the epoch of occurrence and the magnitude of jumps corrupting GNSS data sets without any a priori information on these quantities. The procedure is based on the Sequential t test Analysis of Regime Shifts (STARS) (Rodionov in Geophys Res Lett 31:L09204, 2004). The method has been tested against a synthetic data set characterized by typical features exhibited by real GNSS time series, such as linear trend, seasonal cycle, jumps, missing epochs and a combination of white and flicker noise. The results show that the offsets identified by the algorithm are split into 48 % of true-positive, 28 % of false-positive and 24 % of false-negative events. The procedure has then been applied to GPS coordinate time series of stations located in the southeastern Po Plain, in Italy. The series span more than 15 years and are affected by offsets of different nature. The methodology proves to be effective, as confirmed by the comparison between the corrected GPS time series and those obtained by other observation techniques.     

Assessment of second- and third-order ionospheric effects on regional networks: case study in China with longer CMONOC GPS coordinate time series

Higher-order ionospheric (HOI) delays are one of the principal technique-specific error sources in precise global positioning system analysis and have been proposed to become a standard part of precise GPS data processing. In this research, we apply HOI delay corrections to the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China’s (CMONOC) data processing (from January 2000 to December 2013) and furnish quantitative results for the effects of HOI on CMONOC coordinate time series. The results for both a regional reference frame and global reference frame are analyzed and compared to clarify the HOI effects on the CMONOC network. We find that HOI corrections can effectively reduce the semi-annual signals in the northern and vertical components. For sites with lower semi-annual amplitudes, the average decrease in magnitude can reach 30 and 10 % for the northern and vertical components, respectively. The noise amplitudes with HOI corrections and those without HOI corrections are not significantly different. Generally, the HOI effects on CMONOC networks in a global reference frame are less obvious than the results in the regional reference frame, probably because the HOI-induced errors are smaller in comparison to the higher noise levels seen when using a global reference frame. Furthermore, we investigate the combined contributions of environmental loading and HOI effects on the CMONOC stations. The largest loading effects on the vertical displacement are found in the mid- to high-latitude areas. The weighted root mean square differences between the corrected and original weekly GPS height time series of the loading model indicate that the mass loading adequately reduced the scatter on the CMONOC height time series, whereas the results in the global reference frame showed better agreements between the GPS coordinate time series and the environmental loading. When combining the effects of environmental loading and HOI corrections, the results with the HOI corrections reduced the scatter on the observed GPS height coordinates better than the height when estimated without HOI corrections, and the combined solutions in the regional reference frame indicate more preferred improvements. Therefore, regional reference frames are recommended to investigate the HOI effects on regional networks.     

北京市CORS站坐标时间序列噪声分析

针对北京市CORS站的稳定性问题,该文利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件对北京市13个CORS站2016—2018年的观测数据进行了处理,获取了原始坐标时间序列和坐标残差时间序列,通过极大似然估计的方法对CORS基准站进行了噪声模型分析和区域速度场估计。结果表明,北京市CORS站坐标时间序列的最佳噪声模型为WN+FN+RWN组合模型;采用NEU方向的最佳噪声组合模型对北京市CORS站进行区域速度场估计,BJTZ、CHAO、DSQI、XNJC站的沉降较为严重,其他CORS站N方向速度估值在7.2~14.3 mm/a,E方向速度估值在27.5~32.5 mm/a,U方向速度估值在2.0~8.5 mm/a。