Lithology, spore-pollen spectra, and conditions of formation of deposits of the Chenka Formation of the Southwest Crimea

In this work the study results of two detailed sections of the Chenka Formation of the Southwest Crimea are given. Based on the chemical composition of deposits, possible sedimentation settings, and their position in the general structure of the Jurassic-Cretaceous complexes of the Southwest Crimea, as well as the first palynological age datings we obtained, it is proposed that the age of the Chenka Formation deposits is Bathian-Callovian and that they accumulated within the distal part of a large river valley estuary.     

Bitumen formation in sediments of carbonate facies

This paper cites evidence to show that the Organic content of Recent carbonate facies is as readily preserved by entombment as it is in the torrigenous facies and that there is little difference in composition or proportion of organic constituents in terrigenous and some types of carbonate facies. The variations in organic content with grain size follow those for terrigenous facies. Organic constituents in Recent limey sediments are at least as reduced as they are in terrigenous facies. The tendency toward reduction of organic constituents to petroleum bitumens and petroleum is just as obvious and as rapid as in terrigenous. Thus it is quite possible for syngenetic petroleum to be entombed in appropriate carbonate facies.—B. N. Cooper     

准噶尔盆地及周缘地区石炭系岩相古地理特征及油气基本地质条件

准噶尔盆地及周缘地区具前寒武纪变质结晶和褶皱双重基底,石炭系发育有研究区第1套完整且区域对比相对良好的地层。以“构造控盆、盆控相”的思路,对石炭系的沉积相和古地理特征进行了分析:早石炭世发育活动、被动陆缘海相及海陆过渡相沉积盆地,晚石炭世发育海陆过渡相沉积盆地及陆相火山岩。石炭系发育海相、海陆过渡相以及大陆相3个相区,可细分为大陆相、海相火山岩及火山碎屑岩相、次深海—深海相、浅海相、滨海相、三角洲相、河湖相以及冲积扇相等11个相带。从“相控油气基本地质条件”思路出发,认为盆地西北缘克拉玛依—白碱滩地区、南缘巴音沟、乌鲁木齐等地发育的次深海—深海相暗色泥页岩为较好的烃源岩;东北缘如卡拉麦里地区发育的三角洲相为烃源岩、储集岩良好的油气勘探有利相带;三塘湖地区发育的潮坪相与潟湖相、布尔津—富蕴及博格达山地区发育的浅海碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩浅海陆棚相等可形成良好的生储盖组合。这些生、储、盖三位一体分布的相带和地区是今后油气勘探的优选目标和首选地区。     

论中国铝土矿床

中国已探明的铝土矿储量居世界第八位,铝矿资源甚为丰富。它们主要分布在晋、鲁、豫、黔、桂和滇等六省,形成时代主要为石炭纪、二叠纪和新生代。本文论述中国铝土矿床的分布、层位、时代、沉积环境、地质特征和形成条件。根据21处主要矿床的地质特征分析,可将中国铝土矿床划分为二大类四亚类,即沉积型(海相和陆相)和风化型(红土型和堆积型)铝土矿。     

西藏南羌塘鄂斯玛地区中侏罗统布曲组沉积特征及油气地质意义

通过沉积特征、沉积相及古地理分析,认为南羌塘鄂斯玛露头地区发育潮坪相、潟湖相、陆棚相沉积,江鱼玛洛覆盖区推测有障壁滩（或障壁岛）相沉积。根据沉积相的空间分布,研究区从北到南展布有隆起剥蚀区、潮坪相区、潟湖相区、障壁滩相区及陆棚-斜坡相区。根据以矿找矿思路,认为覆盖区的江鱼玛洛—额酥木玛障壁滩（或障壁岛）相区可能发育颗粒灰岩、白云岩储层。建议在江鱼玛洛—额酥木玛地区部署一口油气地质调查井,其有可能钻遇到含油白云岩或颗粒灰岩,并有可能实现油气资源的战略发现。     

加水热模拟中深湖与煤系泥岩地化特征比较

通过深湖泥岩和煤系泥岩的加水热模拟研究认为,在热模拟实验过程中,深湖泥岩和煤系泥岩显示不同特征,并且其演化有差别。深湖泥岩利于液态原油的生成,并且转化率高于煤系泥岩。深湖泥岩残余可溶有机质饱和烃含量高于煤系泥岩,非烃含量则低于煤系泥岩。深湖泥岩胶质 /沥青质和饱芳比均随温度升高而降低,而煤系泥岩的胶质 /沥青质随温度升高有增加趋势,其饱芳比的变化则不大或有降低趋势。深湖泥岩的T_max难以指示演化阶段,其干酪根碳同位素值明显轻于煤系泥岩,它们的值均随温度的升高而变重。     

羌塘盆地中部上三叠统“甲丕拉组”沉积演化及研究意义

通过区域对比,根据岩石类型及其组合(岩性、颜色、层型、颗粒类型)、沉积旋同垂向序列、地质体几何形态、层内和层面的结构构造特征及其变化、生物类型及其组合、自生矿物和地球化学等相标志,将羌塘盆地中部甲丕拉组沉积相划分为大陆相区的洪积相、河流相,过渡相区的三角洲相和海洋相区的潮坪相、局限海台地相、沿岸沙坝相、火山喷发相和台地...     

Between beds and sequences: stratigraphic organization at intermediate scales in the Quaternary of the Virginia coast, USA

ABSTRACT Stratigraphy presupposes a hierarchy of scales of spatial organization supplemented at the small‐scale end by sedimentological concepts (beds, bed sets and bed cosets) and, at larger spatial scales, by sequence‐stratigraphic concepts (systems tracts, parasequences, sequences). Between these two end‐members are intermediate‐scale bodies described as ‘lithofacies’, or simply ‘facies’. A more restricted concept, granulometric facies, can be described in terms of horizontal grain‐size gradients (‘facies change’) and cyclic vertical grain‐size gradients (‘stratification’). Assemblages of facies so defined (also called depositional systems) are not random, but occur in a limited suite of patterns. Such assemblages may be linked to two classes of bounding surfaces, a source diastem (the immediate source of the sediment) and a surface of closure (if preserved), between which is sandwiched a transgressive or regressive, basinward‐fining facies succession. Systems‐bounding surfaces are notably more continuous than internal (gradational) facies boundaries. By thus restricting the definition of a facies assemblage (depositional system), it is possible to describe the Quaternary of the Virginia coast with as few as 12 systems. Depositional systems in the Quaternary of the Virginia coast are allometric, in that any system can be derived from any other by plastic expansion of one or more facies relative to another, or by simple symmetry operations. Self‐similarity prevails across this intermediate scale of stratigraphic organization. Facies assemblages (depositional systems) consist of event beds, which themselves have erosional basal boundaries and internal successions of microfacies. At larger spatial scales, depositional systems are repeated, either autocyclic repetitions forced by processes within the basin of deposition or allocyclic repetitions, as ‘parasequences’ and high‐frequency sequences. In the Virginia Quaternary, systems architecture is compatible with sequence architecture and nests conformably within its framework, but analysis of systems architecture reveals rules beyond those governing sequence architecture.     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Sandstone Reservoirs with Low Porosity and Low Permeability in the Eastern Sulige Gas Field,China

In order to determine the genesis and the factors that control the low-porosity and low- permeability sandstone reservoirs in the eastern Sulige Gas Field in the Ordos Basin, systematic studies on the sedimentary facies and diagenesis were conducted by means of analysis of cores, thin sections, fluid inclusions, X-ray diffraction, cathode luminescence and scanning electron microscope. It was found that the sand bodies of the major gas reservoirs in the Shan1 section （P1S1） and the He8 section （P2H8） were formed during the Permian as sedimentary facies such as braided-channel bars, braided-river channels and point bars of a meandering river. Four types of diagenetic facies developed subsequently： in order from the best to the poorest properties these are type A （weak compaction, early calcite cement-chlorite film facies）, type B （moderate compaction, quartz overgrowth-feldspar corrosion-kaolinite filling facies）, type C （strong compaction, late calcite cement-quartz corrosion facies） and type D （matrix filling and strong compaction facies）. This diagenesis is undoubtedly the main reason for the poor reservoir properties of sandstone reservoirs, but the sedimentary facies are the underlying factors that greatly affect the diagenesis and thus the reservoir performance. Favorable diagenetic facies developed mainly in relatively small lithofacies such as braided-river channels, channel bars and point bars. The vertical distribution of the physical properties and the diagenetic facies of the reservoirs are related to the stratigraphic succession. Most of the sandstones between mudstones and thin beds of sandstone are unfavorable diagenetic facies. Analyses indicate that siliceous cementation can hardly be stopped by hydrocarbon filling. Authigenic chlorite could hardly protect the primary porosity. It not only occupies pore space, but also blocks pathways through sandstone reservoirs, so that it has significant influence on the permeability. Authigenic chlorite cannot be used as a marker for a     

川北秦岭地区震旦-寒武纪岩相古地理研究新认识

前人研究多认为四川盆地北缘及秦岭地区震旦纪-寒武纪为深海斜坡或台地边缘斜坡,而在该区古地理编图过程中发现,本区碳质泥岩、石煤为地表或近岸浅水滞留环境如沼泽、澙湖的沉积产物,非深水或深海环境的沉积产物。为此,通过对川北野外剖面精细观察和实测、钻井资料深刻分析和对比,并结合地震剖面的解释和控制,对研究区进行了综合剖面相分析、剖面对比相分析及平面剖面相分析;同时参考前人有关该区的构造层序古地理、定量古地理和生产古地理编图资料,通过优化编制震旦纪-寒武纪以世或段（期）为单元的古地理图,认为四川盆地北缘秦岭地区震旦纪-寒武纪的古地理格局主要由潮坪、澙湖、泥碳沼泽、滨岸、局限台地等相带或古地理单元所构成,而非深海盆地、斜坡或台地边缘斜坡。     

Data Assimilation in Truncated Plurigaussian Models: Impact of the Truncation Map

Assimilation of production data into reservoir models for which the distribution of porosity and permeability is largely controlled by facies has become increasingly common. When the locations of the facies bodies must be conditioned to observations, the truncated plurigaussian model has been often shown to be a useful method for modeling as it allows gaussian variables to be updated instead of facies types. Previous experience has also shown that ensemble Kalman filter-like methods are particularly effective for assimilation of data into truncated plurigaussian models. In this paper, some limitations are shown of the ensemble-based or gradient-based methods when applied to truncated plurigaussian models of a certain type that is likely to occur for modeling channel facies. It is also shown that it is possible to improve the data match and increase the ensemble spread by modifying the updating step using an approximate derivative of the truncation map.     

江苏盐阜拗陷晚白垩世浦口组沉积相与沉积演化

为系统探讨区内晚白垩世浦口组沉积相类型、沉积特征,深入研究了浦口组各亚段沉积相平面分布及盆地沉积演化规律。研究表明,浦口组主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲和湖泊三种主要沉积相类型。从盆地边缘到盆地中心,沉积相由冲积扇沉积逐渐变为扇三角洲或滨湖、浅湖、半深湖或盐湖相沉积;自下而上由冲积扇沉积逐渐变为扇三角洲或滨湖,至浅湖、半深湖或盐湖相,再到浅湖相沉积。晚白垩世浦口组沉积时期,盆地演化过程可划分为初、早、中和晚四个时期。不同时期、不同地区的沉积特征表现各异,但总体表现出拗陷具有由小到大,再缩小的发育特点。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部塔巴庙地区山西组一段海相、过渡相沉积标志研究及环境演化分析

鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙地区在上石炭统太原组到下二叠统山西组沉积过程中经历了潮坪、泻湖—海陆过渡三角洲演化过程。在这一演化过程中山西组一段沉积环境前人研究后得出了不同的结论,有的认为属于陆相湖泊三角洲沉积,有的认为是海陆过渡三角洲沉积,还有的认为是湖泊三角洲,但受到间歇性海侵影响。在前人大量研究基础上,通过详细的岩心观察和岩石学特征的分析,在山西组一段发现了代表海相或海陆过渡环境沉积的典型特征,分别为①成分成熟度和结构成熟度均高的石英砂岩、②泥晶菱铁矿岩、③海百合、有孔虫骨屑泥岩、④铝土矿质泥岩和⑤粉晶白云岩。上述海相环境标志的存在,充分说明塔巴庙地区山西组一段沉积期为海相或海陆过渡沉积环境。在上述基础上讨论了山西组一段沉积环境的时空演化特点。     

鄂尔多斯盆地乌审旗气田中二叠统下石盒子组盒8段下亚段滩坝砂体沉积特征

鄂尔多斯盆地乌审旗气田中二叠统下石盒子组盒8段下亚段中下部岩石为石英砂岩类砂岩,即“骆驼脖砂岩”,上部岩石为暗色粉砂质泥岩或碳质泥岩。“骆驼脖砂岩”广布于华北地台,在鄂尔多斯盆地呈“满盆砂”现象,是盆地的主要储层之一。以往学者多认为盒8段下亚段是河流相或三角洲相沉积。通过对众多取心井盒8段下亚段岩心的观察,结合对砂岩岩性、剖面结构、沉积构造、测井曲线特征及砂体空间展布规律的综合研究,提出了盒8段下亚段中下部是滩坝相沉积,上部是沼泽相或沼泽相为主夹小河道沉积。盒8段下亚段可发育一段或两段滩坝相石英砂岩类砂岩,其成分和结构成熟度较高,两段砂岩间夹若干米半深湖相的暗色粉砂质泥岩或沼泽相的碳质泥岩。发育＜10°的冲洗交错层理、互成180°相交的板状和楔状层系组,具丘状和洼状交错层理的风暴岩。自然伽马曲线呈箱形或带齿的箱形。众多厚度较大的砂岩组成的若干列近东西向展布的长条透镜体状砂体,大致平行于古岸线。     

渤海湾盆地东营-惠民凹陷古近系孔店组孔二段地震相与沉积相

在胜利油田,深层油气勘探已经成为寻找后备储量的主要方向,但是因为研究程度低而未能取得重大突破。因此,有必要跳出既成思路,针对孔店组作扎实的基础研究。本文以地震地层学的观点和方法,把东营-惠民凹陷孔店组的地震反射看作一个地震层序,并将其划分为三个亚层序(相当于层序地层学中的体系域),分别对应于地层分层上的孔一段、孔二段和孔三段。利用地震反射波的振幅、连续性、内部结构和外部形态等地震反射特征,在具有油气勘探前景的孔二段的地震反射中识别出了中振幅中连续亚平行席状相、杂乱充填相、杂乱-斜交前积相、丘状相、弱振幅中连续楔状相、弱变振幅低连续楔状相及帚状前积相等七种地震相。将地震相转变为沉积相,划分出了湖泊沉积环境的深湖-半深湖、滨浅湖、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇等沉积相,进而预测了有利相带,优选了部分深湖-半深湖相沉积区作为下一步勘探工作的重点目标区域,为今后的勘探工作提出了有益的建议。     

Partial melting of metavolcanics in amphibolite facies regional metamorphism

Metavolcanic rocks containing low-Ca amphiboles (gedrite, cummingtonite) and biotite can undergo substantial dehydration-melting. This is likely to be most prominent in Barrovian Facies Series (kyanite-sillimanite) and occurs at the same time as widespread metapelite dehydrationmelting. In lower pressure facies series, metavolcanics will be represented by granulites rich in orthopyroxene when dehydration occurs at much lower temperatures than melting. In higher pressure facies series it is not well known whether metavolcanic rocks dehydrate or melt at temperatures lower or similar to that of metapelites.     

High resolution stratigraphy and facies differentiation of the shallow marine Annot Sandstones, south-east France

High resolution stratigraphical analysis divides a rock succession into the basic genetic units of stratigraphy which are here termed small scale stratigraphical cycles. Each cycle records the sedimentological response to an episode of shallowing and deepening. Assuming that these changes in water depth reflect changes in the shoreline position, they can be considered as regressive/transgressive episodes. Each cycle comprises a regressive and transgressive facies tract which will be variably proportioned; in some examples a facies tract may only be represented by a hiatal surface of no deposition, erosion and/or bypass. In the Annot Sandstones of south-east France, variations in facies types, proportions and associations can be demonstrated both laterally and vertically through the succession. First, it is demonstrated that facies variations occur within regressive or transgressive facies tracts as a function of the stratigraphical stacking pattern of the cycles (i.e. landward, vertical or seaward stacked); this is termed ‘vertical facies differentiation’. Second, the proportions of facies tracts and their constituent facies types within an individual cycle vary between more landward and more seaward palaeogeographical locations; this is termed ‘lateral facies differentiation'. The upper Eocene/lower Oligocene Annot sandstones outcrop in the Maritime Alps of south-east France, within the thin skinned outer fold and thrust belt of the Alpine arc. The sandstones are well exposed in the area of the Col de la Cayolle on the north-west margin of the Argentera Massif, where lithostratigraphical correlations are possible over 3·5 km in a NNW/SSE direction, perpendicular to the edge of the depositional basin. Traditionally, these outcrops have been interpreted as deep marine turbidite lobe sediments; this study reflects a significant reinterpretation of this succession as having been deposited in a shallow marine environment. Seven sedimentary sections were measured through the succession, which is divided into 10 small scale stratigraphical cycles. These cycles are described in terms of eight facies which are separated into their transgressive or regressive facies tracts. In eight of the 10 cycles, the regressive facies tracts reflect the progradation of storm influenced braid deltas over shelf muds and silts. In two of the 10 cycles, the regressive facies tracts reflect barrier inlet and wash-over sands interfingering with back barrier deposits. These latter two cycles are located within landward stepping cycle sets; this is an example of vertical facies differentiation. Transgressive facies tracts locally reworked the upper surface of the regressive facies tract and also comprise barrier and back barrier deposits. The facies succession within each cycle varies according to its position with respect to the palaeoshoreline. The more landward portion of an individual cycle comprises a deltaic shoaling upward succession, culminating in coarse distributary channel conglomerates, overlain by a transgressive barrier/inlet system with extensive back barrier deposits. Beyond the delta front, the more seaward equivalent of individual cycles comprises an erosive base, with aggradational massive pebbly sandstones sitting directly upon offshore heterolithics; these sandstones are interpreted as hyperconcentrated fluvial efflux into the nearshore environment. This grades upward into offshore heterolithics and graded storm deposits representing the products of ravinement, which are then overlain by shelf mudstones. In summary, the more landward portions of cycles preserve predominantly regressive facies tracts, whereas the more seaward portions preserve aggradational to retrogradational strata of the transgressive facies tract; this is an example of lateral facies differentiation.     

河流相油气储层的井震结合相控随机建模约束方法

河流相油气储层的研究传统上多是只依据井点资料,先在井上进行沉积相的划分,而后进行剖面相的分析,最后再结合平面沉积参数等值线图编制平面相图,这样往往会造成"见砂画河,吾跟勘探走"的局面,这种平面相图在井间可能存在着较大的误差。然而,平面相图的正确与否直接影响着储层建模中相控的结果。为此作者提出了一种井震结合进行沉积相图编制的新方法,即"以河找砂,指导勘探行"的思路,并在此基础上进行分层次地相控约束随机建模。同时提出相控建模的三个基本的约束条件,即首先要保证随机建模模型的"相序"符合地质规律;其次要保证建模实现的微相分布统计概率与单井沉积微相数据离散化至三维网格后的统计概率相一致;第三要确保三维数据中每种微相的变差函数特征与定量地质知识库一致。因而,从沉积形成与演化的成因角度来指导沉积储层随机建模过程,应用多参数协同、分层次约束的方法,以河道的平面展布和垂向演化来控制建模的结果,使其更逼近地下地质的真实。     

马尔科夫链法在西成矿田中泥盆统沉积相分析中的应用

根据西成矿田中泥盆统安家岔组和西汉水组具有多旋回性的特点，运用马尔科夫链分析法对其进行沉积相的划分，总结出中泥盆世处于海洋环境，并可划分为４个相带：陆缘碎屑岩相带、碳酸盐台地相带、台地边缘相带及浅海陆棚碎屑岩相带，进一步分为１１个相和２２个亚相。     

基于BP神经网络的测井相分析及沉积相识别

测井相分析是研究地层沉积相的一种手段。利用基于BP神经网络的测井相分析进行沉积相识别研究,首先将已知地区地层剖面划分为有限的测井相,通过对岩心及其对应的沉积相进行研究,用数学方法及知识推理确定各个测井相到沉积相的映射转换关系,并利用这种关系,建立沉积相库。在此基础上,运用MATLAB中的工具箱建立BP神经网络模型,把已知沉积相的测井曲线特征作为样本进行训练学习,并将提取的测井曲线特征进行分类识别,从而确定地层的沉积相。应用表明,BP神经网络能够快速完成沉积相识别,可靠性较高,可以用于测井相分析及沉积相研究。