利用树木年轮资料重建新疆东天山300多年来干旱日数的变化

采用东天山6个相邻地点的云杉年轮序列求得该区域平均树木年轮年表（1665～1988年）。通过响应面函数的计算，发现树木生长对温度和降水有明显的非线性响应，表明用该年表序列重建单个温度要素存在一定片面性，利用森林干旱模式计算的树木生长期干旱数，含有温度、降水、土壤性质等诸因子，且与年轮生长明显相关。进而利用树木年轮资料重建了该地区过去300年来干旱日数，与实际旱涝情况吻合较好。     

经验模态分解方法在树木年轮宽度序列标准化中的应用

高分辨率的树木年轮是记录历史时期气候变化的良好生物载体,在古气候研究中被广泛应用。但年轮宽度与气候因子之间有着复杂的联系,这种关系受气候因子之间的相互制衡和因物种而异的树木生长节律的共同影响。在利用树木年轮开展历史时期气候变化的研究中,剔除树木年轮与年龄相关的生长趋势是准确获取气候信号的先决条件。然而,传统的和相对改进的一些树轮标准化方法在拟合并剔除树龄相关的趋势及非气候干扰信息方面仍存在一些问题。本文利用经验模态分解(EMD)方法进行树轮资料的标准化方法研究, 对已获得的树轮生长序列所记录的信息进行分解,得到一系列不同物理意义的本征模态分量,结合多样本信息的对比及生物学特性,深入解读各分量表征的气候变化、环境干扰及缓慢生长趋势项等不同物理意义,进而剔除非气候信息,得到可以准确反映气候变化的代用序列,并将该方法与目前广泛采用的标准化方法进行对比,分析不同方法的利弊所在,为进一步改进树轮标准化方法提供新思路。     

利用古松年轮资料重建榆林气候的尝试

为了较可靠的利用树木年轮气候学方法重建过去的气候,本文依据陕北长城沿线两棵稀有的古油松,经过合适取样和精确定年的树木年轮表,首先确立了它们各自生长状况对气候要素的响应函数,进一步明确年轮宽度与气候的关系。接着,选择可被重建的气候因子,并建立包括前期生长状况在内的、经过正交变换的转换函数,达到重建过去降水的目的。     

利用古松年轮资料重建陕西榆林气候

为了较可靠的利用树木年轮气候学方法重建过去的气候,本文依据陕北长城沿线两棵稀有的古油松,经过合适取样和精确定年的树木年轮表,首先确立了它们各自生长状况对气候要素的响应函数,进一步明确年轮宽度与气候的关系.接着,选择可被重建的气候因子,并建立包括前期生长状况在内的、经过正交变换的转换函数,达到重建过去降水的目的.     

树木年轮的类型特征及其气候反应规律的研究

利用年轮与气候资料,依据树木气候学、树木生理生态学、森林气象学等原理,通过解析木及干基年轮与各种气候要素的相关统计和模拟分析等方法,揭示了树木年轮类型特征及其气候反应和形成规律;研究了年轮序列以及树木的高、径、材积等生长量序列的年际差异和主要的气候影响因素,给出两个生长阶段。     

秦岭太白山树木年轮对气候变化的响应分析

为了较可靠地利用树木年轮气候学方法重建陕西关中过去的气候,本文依据陕西秦岭南太白山兴隆岭、大南沟两组经过合适取样和精确定年的树木年轮年表,首先确定了它们各自生长状况和气候要素的响应函数,进一步明确年轮宽度与气候变化的关系。 1993年7月1日     

用年轮资料的EOF迭代方案重建中国西部近600年的气温序列

根据我国西部祁连山区一个三棵园柏平均年轮资料表、陕西一个太白落叶松(A)年轮宽度表和新疆哈密地区五个年轮年表,经过合适取样和精确定年的树木年轮序列和我国西部28个站点1951—1975年的年平均气温资料,采用一种恢复气象要素场的EOF迭代方案重建我国西部近600年的地面气温序列。初步计算结果表明:重建的气温序列反映出1432-1526年、1622-1680年、1834-1865年三个冷期以及1541-1567年、1897-1923年两个暖期。与近600年气候变迁的演变趋势基本吻合。     

树木年轮化学研究概况与进展

树木年轮的生长除受到气温、降水等自然因素限制外,人为因素造成环境污染的影响也不可忽视。通过对树木年轮中化学元素含量的分析来重建过去的环境自然变化和人为环境污染历史是树轮化学研究的重要内容。本文针对目前国内外树木年轮化学研究现状,分别介绍了树轮化学的研究资料、研究步骤、研究内容、研究进展和存在不足,并在具体内容上对树轮化学在环境污染方面的应用有所侧重。     

天山北坡东部树轮宽度和稳定碳同位素的环境响应分析

在天山北坡东部森林上限采集雪岭云杉样本,建立了树轮宽度年表和稳定碳同位素序列,采用相关函数分析了树轮宽度与木垒气象站温度和降水的关系,发现这一区域的树轮宽度主要受到水分条件的限制,但由于采样点位于森林上限,温度也限制了树木的生长,导致了树轮宽度记录降水信息能力减弱。树木年轮稳定碳同位素序列反映了工业革命以来,由于化石燃料燃烧,大气CO2浓度增加,大气δ13C降低的事实。将树轮δ13C序列进行校正后与木垒月气象资料的相关分析表明,树轮碳同位素序列与温度和降水的关系较为复杂,可能受到多种因素的共同影响。这一区域森林上限的树轮碳同位素并不是反映气候变化的最好指标。     

采用秦岭冷杉年轮宽度重建陕西镇安1755年以来的初春温度

文中采用秦岭南坡陕西镇安鹰嘴崖建立的秦岭冷杉树木年轮年表 ,分析树木的径向生长对镇安地区气候要素变化的响应关系 ,重建镇安地区 1 755年以来的初春温度变化 ,并对重建序列进行了周期分析和突变分析。采用功率谱分析方法 ,得出镇安地区初春温度重建序列具有显著的准 50 a和准 2～ 3a周期 ,而准 40 a、准 9a和 3.8a左右等周期也较为明显。而步长为 30 a的滑动 t检验、滑动 F检验和 Lepage检验等突变检验结果表明 ,1 798,1 853,1 884年等年前后 ,镇安地区初春温度序列出现了显著的均值突变 ,而在 1 944年前后镇安地区初春温度序列出现明显的方差突变。     

Detection of climate signal in dendrochronological data analysis: a comparison of tree-ring standardization methods

Summary Tree-ring standardization methods were compared. Traditional methods along with the recently introduced approaches of regional curve standardization (RCS) and power-transformation (PT) were included. The difficulty in removing non-climatic variation (noise) while simultaneously preserving the low-frequency variability in the tree-ring series was emphasized. The potential risk of obtaining inflated index values was analysed by comparing methods to extract tree-ring indices from the standardization curve. The material for the tree-ring series, previously used in several palaeoclimate predictions, came from living and dead wood of high-latitude Scots pine in northernmost Europe. This material provided a useful example of a long composite tree-ring chronology with the typical strengths and weaknesses of such data, particularly in the context of standardization. PT stabilized the heteroscedastic variation in the original tree-ring series more efficiently than any other standardization practice expected to preserve the low-frequency variability. RCS showed great potential in preserving variability in tree-ring series at centennial time scales; however, this method requires a homogeneous sample for reliable signal estimation. It is not recommended to derive indices by subtraction without first stabilizing the variance in the case of series of forest-limit tree-ring data. Index calculation by division did not seem to produce inflated chronology values for the past one and a half centuries of the chronology (where mean sample cambial age is high). On the other hand, potential bias of high RCS chronology values was observed during the period of anomalously low mean sample cambial age. An alternative technique for chronology construction was proposed based on series age decomposition, where indices in the young vigorously behaving part of each series are extracted from the curve by division and in the mature part by subtraction. Because of their specific nature, the dendrochronological data here should not be generalized to all tree-ring records. The examples presented should be used as guidelines for detecting potential sources of bias and as illustrations of the usefulness of tree-ring records as palaeoclimate indicators.     

用于气候分析的树木年轮灰度资料获取方法与质量控制

结合野外采样和使用WinDENDROTM树轮图像分析系统的经验,将树木年轮灰度资料的获取分为野外采样、样本预处理、获取树轮灰度资料、数据格式转换、存储树轮灰度资料、交叉定年、建立树轮灰度年表、气候分析等8个步骤,并对其中的各个环节及质量控制进行了阐述。为日后开展的树轮灰度资料获取工作提供参考。     

树轮记录的贺兰山北部近208年5—7月温度变化

利用2008年10月采自贺兰山北部的油松树轮样本建立了贺兰山北部区域树轮密度年表。相关分析表明:贺兰山北部的树轮早材平均密度与银川气象站5—7月平均最高温度具有较好的正相关关系,相关系数为0.67。用贺兰山北部的区域早材平均密度差值年表重建贺兰山北部1801—2008年的5—7月平均最高温度,58年 (1951—2008年) 重建值对实测值的解释方差为44.9%;2008年的贺兰山北部温度重建序列平均值为27.40℃。在最近20年,贺兰山树轮早材平均密度出现了明显的上升趋势,通过比对贺兰山北部重建序列的低温年份和全球火山爆发数据,发现在大规模火山爆发后的28个偏冷年温度平均值为26.90℃,较重建序列平均值下降0.50℃。多窗谱分析表明:贺兰山北部温度重建序列具有120年、8.1年、6.5年、3.2年、2.9年、2.1年的准周期变化。贺兰山北部早材平均密度与甘肃石门山、昌灵山油松的早材平均密度有良好的相关性。     

RECONSTRUCTING MIDDLE-TIBET CLIMATE DURING THE LAST 600 YEARS BY DENDROCLIMATOLOGICAL METHOD*

Based on four tree-ring chronologies which was analyscd with appropriate collection and accurate dating in the middle Tibetan Plateau,an essential procedure on reconstruction of past climate has been pointed out in this paper.First,the response function of each dendrochronology has been built and used to estimate how ring-width growth responds to variations in monthly climatic change.Second,the climate factors which could be produced with different tree-ring series have been selected.Then,the transfer function equation,including a new set of orthogonal variables,can be used to reconstruct local past temperature or precipitation.It should be emphasized that prior growth has been considered in the relationship between climate factor and tree-ring chronology,Besides,some different periods for calibration and verification have been divided.And some statistics and other kinds of proxy data have been adopted as test approaches.As a result,the variations of air temperature during the last 600 years and precipitation during the last 340 years were reconstructed by combining the same types of tree-ring series in the middle Tibet.     

新疆伊犁尼勒克地区树轮宽度年表特征分析

通过对尼勒克地区3个树轮宽度标准化年表有关参数的对比分析,证明萨克巴依顿年表和唐布拉年表比霍仕布拉克年表包含更多的气候信息。将这3个树轮宽度标准化年表与附近的尼勒克气象站1960--2008年月平均降水组合资料进行相关分析,结果表明：尼勒克3个树轮宽度标准化年表的年轮指数与尼勒克地区上年7—8月的降水呈显著正相关,其中唐布拉年表（TBL）的年轮指数与上年7—8月降水相关最佳,相关系数为0．575,达0．00002的极显著性水平,且二者的正相关具有明确的树木生理学意义。研究还发现,尼勒克3个树轮宽度标准化年表的低频信息含量均多于高频信息的含量,在0．05显著性水平上,普遍存在2～3a的变化准周期,且平均年表存在7个高指数阶段和7个低指数阶段。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦西天山上下林线树轮对气候的响应差异

利用2012年10月采自吉尔吉斯斯坦西天山chon-kyzyl-suu附近的森林上线和下线两个采样点的雪岭云杉树轮样本,建立了上下线树轮宽度年表,结合近百年CRU（0.5?.5）气温和降水资料,分析该地区森林上下线树轮对气候响应的异同。研究表明,森林上下线树轮年表一致性较好,尤其是窄轮出现年份基本相同;对气温响应方面,森林上线树轮年表与春季尤其是4-5月份平均温度显著负相关;而森林下线树轮年表与夏季尤其是6-7月平均气温显著相关。降水方面,树轮年表与上年7月到当年6月降水相关最好,森林下线年表与上年7月到当年6月的降水量相关系数超过0.61;上线也达到了0.49。与中国境内雪岭云杉对气候响应基本相同,位于吉尔吉斯斯坦的西天山北坡树轮宽度同样对降水的响应更为敏感,尤其在森林下线;降水可能是该地区树木生长的主要限制性因子,降水对森林下线树轮径向生长起决定性作用。空间相关分析表明,树轮年表能较好的代表西天山大部分区域上年7月到当年6月的降水量,尤其是西天山北坡吉尔吉斯斯坦境内。     

巴丹吉林沙漠西南缘胡杨(Populus euphratica)径向生长对气候的响应

利用2014年采自巴丹吉林沙漠西南缘的胡杨样本,建立了该地区胡杨树轮年表,选用相关函数法结合高台气象站历年逐月降水和温度(月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温、平均地温)等主要气候因子,分析巴丹吉林沙漠西南缘胡杨树轮对气候的响应;研究表明,黑泉乡胡杨树轮宽度标准化年表与生长季平均气温相关较好,具有明显的正相关关系。而生长季3-9月的平均气温与胡杨树轮宽度年表的相关高达0.629(P<0.0001),3-9月的平均气温可能是该地区胡杨树木径向生长的主要限制性因子且具有明确的树木生理学意义。     

Eigen analysis of tree-ring records: Part 1, a limited representativeness of regional curve

Based on a set of very long-living (2,000?years) Qilian junipers (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) from the north-eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau (the region of Dulan), we carefully consider the regional curve standardization (RCS) technique. For this goal, we correlate deviations of individual tree-ring width records from their regional mean age-dependent curve (RC). It turns out that these correlations keep their positivity for almost all shifts between ages compared (up to 500?years and even more) evidencing each Dulan juniper to be a unique ??thermometer??. Just the unification of these ??thermometers?? in the form RC creates a spurious positive trend in the Dulan chronology. We modify the RCS technique to closer attach RC to these ??thermometers?? in order to construct a new chronology in which the trend is absent.     

Temperature histories from tree rings and corals

Recent temperature trends in long tree-ring and coral proxy temperature histories are evaluated and compared in an effort to objectively determine how anomalous twentieth century temperature changes have been. These histories mostly reflect regional variations in summer warmth from the tree rings and annual warmth from the corals. In the Northern Hemisphere, the North American tree-ring temperature histories and those from the north Polar Urals, covering the past 1000 or more years, indicate that the twentieth century has been anomalously warm relative to the past. In contrast, the tree-ring history from northern Fennoscandia indicates that summer temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were probably warmer on average than those than during this century. In the Southern Hemisphere, the tree-ring temperature histories from South America show no indication of recent warming, which is in accordance with local instrumental records. In contrast, the tree-ring records from Tasmania and New Zealand indicate that the twentieth century has been unusually warm particularly since 1960. The coral temperature histories from the Galapagos Islands and the Great Barrier Reef are in broad agreement with the tree-ring temperature histories in those sectors, with the former showing recent cooling and the latter showing recent warming that may be unprecedented. Overall, the regional temperature histories evaluated here broadly support the larger-scale evidence for anomalous twentieth century warming based on instrumental records. However, this warming cannot be confirmed as an unprecedented event in all regions.     

Eigen analysis of tree-ring records: part 3, taking heteroscedasticity and sampling effects into consideration

This paper reports on the further development of a new technique for standardization of tree-ring records called the eigen analysis of tree-ring records. The data are from the same sample set of 56 long-lived Qilian junipers (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) from the Dulan region in western China as was used in our previous paper (Yang et al. 2011b). To assess the heteroscedasticity of individual record deviations from the sample set regional curve (RC), we tested five different definitions of those deviations. Direct computations of eigenvectors of all relevant intrarecord covariation matrices turned out to be greatly affected by observational and computational noise; an analytic approximation of these vectors was therefore desirable. The Bessel function of the first kind and the zero order proved suitable for such an approximation, especially because the deviations were defined via subtraction of the RC from raw ring width records. Exclusion of the contributions of the first segment of the Bessel approximation, corresponding to the extremely large first eigenvalue, rendered individual record deviations from RC homoscedastic. Therefore, the routine Fourier basis became applicable to extract climate-dependent components of the residual deviations. A Fourier expansion of the Dulan chronology revealed the quasi-200-year-long solar activity cycle to be the main factor affecting Dulan tree growth.