气候变暖背景下黄河流域干旱灾害风险空间特征

黄河流域是中国重要的经济带和经济增长极,也是人口密集暴露、特色农业种植和重点生态承载区。在全球变暖和极端降水事件频发的气候背景下,近年来黄河流域干旱灾害变化特征异常突出,新形势下该流域的干旱灾害风险及其对气候变化的响应机制需进一步深入认识。本文利用1960年以来黄河流域122个国家气象站逐日气象数据,结合遥感、社会统计和地理信息数据与技术,基于灾害风险理论,建立致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力可靠性4个因子的干旱灾害风险指标体系和模型,详细分析了黄河流域干旱灾害风险变化特征和区域差异性及其气候变化的影响机制。结果表明：黄河流域干旱灾害风险分布格局具有明显的地带性和复杂性,流域区域差异显著,总体是中下游风险高于上游,高风险区主要位于黄河流域中下游,致灾因子危险性是黄河流域干旱灾害风险的主导因子,其次是孕灾环境脆弱性和防灾减灾能力可靠性,而承灾体易损性贡献量相对最小。干旱灾害风险影响机制的区域差异也很显著,上游是孕灾环境脆弱性和防灾减灾能力可靠性的影响大于致灾因子和易损性,中游则是致灾因子、易损性和防灾减灾能力对干旱灾害风险的贡献度大,下游是干旱致灾因子起主导作用,致灾因子危险性和承灾体易损性控制了风险总体格局。黄河流域干旱灾害风险变化规律以及对气候变化的响应异常复杂,流域干旱灾害风险主要受季风气候和复杂地形的影响,还受社会经济发展水平、人口暴露度和水资源供需矛盾等多种要素的影响。该研究对黄河流域生态文明建设,粮食安全保障和国家发展战略具有重要意义。     

黄河中游流域地貌形态对流域产沙量的影响

在黄河中游地区 ,选择了 5 0多个面积约 5 0 0～ 2 5 0 0平方公里的水文测站流域 ,分别代表 6种不同自然地理类型 ,在流域沟壑密度、沟间地坡度小于 15°面积百分比等地貌形态指标量计的基础上 ,进行了流域产沙量与地貌形态指标相关分析。结果表明 ,对于不同类型流域 ,流域产沙量随流域地貌的变化遵循不同的响应规律 ,而且视流域其它下垫面环境条件的均一程度 ,其相关程度和响应速率各不相同。受地面物质、植被、地貌发育阶段等流域其它下垫面环境条件的制约 ,除沟壑密度外 ,流域产沙量与流域地貌形态的关系都没有人们以前所预期的好。     

黄河流域人地耦合与可持续人居环境

黄河流域是中国人地矛盾最为紧张的区域之一,承担着生态安全建设和经济社会发展的重任。自古以来人类和黄河始终处于共同进化的过程中,近年来伴随经济发展而来的生态保护压力也日益增加,流域水资源脆弱性和风险更甚,为化解人地矛盾,需探究城镇聚落和河流的动态耦合机制。在“黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展”上升为重大国家战略之际,从城乡规划、自然地理、环境考古、生态学、水文水资源、土地资源管理等多领域视角,聚焦黄河流域人地关系的空间分异和演化规律,以及资源和生态保护的困境与机遇。建成环境与自然环境的平衡是可持续发展的基础,应将黄河流域视为自然及人文环境相互影响与依存的“生命共同体”,并从系统性和交叉性、地方性和适应性等方面探讨可持续发展策略。     

Sediment-related impacts due to upstream reservoir trapping, the Lower Mekong River

A sharp decrease in total suspended solids (TSS) concentration has occurred in the Mekong River after the closure of the Manwan Dam in China in 1993, the first of a planned cascade of eight dams. This paper describes the upstream developments on the Mekong River, concentrating on the effects of hydropower dams and reservoirs. The reservoir-related changes in total suspended solids, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), and hydrology have been analyzed, and the impacts of such possible changes on the Lower Mekong Basin discussed. The theoretical trapping efficiency of the proposed dams has been computed and the amount of sediment to be trapped in the reservoirs estimated. The reservoir trapping of sediments and the changing of natural flow patterns will impact the countries downstream in this international river basin. Both positive and negative possible effects of such impacts have been reviewed, based on the available data from the Mekong and studies on other basins.     

黄河流域水蚀区土壤侵蚀空间尺度效应分析

以黄河、延河、杏子河、纸坊沟四级流域尺度为例,应用信息熵原理分析了各级流域尺度上土壤水力侵蚀与 其影响因子之间的空间相关性,通过比较各因子在不同空间尺度上与土壤侵蚀的相关性,定量分析了土壤侵蚀过 程的空间尺度效应。分析结果给出了降雨、地形、土质、植被等因子在不同流域尺度上对土壤侵蚀的影响大小,以及 每个尺度上各影响因子重要性的主次顺序。总体而言,随着流域空间尺度的增大,各因子对土壤侵蚀的影响具有放 大或缩小效应,影响因素的主次顺序随之易位,其中微观因子的控制作用有所减小,而宏观因子的控制作用则逐渐 突显。本文建立的流域土壤侵蚀空间尺度效应的定量分析方法和分析结果有助于解决当前土壤侵蚀评估模型普遍 存在的尺度转化和区域通用性问题。     

数字流域及其在流域综合管理中的应用

流域的治理需要从系统的角度出发 ,综合考虑流域的自然、经济和社会子系统 ,实行综合管理。本文从新近发展起来的数字地球的概念出发 ,建立了数字流域的基本模式 ,初步探讨了数字流域的数据采集、处理、集成、显示及其在流域综合管理中的应用。     

基于VSD模型的区域生态系统脆弱性评价——以广西西江经济带为例(英文)

生态系统脆弱性受到自然与人文因素双重影响。以广西西江经济带为例,采用VSD模型,通过暴露度、敏感性和适应能力分解脆弱性,构建包含自然和人为因素的25指标的评价体系,开展脆弱性评价与分区。结果表明,不脆弱区、一般区、脆弱区、很脆弱区和极脆弱区分别占11.31%、22.63%、27.60%、24.39%和14.07%,东西部地区脆弱性较高,中部地区脆弱性较低;自然因素导致的脆弱区主要分布于东西部山区,人为因素主导的脆弱区分布于中部盆地的城镇及其周边;经济带约53%的建设用地分布于很脆弱区和脆弱区,未来新增建设用地需要重点向不脆弱区和一般区转移。根据分区结果和诱因差异,提出了不同类型区开发与保护的相关建议。     

300 BC-1900 AD无定河流域城镇时空格局演变

通过分析和整理从战国中晚期（约300 BC）至清末（约1900 AD）无定河流域历代县级及以上城址的位置、兴废年代数据,结合行政区划沿革、经济社会发展、政权更迭等资料,分析流域城镇格局的时空演变过程。研究表明：① 受气候周期性波动影响,无定河流域城镇的兴起与衰废具有明显的周期性特征,城镇几何中心的移动轨迹具有明显的“西北—东南”向潮汐性运动特征;② 城址存续年限普遍较短,具有明显的阶段性特征,流域内曾存在过4个阶段性中心城镇,中心城镇移动的方向和过程与城镇几何中心的潮汐性移动过程趋势一致;③ 流域城镇空间格局可分为3种类型,即秦汉与隋唐时期的沿河流谷地分布,宋、明两代的沿边境线与长城分布,以及元、清两代集中于流域下游分布。流域城镇未来的发展布局应重视气候变化对城镇分布的长期影响,关注区域环境的脆弱性,合理安排城镇体系发展规模与布局。     

通过水资源整体多目标利用和管理推进澜沧江—湄公河流域的持续发展

澜沧江──湄公河是中国和东南亚地区最为重要的国际河流，目前成为国际上众多国家、国际组织关注和投资的热点地区［１，３］。按亚洲开发银行（ＡＤＢ）组织的“大湄公河次区域合作计划”［４］直接影响地域２３２×１０４ｋｍ２，人口超过２．２亿，大范围内的自然环境、社会和经济状况都将发生巨大变化。１９９５年４月５日下湄公河四国签署的《湄公河流域持续发展合作协定》［５］，为该流域区的持续发展注入了新机。据初步分析，如果以水资源多目标综合利用为目的进行整体规划和管理，将能源开发集中在澜沧江干流和下湄公河支流，在洞里萨湖修建拦河闸堰，在湄公河三角洲修建泄洪道，在大城市与人口和耕地集中而易遭受洪水危害的干流两侧兴建防洪堤，并加强水文、气象预测和预报，则下湄公河流域的电力需求及灌溉、洪水、咸水入侵以及土壤酸性水危害等问题，在很大程度上均可得到解决，无需兴建庞大的下湄公河干流梯级电站（水库），这不仅可以避免大量的资金投入、大规模的移民和土地淹没，而且可以阻止大坝对湄公河水生生物的危害，促进流域持续发展。     

淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质标识指数评价

2010年夏季,对淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质进行调查,共设置采样点160个,选取总氮、总磷、氨氮和化学需氧量4项水质指标,利用综合水质标识指数评价法(WQI)对淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质进行评价。结果表明,淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质达标率77%,超标的评价因子为氮营养盐和化学需氧量。污染物主要来自农业面源和生产、生活废水;水流流速、沉积物性质和周围环境对水质产生一定影响。     

Quantitative characterization and comprehensive evaluation of regional water resources using the Three Red Lines method

Based on the synergetic development of new industrialization, rapid urbanization and agricultural modernization (IUAM), and from the viewpoint of interactive relationships between water resources and regional population, eco-environment, economy and society, the concepts of water resources intensity (WRI), water environment intensity (WEI), water resources relative efficiency (WRRE) and water environment relative efficiency (WERE) are defined with reference to energy intensity, resources efficiency and environment efficiency theory. On the basis of benchmarking theory, the quantitative characterization and evaluation method of “Three Red Lines” (the upper limit of water resources allocation, the baseline of utilization efficiency of water resources and the upper limit of sewage discharge) is proposed. According to these concepts and models, an empirical analysis of the Three Red Lines of water resources on the Chinese mainland between 2003 and 2012 was carried out. The results showed that total water consumption in eastern, central and western parts of China possesses “club convergence” characteristics, which means these areas have similar internal conditions appeared convergence in the development. Inter-provincial differences in water consumption continue to decrease, but the north–south differentiation characteristics in the eastern and central regions were still relatively obvious, while provincial differences in the eastern part were at a minimum and the central region had the largest. Water Resources Efficiency (WRE) of all four sectors in the Southwest rivers and Huaihe River basins were generally high. Industrial WRRE in the Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, agricultural WRRE in the Songhua River, Yellow River and northwestern river basins and domestic WRRE in the Liaohe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins were all low. Eco-environmental WRRE in the southeastern rivers and Yangtze River basins were low but showed an upward trend. Other river basins, except for the Northwestern rivers basin, had high eco-environmental WRRE with a downward trend. Western China, especially the northwestern part, had a low relative intensity of the water environment (WERI) and high integrated water environment management (IWEM) performance, but the relative intensities of the water resources (WRRI) were fairly high, and the comprehensive performance of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in these regions was low. In southern China, especially the southeastern part, the IWEM was fairly high, but the overall IWRM was lower.     

气候变化和人类活动对中国地表水文过程影响定量研究

利用中国372个水文站月径流数据（1960-2000年）及41个水文站年径流数据（2001-2014年）,采用基于Budyko假设的水热耦合平衡方程,构建气候变化和人类活动对径流变化影响定量评估模型,在Penman-Monteith潜在蒸发分析基础上,进一步分析气象因子对径流变化的弹性系数,量化气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明：① 中国北方地区流域径流变化对各气象因子弹性系数明显大于中国南方地区。就全国而言,径流变化对各因子的弹性系数为：降水>土地利用/土地覆盖变化（LUCC）>相对湿度>太阳辐射>最高气温>风速>最低气温;② 1980-2000年,气候变化总体上有利于增加中国年径流量,而降水对年径流量增加的贡献最为显著;③ 1980-2000年,中国南方流域中,气候变化对年径流变化的影响以增加作用为主,而北方流域,以减少年径流作用为主。对中国大多数流域径流变化而言,人类活动的影响主要以减少年径流量为主。2001-2014年,气候变化以减少径流量为主,人类活动对径流变化的影响程度明显增强,气候变化与人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为53.5%、46.5%。该研究对气候变化与人类活动影响下,中国水资源规划管理、防灾减灾及保障水资源安全具有重要理论与现实意义。     

黄河中游悬移质泥沙粒径与流域环境的关系

以黄河中游多沙粗沙区为研究区，在流域泥沙粒径、降雨、地面物质组成、地面形态、植被和高含沙水流等资料采集的基础上，采用“环境要素法”和多元回归分析来阐明泥沙粒径空间分异的机理。研究表明，随降雨不均匀系数的减小，断面最大含沙量的减小，流域内黄土覆盖面积的增大，以及植被盖度的增大和沟谷密度的减小，悬移质泥沙粒径趋于变细，反之，趋于变粗。其中，流域地面物质对泥沙粒径组成起最重要的控制作用，其次是植被，高含沙水流、沟谷密度和降雨影响作用相对较小。     

漓江流域干旱与洪涝灾害生态风险评价与管理

区域生态风险评价是进行生态风险管理的重要依据。流域生态风险评价应考虑地理单元的整体性和相对独立性。文章基于历史文献资料、自然地理数据和社会经济数据,选择漓江流域主要的自然灾害--干旱和洪涝为风险源,以161个子流域作为评价单元,基于相对风险评价模型,从风险源、脆弱度和抗风险能力3方面来评价流域综合生态风险。结果表明：漓江流域生态风险存在明显的空间差异性。高风险区占流域总面积的2.3%,主要分布于临桂县、灵川县北部和兴安县,表现为基础设施建设薄弱,景观稳定性差,生态脆弱度高;低风险区和较低风险区占流域总面积的59.0%,集中于猫儿山自然保护区、海洋山自然保护区和桂林市区,表现为保护区人为干扰较弱,植被保存完好,景观结构稳定,市区基础设施建设完善;下游阳朔县属中等风险区,存在一定风险隐患。最后基于风险评价结果提出了建立分级旱涝灾害预警机制和生态风险分级管理措施。     

Assessing regional virtual water flows and water footprints in the Yellow River Basin, China: A consumption based approach

The Yellow River, the second longest river in China, is facing increasing water scarcity due to rising water consumption of a fast growing economy and an increasingly urbanized population with water-intensive consumption patterns. The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is divided into three regions: the upper, middle and lower reaches; each with very different characteristics in terms of water resources, economic structure and household income and consumption patterns. Virtual water has been recognised as a potentially useful concept for redistributing water from water-rich to water-poor regions. In this study, we develop a Multi-Regional Input-Output model (MRIO) to assess the regional virtual water flows between the three reaches of the basin and the rest of China distinguishing green and blue water, as well as rural and urban household water footprints. Results show that all three reaches are net virtual water exporter, i.e. production and consumption activities outside the basin also put pressure on the water resources in the YRB. The results suggest a reduction of the export of virtual blue water that could instead be used for producing higher value added but lower water-intensive goods. In particular, the lower reach as the most water scarce region in the basin should increase the import of water intensive goods, such as irrigated crops and processed food products, from other more water abundant regions such as the South of China. Thus, trading virtual water can help sustain the economic growth of the regions within the basin thus easing the pressure from water shortage. In addition, there is a huge gap between urban and rural household water footprints in the basin. The average urban household’s water footprint is more than double the water footprint of a rural household in the basin. This is due to the higher urban household consumption of water-intensive goods and services, such as processed food products, wearing apparel and footwear, hotel and catering services and electricity.     

基于流域的陕西省水资源承载力研究

以陕西省9个流域为评价单元,基于宏观指标和综合指标构建水资源承载力综合评价模型。通过分析经济压力、人口压力、承载压力及协调指数,进而对研究区水资源承载力进行评价并探讨其时空分布特征。结果表明：（1） 陕西各流域水资源承载力差异较为明显,其中陕南最大,陕北次之,汉中最小。陕南地区的汉江和嘉陵江两个流域水资源丰富且降水充足, WI<0.6处于承载适宜阶段,但该流域水资源利用效率较低HI<0.6,流域人均用水量、万元GDP用水量以及农田灌溉亩均用水量均超过全省平均水平。陕北地区的河口—龙门、内流区以及北洛河三个流域水资源紧缺且存在水质性缺水问题,处于轻度超载阶段;而关中地区的渭河、泾河、龙门三门峡及伊洛河四个流域水资源供需矛盾随着人口与经济的增长进一步加剧,水资源承载力综合评价指标值WI >1.5,处于严重超载阶段。（2） 从承载压力指数分析可以看出,流域调水对缺水地区或经济中心城市的发展起到决定性作用。从丰水流域跨流域调水能解决地区性缺水问题,进而解决水资源危机所带来的社会经济可持续发展问题。(3) 基于水资源的自然资源属性,以流域为评价单元,其研究结果更符合自然规律,有利于实现流域间水资源的合理均衡和分配。     

黑河流域水问题与水管理的初步研究

水资源已从自然资源跃升为国家关键性、基础性战略资源,我国是联合国列为13个贫水国之一,占国土面积1/3的内陆河地区先天性的资源缺陷叠加不合理的利用使得水问题成为内陆河流域经济发展和环境保护的关键性问题。分析了中国典型内陆河——黑河的水、生态、环境问题;指出了传统生产条件下流域水资源利用已经走到尽头,缓解流域水资源矛盾必须提高单方水的效益;概要了“黑河流域水-生态-经济系统试验示范研究”在上游水源涵养区培育、中游节水型绿洲构建、下游生态水利用率提高以及生态经济学研究的部分成果,显示出提高流域水-生态-经济综合效益仍有较大潜力。在流域尺度上认识内陆河地表过程及其演变规律,集成生态技术体系和模式,重视流域尺度的水循环,实现流域尺度的生态水文学实验研究,建立内陆河流域科学基础应为长期努力的方向。     

River basin planning in Nigeria

This paper discusses the concept and practice of river basin planning in Nigeria. The first River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) were established in 1973 and the number was increased to nine in 1979. A number of major water resource projects were developed during the 1970s, particularly dam and irrigation schemes. In this paper the importance of political factors in river basin planning is discussed, and planning in two particular basins is described. In the Gongola River Basin the pattern of project development demonstrates the lack of integrated basin planning, and in the Sokoto River Basin adverse environmental impacts occurred when one project was developed without consideration of the resources of the rest of the basin. The disappointing economic performance and social impacts of RBDA schemes are described, and the future contribution of river basin planning to development in Nigeria is discussed.     

Vulnerability and adaptation of an oasis social–ecological system affected by glacier change in an arid region of northwestern China

The Hexi Inland River Basin in an arid region of northwestern China was chosen as the study area for this research. The authors define the vulnerability of an oasis social-ecological system to glacier change; select 16 indicators from natural and socioeconomic systems according to exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity; and construct a vulnerability-assessment indicator system aimed at an inland river basin in the arid region of Northwestern China. Vulnerability of the oasis socialecological system affected by glacier change in the study area is evaluated by Spatial Principal Component Analysis(SPCA) under the circumstance of glacier change. The key factors affecting the vulnerability are analyzed. The vulnerability of the oasis social-ecological system in the Hexi Inland River Basin affected by glacier change is of more than medium grade, accounting for about 48.0% of the total number of counties in the study area. In terms of the spatial pattern of the vulnerability, the oasis economic belt is the most vulnerable. With the rapid development of the area's society and economy, the exposure of the system to glacial changes is significantly increased; and an increase in glacial meltwater is not enough to overcome the impact of increased exposure, which is the main reason for the high vulnerability. Based on the result of the vulnerability analysis and combined with the present industrial structure in the Hexi Inland River Basin, near-,medium-, and long-term adaptation initiatives are put forward in the article.     

Spatial and temporal change in the potential evapotranspiration sensitivity to meteorological factors in China (1960?2007)

Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that “pan evaporation paradox” commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing