中国天山-北山地区晚古生代岩石地层系统厘定及沉积环境分析

通过编制天山一北山地区地质图对该区晚古生代岩石地层系统进行了重新厘定，并初步分析了这一地区晚古生代不同阶段的沉积环境，论述了晚古生代时天山与北山应属于同一沉积构造区的地层结构与沉积特征证据。     

塔里木板块南缘早古生代沉积特征及构造背景探讨

塔里木板块南缘早古生代时期继承了震旦纪的古地理格局，处于浅海陆棚—半深海环境，沉积了一套海相碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩地层。根据区域地层划分、古生物化石和最新的同位素测年数据，确定了塔里林板块南缘地层时代为早古生代。通过沉积学和地球化学方法初步分析，确定了该地区为早古生代的大地构造背景—具有被动大陆边缘性质。因此，系统研究塔里木板块南缘早古生代沉积地层，对于重塑早生代以来该区板块构造格局及演化历史有重要地质意义。     

祁连山东部早古生代地层和沉积—构造演化

笔者报道了在祁连山东部开展早古生代地层和沉积－构造演化研究所获得的最新成果。在生物地层学方面，对祁连山东部寒武纪地层和动物群特征进行了系统的论述，对北祁连山奥陶纪等时地层格架，有关岩石地层单位的含义，时限及分布特征作了补诶修订。在沉积学方面，着重分析了祁连山东早古生代各种沉积相及环境，特别是晚寒武世大陆裂谷发育中，晚期的火山－沉积环境，在上述基础上，运用板块构造理论提出补连山东部早古生代沉积－构造     

鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代陆相沉积层序地层学研究

鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代陆相沉积占据了较长的时期，基于现代沉积学理论和层序地层学思想，本文从鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代沉积盆地的沉积特点出发，建立一套比较切合实际的层序地层划分方案，研究了该区晚古生代陆相沉积层序地层学，比较客观地反映了盆地沉积作用和构造演化历史。     

鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区晚古生代沉积演化

基于笔者多年对鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区晚古生代研究成果,结合野外剖面实测、钻井资料分析、地层学与层序地层学、地球化学、年代学等研究结果,从岩性特征、地层厚度、地层接触关系、物源分析、沉积相类型多方面进行对比研究,认为鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上古生界是华北地台的一部分,因此,其沉积充填及沉积演化研究必须置于晚古生代大华北盆地之中。在此研究基础上绘制了晚古生代各组鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘沉积相平面展布图,亮点是向东部和南部进行了扩张,并详述了晚古生代沉积演化过程,为该时期华北地台原始沉积面貌的恢复提供了新的依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区晚古生代沉积演化*

基于笔者多年对鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区晚古生代研究成果,结合野外剖面实测、钻井资料分析、地层学与层序地层学、地球化学、年代学等研究结果,从岩性特征、地层厚度、地层接触关系、物源分析、沉积相类型多方面进行对比研究,认为鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上古生界是华北地台的一部分,因此,其沉积充填及沉积演化研究必须置于晚古生代大华北盆地之中。在此研究基础上绘制了晚古生代各组鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘沉积相平面展布图,亮点是向东部和南部进行了扩张,并详述了晚古生代沉积演化过程,为该时期华北地台原始沉积面貌的恢复提供了新的依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代古构造*

鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代基底继承了奥陶纪中部高、东部和西部低及西陡东缓的古构造面貌。利用大量钻井分层数据,绘制了晚古生代各个时期残存地层厚度图,其空间变化反映了鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代古构造格局特征。结合东西向及南北向地层厚度对比、演化剖面的研究,认为晚古生代鄂尔多斯盆地的沉积在本溪期—太原期主要受中央古隆起的控制,地层空间展布东西分带明显;山西期中央古隆起对沉积作用的控制不是很明显,地层从东西分异逐渐过渡到南北分异,这种沉积格局的转变与古地理演化具有一致性,从而说明了古构造对沉积的控制作用。     

西准噶尔古生代地层区划及古地理演化

根据大地构造环境与沉积组合(建造)类型,地层序列与地层接触关系,古地理格局与古环境条件,古生物类型与生物古地理区系,地层类型与地层的变形、变质和变位特征,地层区划的边界类型与识别标志,地层区划可以区分为综合和断代地层区划2类,都可以分为4级:地层大区(stratomegaregion)、地层区(stratoregion)、地层分区(stratosubregion)和地层小区(stratomicroregion).基于近年来取得的大量新资料、新认识和上述地层区划6方面的判据,西准噶尔地区古生代地层区划自北向南划分为萨吾尔山地层小区、沙尔布尔提山地层小区、玛依力山地层小区和克拉玛依地层小区.在构造古地理上,西准噶尔地区古生代表现为多岛洋和软碰撞的特点,志留纪后期至早石炭世是多岛洋和软碰撞的鼎盛时期,也是西准噶尔地区古生代地层区划的重要形成时期;晚石炭世至二叠纪,西准噶尔地区主体脱离海洋环境,进入陆内造山阶段,西准噶尔地区古生代地层的分区性逐渐消失.在生物古地理上,早古生代西准噶尔地区属于介于太平洋生物大区与大西洋生物大区之间的混生生物大区,不同于东北部西伯利亚板块南部由Tuvaella(图瓦贝)动物群所代表的生物区系;从志留纪至泥盆纪,西准噶尔地区的生物组合面貌明显属于热带-亚热带的古特提斯生物大区;晚石炭世-二叠纪西准噶尔地区陆相地层中的植物群面貌显示出明显的北温带安加拉植物群的特点.在沉积古地理上,西准噶尔地区古生代的作用相包括正常沉积与事件沉积,特别是反映活动构造环境的内力事件沉积特别发育,如火山爆发相、火山溢流相和震积岩相;环境相包括古陆、河流相、滨-浅海相和半深海-深海相.      

桂西晚古生代深水相地层

详细描述了分别位于桂西的北、中、南部的几个晚古生代地层剖面,据此建立桂西晚古生代深水沉积的地层序列,其岩石地层单位自下而上可归人广西原有的平恩组、罗富组、榴江组、五指山组、鹿寨组、巴平组、南丹组、四大寨组和领薅组.和这些单位的命名剖面比较,桂西腹地的同期地层具有更典型的深水相沉积,并含大量玄武岩,构成从早泥盆世晚期到晚二叠世末的连续深水沉积.桂西晚古生代为广海远洋环境,其中孤立碳酸盐台地上泥盆-石炭系灰岩中出现的二叠纪"化石脉",是古特提斯张裂作用的结果.     

塔里木盆地北部古生代层序地层系统

层序地层系统，本质上就是以各种不同级次的海平面变化所控制的不同级次的沉积层序为单位，在年代地层学格架中所建立起来的地层系统。本文以露头剖面的层序地层研究为主要依据，结合生物地层和地震地层的研究成果，在进行详细层序划分的基础上，在塔里木盆地北部古生代地层中建立起了由不同周期叠加的海平面变化所控制的不同级次的层序所组成的层序地层系统。通过生物地层和层序地层相结合的方法，厘定并标定了一系列重要地质界线的     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.