Chlorophyll distribution in a temperate estuary: The Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait

Data collected during 7 years of seasonal surveys are used to investigate the distribution of phytoplankton biomass within the estuarine waters of the Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait. Variability of the chlorophyll distribution is examined in relation to the density stratification, light availability and nutrient concentration. In the Strait of Georgia, both the horizontal and vertical distribution of chlorophyll are found to be linked to the presence of a near-surface layer of increased density stratification. Despite important year-to-year variability, the seasonal cycle of chlorophyll in the Strait of Georgia is dominated every year by relatively large near-surface concentrations in the spring that are linked to the seasonal increase in solar radiation onto the stratified near-surface layer. In the vertical, a sub-surface peak is observed around 10 m depth, corresponding to the depth of maximum water column stability. Nutrients within the euphotic zone are in general abundant, with the exception of the Strait of Georgia in summer where phytoplankton growth is potentially limited by low nitrate concentration near the surface. The depth of the euphotic zone is estimated along the thalweg of the estuary from transmissometer profiles. It appears to vary relatively little within the estuary from a minimum of 20 m in spring, near the mouth of the Fraser River, to an autumnal maximum of about 30 m in the northern Strait of Georgia. Finally, the estimated self-shading contribution to light attenuation is shown to be generally significant (5–10%) in the surface waters of the Strait of Georgia, during spring and summer, reaching values as high as 35% during the spring bloom.     

Benthic indicators and index approaches in the three main estuaries along the French Atlantic coast (Seine, Loire and Gironde)

The three main estuaries in the French Atlantic coast – the Seine, Loire and Gironde, all with high tidal regimes – are interfaces between the continental and the coastal ecosystems. The Seine and Gironde are highly contaminated, whereas the Loire remains in a more natural state. Both the Seine and Gironde have suffered from harbour construction, and as a result, their biological units are extremely compartmentalized. Benthic species and communities have adapted to tolerate temporal physical and chemical changes ( e.g. salinity, substrata, depth, and levels of fine particles and oxygen) and human activities ( e.g. dredging, shipping traffic, and habitat reduction). Although numerous bio-indicators and indices are used to define the ecological quality status (EcoQS) of coastal waters, very few of them were developed specifically for environments with a mosaic of conditions and salinity levels, including freshwater. The main problem appears to be that all the indices for determining anthropogenic stress examine the abundances of stress-tolerant species, which may also be able to tolerate natural stressors such as those occurring in estuaries. This paper takes a look at the development status of the benthic indicators and index approaches used in the three main estuaries along the French Atlantic coast. In addition, it examines the adaptation of the different benthic indicators to the taxonomic sufficiency principle, and the adaptation of the Benthic Opportunistic Polychaetes Amphipods index (BOPA) and the Benthic Opportunistic Annelida Amphipod index (BO2A) for use in the freshwater zones of transitional waters ( i.e. up to the upper limit of the tidal range). Several perspectives are discussed in light of the diverse disturbances and the heterogeneity of such stressed zones, such as the use of multimetric and scoring approaches.     

入海河流河口及其近海水域盐度分析方法浅析

在水质监测及水环境调查中,盐度分析工作是一个重要环节,根据现行的《水质分析国家标准》,《海洋调查规范》地表水及生活用水的盐度分析一般采用前者,而海洋水样则采用后者,对于长江口及其近海水域既有适用《水质分析国家标准》（ＴＢ１１８９６－８９）的区段,又有适用《海洋调查规范》的区域,亦有两种都不适用的部分配 长江口盐度分析方法的研究,阐述了该区域进行水样盐度分析的各种方法的适用范围及提高效率保证成果质量     

珠江口磨刀门枯季表层沉积物特征

根据2003年12月在珠江口磨刀门附近水域采集的河口表层沉积物粒度分析资料,研究了磨刀门河口表层沉积物的组成、分布、运动等特征及其动力环境指示作用。研究表明,磨刀门口枯季表层沉积物组成以粉砂为主,其次为粘土和砂。表层沉积物平均中值粒径为6．356Ф(0．0122mm),表层沉积物的级配与悬沙的级配较接近。口门附近表层沉积物的中值粒径、分选性沿程没有明显的变化。枯季表层沉积物的形成以悬移质沉积为主,跃移和推移运动形式很少。磨刀门由于受人类活动的影响枯季表层沉积物与历史相比出现明显的细化,磨刀门口附近枯季表层沉积物的特征在一定程度上反映了枯季以潮流作用为主的相对较弱的动力环境。     

辽河口海区悬浮体运移扩散动力特征

控制着辽河口海区悬浮体运移的主要动力是河流迳流、潮流和余流．它们对最大浑浊带中河水与海水的混合，密度流循环以及悬浮物的沉降和运移共同起作用．悬浮物向海运移与河口区最大浑浊带有关，即与河流迳流、潮流和余流作用所控制的悬浮物数量有关。悬浮物向海运移似乎遵循两个周期：１．小潮—大湖周期；２．河流迳流丰枯周期．最大运移发生在大潮期和河流迳流丰水期。     

珠江口磨刀门河口动力平衡特点及人类活动对其影响

应用ECOMSED模型输出、运动方程简化等方法,研究了珠江口磨刀门河口动力平衡的特点。研究表明:在磨刀门河口动力平衡中,纵向的主要平衡项为压力项和垂向涡动摩擦项,侧向的主要平衡项为侧向正压力项和科氏力项。正压力为磨刀门河口动力的主导因素,但在枯季动力平衡中,斜压力也是不可忽略的项。人类活动对磨刀门河口动力最主要的影响是改变了正压力项的大小,近几十年来,磨刀门河口正压力呈减小的趋势。     

Geochemical signature as paleoenvironmental markers in Holocene sediments of the Tinto River estuary (Southwestern Spain)

High absolute concentrations of metals associated to sulfide deposits located at the river source (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As) have been determined from the study of major and trace element concentrations in sediment samples obtained in two vibracores in the Tinto River estuary. In most cases, the enrichment factor (EF) for these metals is over 2. Cu, Zn and As have much higher EF, over 10 in surficial samples. Fe oxy-hydroxide precipitation in high-chlorinity zones and its scavenging effect on metals is the main control process on the chemical composition of sediment. Vertical evolution of the sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of the cores show that the estuary has undergone a process of progressive shallowness and a relative increase in acidic river water volume with respect to seawater. This effect has originated a downstream displacement of acid mixing processes affecting the estuary, which is reflected in higher metal concentrations in sediments of the outer zones of the system.     

Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwater tidal zone of a turbid,Mediterranean estuary

Identification of the limiting nutrient(s) is a requirement for the rational management of eutrophication. Here, we present the first experimental analysis of nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth and its seasonal variation in the Guadiana estuary (SE Portugal-SW Spain). Ten microcosm experiments were performed during 2005 and 2008, using water samples collected in the freshwater tidal zone of the Guadiana estuary. Nitrate, phosphate and silicate were added in a single pulse, alone and in combinations. Experimental treatments were incubated for 4 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment was evaluated through changes in biomass (Chla), and abundance of specific phytoplankton groups.     

长江口及邻近水域的生物多样性变化趋势分析

从长江口及邻近水域的生物多样性变化及导致生物多样性变化的相关环境因子来剖析长江口及邻近水域的生态环境变化趋势。长江口及邻近水域的生物多样性比较丰富。近20a来在人类活动影响下,长江河口区和冲淡水区浮游生物和底栖生物的物种大幅减少：优势浮游生物的生物量增加,部分种类异常增殖发生赤潮,底栖生物生物量明显减少;群落结构趋向简单,表现为单种优势,生物多样性下降。影响长江口及邻近水域生物多样性的原因包括自然因素和人为因素,近20a来生物多样性的降低主要归咎于人类的开发活动,不合理排污导致的富营养化对浮游生物的多样性丧失起重要作用,水利工程建设及滩涂围垦使海洋生物栖息地片段化,单调化,加速了生物多样性的降低。     

温州南鳌江口海域海床近期冲淤演变分析

温州南部鳌江口海域近年来先后完成了筑坝促淤、围垦吹填、维护航道等一系列影响水流泥沙和地形地貌变化的大型工程。根据2010年实测水文泥沙资料和4幅不同时期(1963,2003,2005,2011年)地形图对比分析了鳌江口海域的地形变化趋势,结果显示鳌江口海域海床冲淤过程大体上经过了3个不同时期,即1963-2003年江南围涂等海区缓慢淤积期;2003-2005年该海域既冲刷又淤积的稳定期;2005-2011年整个水域以轻微冲刷为主的冲刷期。经过分析得知鳌江口海域海床近年来的变化主要是由航道疏浚、围垦吹填及工程促淤引起的,而围填海工程引起动力变化和泥沙减少也对海床冲淤有一定程度的影响。     

Effects of the environment on fish juvenile growth in West African stressful estuaries

The knowledge of juvenile fish growth in extreme environmental conditions is a key to the understanding of adaptive responses and to the relevant management of natural populations. The juvenile growth of an extreme euryhaline tilapia species, Sarotherodon melanotheron (Cichlidae), was examined across a salinity gradient (20–118) in several West African estuarine ecosystems. Juveniles were collected during the reproduction period of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004) in six locations in the Saloum (Senegal) and Gambia estuaries. Age and growth were estimated using daily otolith microincrements. For each individual, otolith growth rates showed three different stages (slow, fast, decreasing): around 4 ± 0.5 μm d⁻¹ during the first five days, 9 ± 0.5 μm d⁻¹ during the next 15 days and 4 ± 0.50 μm d⁻¹ at 60 days. Growth modelling and model comparisons were objectively made within an information theory framework using the multi-model inference from five growth models (linear, power, Gompertz, von Bertalanffy, and logistic). The combination of both the model adjustment inspection and the information theory model selection procedure allowed identification of the final set of models, including the less parameterised ones. The estimated growth rates were variable across spatial scales but not across temporal scales (except for one location), following exactly the salinity gradient with growth decrease towards the hypersaline conditions. The salinity gradient was closely related to all measured variables (condition factor, mean age, multi-model absolute growth rate) demonstrating the strong effect of hypersaline environmental conditions—induced by climate changes—on fish populations at an early stage.     

分汊河口形成的基本条件

河口分汊作为一种十分常见的河口形态,存在于众多自然界的河口中。河口出现分汊需具备两个基本条件:一是河口的向海淤积延伸,这实质上是河口湾的被充填过程及其延续;另一个是河口的展宽,因为过于窄小没有展宽的河口是无法形成分汊的。只有具有了上述这两个基本条件,河口分汊的形成才成为可能。     

河口季节性缺氧在沉积物中记录的研究进展

综述了用分子地层学方法反演河口缺氧及富营养化发生与发展的研究进展,对可追溯缺氧发生的时间及变化趋势、表征人类活动对缺氧的影响的表征的参数的研究进展进行了分析。研究表明:美国河口缺氧事件的发生可追溯到上世纪中期,自70年代起也呈愈演愈烈的发展趋势。沿海人口的增加及人类活动的加剧导致了营养物质输入的增加,再加上全球变暖的趋势,河口区域缺氧将朝更加严重的方向发展,为此需要采取必要措施,通过减少营养物质尤其是硝酸盐的输入来减缓缺氧。     

Seawater Intrusion in Semi-Closed Convergent Estuaries (Case Study of Moroccan Atlantic Estuaries): Application of Salinity Analytical Models

Salinity is an important parameter influencing the water quality of estuaries, and can constitute a serious problem to society due to the need for freshwater for industry and agriculture. Therefore, the determination of salt intrusion length in estuaries is a challenge for managers as well as scientists in this field. The managers tend to use simple and reliable tools for salinity variation. Although 2-D and 3-D numerical models are common tools for the prediction of salinity intrusion now, analytical models of salinity variation are much more efficient, and also require minimal sets of river data. In this paper, two analytical solutions, Brockway and Savenije used worldwide to assess longitudinal salinity variation in alluvial estuaries, are applied to the Moroccan Atlantic semi-closed estuaries, i.e., Sebou and Loukkos. The solutions are derived from salt convection-dispersion equations, with different assumptions for the dispersion coefficient. The estuaries' bathymetry is described by an exponential function. The performance of these two solutions was evaluated by comparing their results with field-measured salinity data. The Brockway model's salinity predictions performs well to observations especially in downstream reaches of the two estuaries (Sebou: R² = 0.95, root mean square error [RMSE] = 1.50‰, normalized root mean square error [NRMSE] = 3.45‰; Loukkos: R² = 0.95, RMSE = 1.13‰, NRMSE = 3.01‰), while the Savenije model outperformed the Brockway's model and is better to predict salt intrusion length and salinity variation along the two estuaries (Sebou: R² = 0.97, RMSE = 1.15‰, NRMSE = 2.85‰; Loukkos: R² = 0.98, RMSE = 0.95‰, NRMSE = 1.94‰). This revealed that both analytical solutions apply well to the estimation of salinity variation and the prediction of salt intrusion in these two estuaries.     

影响长江口区热带气旋的特征分析

根据 1979—2002年大戢山和引水船的观测资料,结合西北太平洋热带气旋年鉴资料,统计和分析了热带气旋对长江口区的影响规律,统计结果显示,在近 24 a中,热带气旋年均有 2.0个,通常出现在6— 10月期间,以 月份最多,发生频数为 8 45.8 %;严重影响长江口区的热带气旋年均只有 0.3 个,有60 %集中在 月份,都属海上转向型;影响长江口的热带气旋源区 8 90 % 位于菲律宾和琉球群岛以东洋面,且有超过一半生成于10°N ~ 20°N;影响长江口区热带气旋次数存在 4 ~ 6 a 的小周期波动和 10 a 左右的周期变化,并且在厄尔尼诺年的影响次数较反厄尔尼诺年少。     

长江口2005年4个航次中大型砂壳纤毛虫的水平分布

研究了2005年4个季度用浅海Ⅲ型网在长江口40个站位采集的浮游生物样品,发现砂壳纤毛虫11种:Codonellopsis ostenfeldi,C.parva,Eutintinnus tenuis,Favella panamensis,Leprotintinnus nordqvisti,Leprotintinnus sp.,Tintinnopsis japonica,T. karajacensis,T. mortensenii,T. radix,T. schotti.Leprotintinnus sp.,最大丰度可达32 400个/m3,有的种的最大丰度不足200个/m3,如Codonellopsis parva,E. tenuis和T.mortensenii.冬季T.japonica主要分布于长江口外,Leprotintinnus sp.在春、夏、秋季都主要分布于长江口外,其他种的分布没有明显规律.在4个季度长江口内都没有发现砂壳纤毛虫.     

河口营养盐动力学过程研究的若干进展

根据国内外最新的文献 ,综述了河口营养盐动力学过程研究的进展情况。这些进展主要包括河口营养盐的水动力输运过程、输入通量、水体—沉积物界面交换过程、浮游植物吸收动力过程以及营养盐动力过程模型研究等。分析了河口营养盐动力学过程研究的重要性 ,并展望了该领域今后的研究重点与方向     

Biogeochemistry of Nutrient Elements in the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary

Introduction The estuarine and coastal waters are nutrient-enriched and the nutrient ratios have been altered as a result of the changed riverine input due to land-use change and anthropogenic nutrient emission over the last century [1, 2]. Estuarine and coastal ecosystems respond to such changes in nutrient budgets by shifting population dynamics of phytoplankton and hence of the rest of the food web, leading to changes in top-down as well as bottom-up control of community structures [3]. Sin…     

长江冲淡水区细菌生产力研究

为了解细菌在长江口冲淡水区生态系营养动力学过程中的重要作用,笔者于1997年10月10日至20日,1998年5月14日至6月1日在观测海区以及在绿华山海域设置大水体围隔生态系实验装置进行细菌生产力的现场观测研究.结果表明,秋季观测海区平均细菌生产力(C)为(1.44±1.30)μg/(dm3·h),高值出现在测区中部的A₃,B₃和C₃站.春季测区表层细菌生产力(2.43±1.22)μg/(dm3·h)高于底层(1.01±0.43)μg/(dm3·h),高值出现在测区中部的A₃和B断面诸站.秋、春季平均细菌生产力相当于浮游植物初级生产力的23%.秋季和春季表层细菌数量分别为(5.22×108±0.88×108)个/dm3和(1.97×108±1.10×108)个/dm3.1998年5月18日至6月1日在围隔实验点的自然海区中细菌生产力变幅范围为0.13～5.79μg/(dm3·h),平均值为(2.47±1.60)μg/(dm3·h).围隔装置内加可溶性磷(PO₄3-)实验,春季细菌生产力由1.28μg/(dm3·h)增长至32.20μg/(dm3·h),其增长幅度低于秋季1.43～43.47μg/(dm3·h).油污染实验中细菌生产力由6.61μg/(dm3·h)增长至37.97μg/(dm3·h),呈逐日上升趋势.