Land use change scenarios and associated groundwater impacts in a protected peri-urban area

Land use changes in peri-urban areas are usually associated with significant impacts on groundwater resources due to alteration of the recharge regime as well as through the establishment of pollution sources. Quantifying the aforementioned impacts and assessing the vulnerability of the groundwater resources is an important step for the better management and protection of the aquifers. In the present study, a physically based, distributed hydrologic model has been used to identify the impacts from specific land use change scenarios in the protected area of Loutraki catchment. A vulnerability assessment method has been also implemented to provide a decision support tool to the land planning authorities and also hydrologic mitigation measures for the sustainable development of the area have been proposed. The hydrologic impacts of the land use scenarios include a 5% reduction in the annual recharge of the study aquifer for scenario 1 (doubling of the current urban areas) and 7% decrease for scenario 2 (tripling of the current urban areas). Nevertheless, these impacts can be minimised if small-scale artificial recharge infrastructure is developed and the land planning measures suggested through the vulnerability and recharge maps will be followed.     

Use of remote sensing and GIS to determine recharge potential zones: the case of Occidental Lebanon

Water recharge from land surfaces into subsurface media is an essential element in the hydrologic cycle. For a small-scale assessment, experimental approaches are usually followed, however, on a regional scale, this assessment needs to be made into a comprehensive picture where spatial data of the different contributing factors are treated. The case of Occidental Lebanon, with an area of around 5,000 km², was studied by the integration of all factors influencing this hydrologic process. Contributing factors are: lineaments and drainage frequency density, lithologic character, karstic domains and land cover/land use. The determination of these factors was carried out mainly by the application of remote sensing. Satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM &; SPOT) and aerial photos were subjected to several treatment processes using a miscellany of software, mainly ERDAS Imagine and ESRI’s Arc View software. Furthermore, exogenetic data, such as topographic and geologic maps, were utilized. The extracted information for these factors was plotted on maps. The integration of the maps in a GIS allowed deciding their interactive effects. However, each factor had its own degree of effect, i.e., weight, which was also determined in this study. This study is an approach to better estimate and provide qualitative assessments of recharge potential (RP). The resultant map shows the highest recharge potentials towards the elevated regions where karstification is well development. It was found that around 57% of the study area is terrain with very high to high recharge rate values, which a considerable amount of precipitated water is allowed to percolate into subsurface rocks.     

城市化对地下水补给的影响——以石家庄市为例

城市化对地下水补给的影响对研究城市水循环、水资源供需平衡及地下水超采、防治地下水水质恶化，以及揭示两大主要地下水环境问题（地下水超采与水质恶化）之间的有机联系都具有重要意义，石家庄城市化与地下水之间的相互作用机理研究具有典型示范性，本文以石家庄市为例，在分析地下水在城市供水中的作用及其开发利用基础上，通过研究城市化影响地下水补给的变化规律，进一步探讨了城市化对地下水补给的影响机理，最终建立城市化影响下地下水补给增量的诱发机理框图，研究结果表明，城市化会导致地下水补给量的增加；地下水开采诱发产生对城市周围井场和地表水的袭夺以及城市供、排水系统渗漏所造成的新补给源的引入是城市化诱发产生地下水补给增量的重要机理。     

华北平原地下水演化地史特征与时空差异性研究

近万年以来华北平原地下水演化经历了百年、千年尺度的早全新世增雨、中全新世多雨和晚全新世干旱频发过程, 地下水净补给与降水、蒸发及径流之间水分通量随之变化, 并且在时空上呈现明显的差异性。基于全新世以来华北平原浅部地下水循环演化过程中水量均衡, 280~350 mm年降水量是阈值。当小于该阈值时, 地下水系统呈现负均衡; 现阶段不是区域地下水净补给最少时期, 而是处于全新世多年平均水平。目前, 华北平原区域地下水位不断下降是人类耗用地下水的强度远超过自然水循环的更新能力所致, 急需规范人类用水行为。     

汾河上游土地利用变化及其水文响应研究

以河岔水文站以上的汾河流域为研究区,采用土地利用转移矩阵和SWAT模型模拟方法,就汾河上游土地利用变化对水文过程的影响进行研究. 流域从1995-2000年,以耕地向林地和草地转变为主;从2000-2010年,城市建设用地不断增加,主要是对耕地的占用. 结果显示,在相同气候背景、不同土地利用情景（1995、2000年2010年）下,流域1992-2000年多年平均产水量微弱增加（分别为85.69 mm、85.75 mm和85.82 mm）,主要因为耕地持续减少,草地和城市建设用地不断增加. 但是各年产水量的大小关系不完全一致,枯水年和平水年与丰水年存在差异,而土壤水分呈现一致的减少状况. 子流域水平上,降水条件同样影响水文过程对土地利用变化的响应程度. 以上结果表明,汾河流域在退耕还林还草政策等影响下,土地利用发生变化并且直接影响流域的水文过程,但是流域水文过程对土地利用变化的响应还受到降水的影响.     

城市化对呼和浩特市潜水补给影响研究

城市化对地下水补给的影响已严重干扰了区域地下水均衡,引发了各种生态环境问题。在呼和浩特市自然地理及水文地质调查的基础上,运用GIS并结合地下水均衡计算的方法,探究城区扩张下以呼和浩特市为中心的研究区潜水补给量的变化。结果表明：从1986—2014年,研究区城镇面积扩大了约358倍。在城市化引起的地下水开采量增大、土地利用方式改变、景观河改造等因素影响下,研究区潜水疏干面积从119 1 km2扩大到10476 km2,年侧向补给量减少9 06115×104 m3;降水入渗补给量减少84385×104 m3;农灌水回渗补给量减少27944×104m3;河道渗漏补给量减少8638×104m3;城市供水管网漏失入渗量增加1 752×104m3。对比1986年和2014年,研究区潜水补给量从13 22501×104 m3减少至4 70703×104 m3,减少了644%,其中减少比例最大的是侧向补给量和降水入渗补给量。城市化使呼和浩特市潜水补给量大大缩减,迫切需要合理规划城市发展和地下水资源开采。     

华北平原地下水形成与区域水文循环演化的关系

晚更新世以来华北平原地下水形成、演变与区域水文循环演化的周期性密切相关,区域地下水资源的形成能力取决于区域水文循环演化的进程。在多雨期,地下水可获取充足的补给;在少雨期,地下水补给较少。区域地下水资源利用潜力与水文循环陆地过程相关。人类通过调控水文循环陆地过程,可增大其利用潜力。     

Artificial groundwater recharge to a semi-arid basin: case study of Mujib aquifer,Jordan

Mujib watershed is an important groundwater basin which is considered a major source for drinking and irrigation water in Jordan. Increased dependence on groundwater needs improved aquifer management with respect to understanding deeply recharge and discharge issues, planning rates withdrawal, and facing water quality problems arising from industrial and agricultural contamination. The efficient management of this source depends on reliable estimates of the recharge to groundwater and is needed in order to protect Mujib basin from depletion. Artificial groundwater recharge was investigated in this study as one of the important options to face water scarcity and to improve groundwater storage in the aquifer. A groundwater model based on the MODFLOW program, calibrated under both steady- and unsteady-state conditions, was used to investigate different groundwater management scenarios that aim at protecting the Mujib basin. The scenarios include variations of abstraction levels combined with different artificial groundwater recharge quantities. The possibilities of artificial groundwater recharge from existing and proposed dams as well as reclaimed municipal wastewater were investigated. Artificial recharge options considered in this study are mainly through injecting water directly to the aquifer and through infiltration from reservoir. Three scenarios were performed to predict the aquifer system response under different artificial recharge options (low, moderate, and high) which then compared with no action (recharge) scenario. The best scenario that provides a good recovery for the groundwater table and that can be feasible is founded to be by reducing current abstraction rates by 20% and implementing the moderate artificial recharge rates of 26 million(M)m³/year. The model constructed in this study helps decision makers and planners in selecting optimum management schemes suitable for such arid and semi-arid regions.     

GIS for the assessment of the groundwater recharge potential zone

Water resources in Taiwan are unevenly distributed in spatial and temporal domains. Effectively utilizing the water resources is an imperative task due to climate change. At present, groundwater contributes 34% of the total annual water supply and is an important fresh water resource. However, over-exploitation has decreased groundwater availability and has led to land subsidence. Assessing the potential zone of groundwater recharge is extremely important for the protection of water quality and the management of groundwater systems. The Chih-Pen Creek basin in eastern Taiwan is examined in this study to assess its groundwater resources potential. Remote sensing and the geographical information system (GIS) are used to integrate five contributing factors: lithology, land cover/land use, lineaments, drainage, and slope. The weights of factors contributing to the groundwater recharge are derived using aerial photos, geology maps, a land use database, and field verification. The resultant map of the groundwater potential zone demonstrates that the highest recharge potential area is located towards the downstream regions in the basin because of the high infiltration rates caused by gravelly sand and agricultural land use in these regions. In contrast, the least effective recharge potential area is in upstream regions due to the low infiltration of limestone.     

水文模型系统在峨嵋河流域洪水模拟中的应用

研究目的是采用水文模型系统(HMS)模拟峨嵋河流域暴雨水文过程,并为长江上游地区气候和水文响应研究提供可靠的信息。HMS是一种分布式水文模型可用于研究各种气候因子和地表覆盖变化而引起的水文过程响应,该系统(HMS)利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程(DEM)和降雨径流等资料,研究气候、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理。在本次研究中,采用SCS Curve Number(CN)和Green-Ampt(GA)方法来计算径流过程,用GIS来数字化DEM、土壤、土地利用和陆地覆盖数据。通过用不同时间间隔的降雨和不同计算方法的水力参数模拟水文过程,来检验降雨的时间尺度效应和水力参数的空间变异性对水文过程的影响。结果表明,HMS对峨嵋河流域暴雨洪水的模拟及预测具有较好的适用性。     

Assessing the impacts of land use changes on watershed hydrology using MIKE SHE

A fully distributed, physically-based hydrologic modeling system, MIKE SHE, was used in this study to investigate whole-watershed hydrologic response to land use changes within the Gyeongancheon watershed in Korea. A grid of 200 × 200 m was established to represent spatial variations in geology, soil, and land use. Initial model performance was evaluated by comparing observed and simulated streamflow from 1988 to 1991. Results indicated that the calibrated MIKE SHE model was able to predict streamflow well during the calibration and validation periods. Proportional changes in five classes of land use within the watershed were derived from multi-temporal Landsat TM imageries taken in 1980, 1990 and 2000. These imageries revealed that the watershed experienced conversion of approximately 10% non-urban area to urban area between 1980 and 2000. The calibrated MIKE SHE model was then programmed to repeatedly analyze an artificial dataset under the various land use proportions identified in the Landsat TM imageries. The analysis was made to quantitatively assess the impact of land use changes (predominantly urbanization) on watershed hydrology. There were increases in total runoff (5.5%) and overland flow (24.8%) as a response to the land use change.     

Basin-scale groundwater response to precipitation variation and anthropogenic pumping in Chih-Ben watershed, Taiwan

The sustainable use of groundwater has become increasingly challenging due to extreme hydrological events and anthropogenic activity. In this study, the basin-scale groundwater response to precipitation variation was analyzed using an integrated model that comprises lumped models for land and river recharges and a distributed model for groundwater. The integrated model was applied to the Chih-Ben watershed, Taiwan, using 20?years (1988?C2007) of data. The hydrological data were analyzed for trends using statistical tests. Based on decreasing trends in precipitation and groundwater levels and an increasing trend in stream flow, the oblique-cut method was applied to precipitation and excess infiltration to assess land and streambed recharge. Distributed numerical groundwater modeling was used to simulate the basin-scale groundwater responses to precipitation variation and anthropogenic pumping. The model was calibrated using stable-isotope and groundwater-level data. The safe yields were estimated for the Chih-Ben watershed for dry, wet, and normal precipitation scenarios. The safe yield of groundwater was shown to vary with precipitation, which does not guarantee the sustainable use of groundwater resources. Instead, water resources should be assessed at a basin scale, taking into account the whole ecosystem, rather than only considering water for human consumption in the alluvium.     

气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究

水资源短缺和水患灾害已成为全球关心的重大问题。气候与土地利用变化对流域水资源和旱涝的影响以及由此产生的社会经济后果已引起人类社会的广泛关注。深入综合地开展这方面的研究对国民经济建设和可持续发展规划决策有重要的意义。通过分析总结已进行的有关研究工作 ,对该领域的研究进展作了简要回顾 ,讨论了现有工作的不足和今后的研究内容和方法。     

A regional groundwater-flow model for sustainable groundwater-resource management in the south Asian megacity of Dhaka,Bangladesh

The water resources that supply most of the megacities in the world are under increased pressure because of land transformation, population growth, rapid urbanization, and climate-change impacts. Dhaka, in Bangladesh, is one of the largest of 22 growing megacities in the world, and it depends on mainly groundwater for all kinds of water needs. The regional groundwater-flow model MODFLOW-2005 was used to simulate the interaction between aquifers and rivers in steady-state and transient conditions during the period 1981–2013, to assess the impact of development and climate change on the regional groundwater resources. Detailed hydro-stratigraphic units are described according to 150 lithology logs, and a three-dimensional model of the upper 400 m of the Greater Dhaka area was constructed. The results explain how the total abstraction (2.9 million m³/d) in the Dhaka megacity, which has caused regional cones of depression, is balanced by recharge and induced river leakage. The simulated outcome shows the general trend of groundwater flow in the sedimentary Holocene aquifers under a variety of hydrogeological conditions, which will assist in the future development of a rational and sustainable management approach.

     

Effect of using multiple stream gauging stations on calibration of hydrologic parameters and estimation of hydrograph of ungauged neighboring basin

In this study, Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System is used to simulate hydrologic processes in a watershed in Western Black Sea Region that frequently experiences flooding. The region is mountainous with steep hill slopes and receives high precipitation throughout the year. There are three stream gauging stations in the basin whose data are available for calibration and validation of hydrologic parameters. Simulations are performed for different scenarios to investigate the effect of using multiple stream gauging stations’ data on catchment wide calibration and validation of hydrologic parameters. Furthermore, performance of using calibrated internal stream gauging stations’ flow data in the estimation of hydrologic parameters in an assumed neighboring ungauged basin was assessed. It is found that using data of multiple stream gauging stations for calibration and validation gives satisfactory results for direct runoff hydrograph but the peak discharge predictions are not improved. The study results suggest that using data of internal stream gauging stations enables improved understanding of internal dynamics and transport in the basin and better predicted direct runoff hydrograph for the assumed neighboring ungauged basin.     

Assessing the impacts of sea-level rise and precipitation change on the surficial aquifer in the low-lying coastal alluvial plains and barrier islands,east-central Florida (USA)

A three-dimensional variable-density groundwater flow and salinity transport model is implemented using the SEAWAT code to quantify the spatial variation of water-table depth and salinity of the surficial aquifer in Merritt Island and Cape Canaveral Island in east-central Florida (USA) under steady-state 2010 hydrologic and hydrogeologic conditions. The developed model is referred to as the ‘reference’ model and calibrated against field-measured groundwater levels and a map of land use and land cover. Then, five prediction/projection models are developed based on modification of the boundary conditions of the calibrated ‘reference’ model to quantify climate change impacts under various scenarios of sea-level rise and precipitation change projected to 2050. Model results indicate that west Merritt Island will encounter lowland inundation and saltwater intrusion due to its low elevation and flat topography, while climate change impacts on Cape Canaveral Island and east Merritt Island are not significant. The SEAWAT models developed for this study are useful and effective tools for water resources management, land use planning, and climate-change adaptation decision-making in these and other low-lying coastal alluvial plains and barrier island systems.     

Assessing the impacts of climate and land use change on streamflow,water quality and suspended sediment in the Kor River Basin,Southwest of Iran

This research addressed the separate and combined impacts of climate and land use change on streamflow, suspended sediment and water quality in the Kor River Basin, Southwest of Iran, using (BASINS–WinHSPF) model. The model was calibrated and validated for hydrology, sediment and water quality for the period 2003–2012. The model was run under two climate changes, two land use changes and four combined change scenarios for near-future period (2020–2049). The results revealed that projected climate change impacts include an increase in streamflow (maximum increases of 52% under RCP 2.6 in December and 170% under RCP 8.5). Projected sediment concentrations under climate change scenarios showed a monthly average decrease of 10%. For land use change scenarios, agricultural development scenario indicated an opposite direction of changes in orthophosphate (increases in all months with an average increase of 6% under agricultural development scenario), leading to the conclusion that land use change is the dominant factor in nutrient concentration changes. Combined impacts results indicated that streamflows in late fall and winter months increased while in summer and early fall decreased. Suspended sediment and orthophosphate concentrations were decreased in all months except for increases in suspended sediment concentrations in September and October and orthophosphate concentrations in late winter and early spring due to the impact of land use change scenarios.     

Assessing the impact of large-scale dewatering on fault-controlled aquifer systems: a case study in the Acque Albule basin (Tivoli, central Italy)

The development of large-scale bedrock quarry operations often requires high-volume and long-term groundwater extraction to maintain a sustainable working environment. These dewatering activities often influence groundwater levels and flow patterns regionally. In the present study, the influence of the dewatering of the travertine quarry operations near the city of Tivoli, Italy, are quantitatively investigated through an integrated analysis of field data and numerical modeling. Lowering of regional groundwater levels in the vicinity of the quarry has led to destructive land subsidence and alterations to the flow system sustaining a hot-spring area. The study employs a finite element numerical model (FEFLOW) to evaluate and quantify the impact of the extensive dewatering on fault-controlled regional groundwater flow in the Acque Albule basin. By incorporating the physical field data and historical hydrologic information, the numerical model was calibrated against three groundwater scenarios, reproducing the effects of different exploitation activities, coupled with natural changes over the course of the quarry operation. The results indicate that groundwater withdrawals by the mining industry and by “Terme di Roma” spa resulted in the cessation of flow from the primary thermal spring and a drop in the phreatic level in the area consequently affected by land subsidence.     

Assessment of groundwater recharge and water fluxes of the Guarani Aquifer System, Brazil

The groundwater recharge and water fluxes of the Guarani Aquifer System in the state of Sao Paulo in Brazil were assessed through a numeric model. The study area (6,748 km²) comprises Jacaré-Guaçú and Jacaré-Pepira River watersheds, tributaries of the Tietê River in the central region of the state. GIS based tools were used in the storage, processing and analysis of data. Main hydrologic phenomena were selected, leading to a groundwater conceptual model, taking into account the significant outcrops occurring in the study area. Six recharge zones were related to the geologic formation and structures of the semi-confined and phreatic aquifer. The model was calibrated against the baseflows and static water levels of the wells. The results emphasize the strong interaction of groundwater flows between watersheds and the groundwater inflow into the rivers. It has been concluded that lateral groundwater exchanges between basins, the deep discharges to the regional system, and well exploitation were not significant aquifer outflows when compared to the aquifer recharge. The results have shown that the inflows from the river into the aquifer are significant and have the utmost importance since the aquifer is potentially more vulnerable in these places.     

300年以来太行山前平原地下水补给演化特征与趋势

从近300a来太行山平原典型区地下水入渗补给演化特征、机制和未来50a区域水循环中水分通量演化趋势3个方面，阐明了山前平原地下水补给能力的周期可变性和该区现状资源型缺水的客观性。在此基础上，提出了进一步开展百年尺度水循环演化趋势基础研究的建议。