MODFLOW based groundwater resource evaluation and prediction in Mendha sub-basin,NE Rajasthan

A direct approach to designing MODFLOW finite difference model is tedious and less intuitive, specifically for complex boundary and initial conditions. Therefore, a MODFLOW model can be developed either using a grid or conceptual model approach. The conceptual model is created using Geographic Information System (GIS) objects including points, arcs and polygons so that it can more accurately represent real world condition. It is a simplified representation of the site to be modelled including the model domain, boundary conditions, sources, sinks and material zones. Advantage of conceptual model is that most of the input can be in terms of physical objects, such as wells, lakes, recharge zones etc which can then be converted to a grid based mathematical model with the help of preprocessor software. This paper presents the results of a mathematical groundwater model developed for the northern part of Mendha sub-basin in the semi arid region of northeastern Rajasthan, employing conceptual groundwater modelling approach. For this purpose, Groundwater Modelling Software (GMS) was used which supports the MODFLOW-2000 code. For the purpose of modelling the Source/ Sink Coverage, Recharge Coverage, Extraction Coverage, Return Flow Coverage and Soil Coverage were considered. The model was calibrated against the historical and observed water level data for periods 1998 to 2003 and 2003 to 2005 respectively.     

高放废物处置库北山预选区区域水文地质概念模型

地下水流数值模拟是高放废物处置库选址中水文地质评价的重要内容.水文地质概念模型是地下水流数值模拟的基础和前提.在北山预选区水文地质分析基础上,利用DEM数据生成了研究区地表水系,据此确定了模拟范围;借助GMS软件,建立了研究区三维水文地质结构模型;再通过边界条件、流场特征、地下水均衡项和水文地质参数的分析和描述,建立了北山地区水文地质概念模型.     

苏锡常地区GIS与地下水开采及地面沉降模型系统集成分析

本文以ＧＩＳ为主控模块,选择美国国防部开发的地下水运动模拟模型系统和美国Ｄ．Ｃ．ＨＨｅｌｍ、Ｓ．Ａ、Ｌｅａｋ等入开发的地面沉降模拟模型系统,进行苏锡常地区ＧＩＳ与地下水运动必地面沉降模拟模型系统集成分析和设计。     

The impact of tunneling construction on the hydrogeological environment of “Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin Diversion Project” in Taiwan

Groundwater flow and the associated surface water flow are potential negative factors on underground tunnels. Early detection of environmental impacts on water resources is of significant importance to planning, design and construction of tunnel projects, as early detection can minimize accidents and project delays during construction. The groundwater modeling software package Groundwater Modeling System (GMS), which supports the groundwater numerical codes MODFLOW and FEMWATER, was utilized to determine the impact of tunneling excavation on the hydrogeological environment in a regional area around the tunnel and a local hot springs area, at the “Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin Diversion Project”, in Taiwan. A hydrogeological conceptual model was first developed to simplify structures related to the site topography, geology and geological structure. The MODFLOW code was then applied to simulate groundwater flow pattern for the hydrogeological conceptual model in the tunnel area. The automated parameter estimation method was applied to calibrate groundwater level fluctuation and hydrogeological parameters in the region. Calibration of the model demonstrated that errors between simulated and monitored results are smaller than allowable errors. The study also observed that tunneling excavation caused groundwater to flow toward the tunnel. No obvious changes in the groundwater flow field due to tunnel construction were observed far away in the surrounding regions. Furthermore, the FEMWATER code for solving 3-D groundwater flow problems, in which hydrogeological characteristics are integrated into a geographic information system (GIS), is applied to evaluate the impact of tunnel construction on an adjacent hot spring. Simulation results indicated that the groundwater drawdown rate is less than the groundwater recharge rate, and the change to the groundwater table after tunnel construction was insignificant for the hot spring area. Finally, the groundwater flow obtained via the GMS indicated that the hydrogeological conceptual model can estimate the possible quantity of tunnel inflow and the impact of tunnel construction on the regional and local groundwater resources regime of the transbasin diversion project.     

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地水文地质概念模型

水文地质概念模型是地下水模拟与水资源评价的基础。为了构建地下水数值模拟模型,以鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地为研究对象,以丰富翔实的勘查资料为依据,从白垩系地下水系统边界条件、水文地质结构、水流系统、水文地质参数、源汇项等方面进行概化,联合采用ArcGIS、RS、GMS同位素、基流分割、地质统计学、随机模拟等技术方法,建立了一组水文地质概念模型及其相应的空间离散表达,并讨论了地下水模拟面临的问题与发展趋势。     

苏锡常地区GIS与地下水开采及地面沉降模拟模型系统集成分析

以ＧＩＳ为主控模块,选择美国国防部开发的地下水运动模拟模型系统（ＧｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒＭｏｄｅｌｉｎｇＳｙｓｔｅｍ简称ＧＭＳ）和美国Ｄ．Ｃ．Ｈｅｌｍ等人开发的地面沉降模拟模型系统（Ｃｏｍｐａｃ）,进行苏锡常地区ＧＩＳ与地下水运动模拟和地面沉降模拟模型系统集成分析和设计。从ＧＩＳ、ＧＭＳ和Ｃｏｍｐａｃ概念模型供需要求,分析说明集成系统的特点和设计思路,且对集成系统的多种数据兼容性、数据分析处理及集成计算、结果可视化和构件化修改功能进行阐述。     

Visual Modflow在吉林省西部地下水数值模拟中的应用

本文首先建立了吉林省西部地区水文地质概念模型，然后运用国际通用的可视化标准软件Visual Modflow对研究区地下水进行了数值模拟计算和预测，得出了该区的多年平均地下水补给资源量和可采资源量，为研究区地下水资源的合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

GIS-based hydrogeological databases and groundwater modelling

Reliability and validity of groundwater analysis strongly depend on the availability of large volumes of high-quality data. Putting all data into a coherent and logical structure supported by a computing environment helps ensure validity and availability and provides a powerful tool for hydrogeological studies. A hydrogeological geographic information system (GIS) database that offers facilities for groundwater-vulnerability analysis and hydrogeological modelling has been designed in Belgium for the Walloon region. Data from five river basins, chosen for their contrasting hydrogeological characteristics, have been included in the database, and a set of applications that have been developed now allow further advances. Interest is growing in the potential for integrating GIS technology and groundwater simulation models. A "loose-coupling" tool was created between the spatial-database scheme and the groundwater numerical model interface GMS (Groundwater Modelling System). Following time and spatial queries, the hydrogeological data stored in the database can be easily used within different groundwater numerical models. Electronic Publication     

基于GMS的三维TOUGH2模型及模拟

GMS和TOUGH2均是应用广泛的地下流动系统数值模拟软件,其中,GMS界面友好,功能强大;而TOUGH2虽具有强大的数值计算能力,但缺乏友好的可视化前后处理界面。本文借助GMS强大的前处理能力,基于概念模型建立了三维复杂模型,把GMS/MODFLOW三维数值模型(包括网格数据、岩性数据、初始和边界数据等)转化为TOUGH2数值模型进行数值计算。通过两个计算实例(含水层水平没有起伏和有起伏)对比分析了GMS/MODFLOW和TOUGH2计算结果的差异。结果显示,该方法可以快速地建立刻画复杂地质条件的TOUGH2模型,计算结果与GMS/MODFLOW差异很小,说明两个软件均有很高的可信度;同时,该方法发挥了两个软件各自的优势,为进行更为复杂的多相流动数值模拟提供了可行性。     

GMS模型的水文水质模拟应用研究

GMS模型是应用广泛的地下水水文模拟系统。以昆山市某古镇为研究区域,采用GMS模型对其水文水质进行模拟研究。通过用概化方法建立水文地质概念模型和数学模型,用反演迭代方法矫正模型的主要参数等过程,分别用MODFLOW和MT3DMS模块模拟和预测了研究区水文水质状况和污染物迁移趋势。数据对比结果显示,模拟值与检测值基本一致,表明校正后的GMS模型能较好再现地下水流系统特征,并能应用于流域污染物扩散过程的模拟和预测中,对地下水污染物的迁移趋势进行分析,以便及时采取有效措施控制污染源。     

基于GMS的Solids建模地层的转化与修正方法探讨

地下水数值模拟软件GMS以其友好的界面、强大的处理功能和优良的三维可视效果受到人们的广泛的应用。建立Modflow模型有三种方法:网格法、概念模型法和Solids法,利用Solids法建立复杂地层模型能起到事半功倍的效果。针对不同的四种地层类型,论述了地层空间信息转化成Modflow模型中的顶底板标高步骤中关于地层转化和修正的方法。     

区域含水层系统结构的体视化表达及地下水位预测——以江苏省宿迁市为例

本文结合宿市区域水文地质条件的实际状况,利用GMS对宿迁市区域含水层系统结构进行了体视化表达,使建立的区域水文地质概念模型更加直观,在概念模型的基础上建立了相应的数学模型,并利用Visual MODFLOW对宿迁市不同开采条件下的地下水位变化进行了预测。结果表明：2009年末将出现两个较大的水位降落漏斗区。根据模型预测结果,提出了该区地下水合理开采的建议。     

Seawater intrusion in Syrian coastal aquifers, past, present and future, case study

Overexploitation of shallow aquifers on the Syrian coast, north of Latakia (Damsarkho) for irrigation and tourism has caused an intrusion of seawater. The seawater intrusion into this aquifer has been presented by a three-dimensional finite element model using the FEFLOW numerical code. This conceptual model is based on field and laboratory data collected during the period 1966–2003. Meteoric infiltration and flows from the adjoining carbonate aquifer recharge the aquifer; natural outflow occurs through a diffuse flow into the sea; and artificial outflow occurs through intensive extraction of groundwater from wells. Water exchanges in the aquifer occur naturally (leakage) and artificially (multi-screened wells). The model was calibrated for transient conditions. The model helped establish that seawater intrusion is essentially due to withdrawals near the coast during the irrigation season and that it mainly occurs in the Damsarkho plain. The effects of hypothetical aquifer exploitation were assessed in terms of salt budget.     

GMS数值建模方法研究综述

GMS 和 FEFLOW 为地下水数值模拟软件的典型代表,FEFLOW 具有强大的可视化功能和方便的输入输出,其缺点是难以处理复杂的水文地质条件,而 GMS 具有强大齐全的地下水模拟功能,几乎囊括了与地下水有关的所有模拟功能,包括地下水随机模拟.详细介绍了基于有限差分原理的 GMS 软件中的各个模块,以及采用 GMS 软件组建地下水数值模拟模型的各种方法,包括网格法、概念模型法和 Solid 法.     

Sustainable groundwater extraction in coastal areas: a Belgian example

Water extractions in coastal areas have to deal with salt water intrusion and lowering of hydraulic heads in valuable ecosystems. Therefore, sustainable management of fresh water resources in these areas is crucial. This is illustrated here with two water extractions in the western Belgian coastal plain which extract groundwater from a phreatic dune aquifer. One water extraction faced problems with salt water intrusion, while lowering of hydraulic heads was an issue for both. To remedy the salt water intrusion, it was found that decreasing the extraction rate was the only solution. To offset this and to increase hydraulic heads around both extractions, it was decided to artificially recharge the aquifer of the second extraction with tertiary treated wastewater. By taking these interventions, the combined production capacity of the water extractions was increased with 56% whereas 27% less water was extracted from the dune aquifer itself. Extraction history and the effects of interventions are illustrated for both water extractions with water quality data and fresh water head observations. A more detailed insight in groundwater flow and fresh–salt water distribution in the aquifer is provided by simulating the evolution of the water extractions with a 3D density dependent groundwater flow model.     

基于GIS的海水入侵可视化数值模拟系统

将变密度三维海水入侵模型(SUTRA模型)与地理信息系统(GIS)进行有机集成开发出可视化海水入侵数值模拟系统.该系统充分利用了GIS的空间分析和数据管理功能及其可视化功能,实现了SUTRA模型的可视化构建1、含水层空间和模拟时间的可视化离散、各种参数的可视化赋值、模型的可视化模拟及其模拟结果的可视化表达等功能,为海水入侵研究提供了有效的模拟和分析手段.     

Assessment of the effect of a planned marina on groundwater quality in Enfida plain (Tunisia)

The Enfida aquifer system is of importance to the economic activity of the eastern center of Tunisia. The planning of a marina is likely to present a significant risk on groundwater. Classical physically based modeling is used to better understand salty water intrusion in the aquifers. The transport model (MT3DMS) is coupled with the groundwater model (Modflow). Model calibration was carried out over the period 1972–2005. Four scenarios were then simulated for a 50-year period, to assess the effects of both planned marina and future abstraction regime. We predict a rise in the groundwater salinity generated by the planned pumping infrastructure. The impact of the planned project will be observed only near the marina. However, limited measurements of transmissivity may affect the model’s results. Thus, the second part of the paper is aimed to assess the models output error due to the uncertainty in transmissivity, using a stochastic approach. Hundred realizations of a log-normal random transmissivity field had been performed. According to the most pessimistic realizations, the uncertainty may reach 49 % in the sector of an important pumping field. Accordingly, the calculated concentration may reach 6.5 g/l in 2055 instead of 3.2 g/l.     

汾河二库蓄水对兰村水源地影响的数值模拟研究

首先建立了汾河二库及其下游地区水文地质概念模型,然后根据地下水水头长观资料识别模型的水文地质参数,运用可视化标准软件Visual Modflow,建立了地下水三维不稳定流模型来刻画汾河二库地下水下游区域流动的基本规律。运用识别后的模型预测了未来2010年和2015年水库不同蓄水位条件下的地下水动态变化。模拟结果表明,汾河二库的建成使周围地下水流动发生了变化,水库蓄水造成流域地下水位的上升,但对兰村水源地的影响有限。     

Determining groundwater protection zones for the Quaternary aquifer of northeastern Nile Delta using GIS-based vulnerability mapping

The area of study lies at the northeastern part of Nile Delta. Global shoreline regression and sea-level rise have their own-bearing on the groundwater salinization due to seawater intrusion. A new adopted approach for vulnerability mapping using the hydrochemical investigations, geographic information system and a weighted multi-criteria decision support system (WMCDSS) was developed to determine the trend of groundwater contamination by seawater intrusion. Six thematic layers were digitally integrated and assigned different weights and rates. These have been created to comprise the most decisive criteria used for the delineation of groundwater degradation due to seawater intrusion. These criteria are represented by the total dissolved solids, well discharge, sodium adsorption ratio, hydrochemical parameter (Cl/HCO₃), hydraulic conductivity and water types. The WMCDSS modeling was tried, where a groundwater vulnerability map with four classes ranging from very low to high vulnerability was gained. The map pinpointed the promising localities for groundwater protection, which are almost represented by the very low or low vulnerability areas (53.69 % of the total study area). The regions having high and moderate groundwater vulnerability occupy 46.31 % of total study area, which designate to a deteriorated territory of groundwater quality, and needs special treatment and cropping pattern before use. However, the moderate groundwater vulnerability class occupies an area of about 28.77 % of the total mapped area, which highlighted the need for certain management practices to prevent the saltwater intrusion from expanding further to the south. There was a good correlation of the constructed vulnerability map with the recently gathered water quality data and hydrochemical facies evolution. The plotting of water quality data on Piper trilinear diagram revealed the evolution of freshwater into the mixing and the saline zones as an impact of seawater intrusion, which validates the model results.     

Numerical simulation of groundwater flow and contamination transport in Nahavand plain aquifer,west of Iran

Numerical simulation of groundwater flow used for the estimation of hydraulic and hydrologic parameters which is an important tool for the management of aquifers. This study presents the results of a mathematical model developed for the simulation of groundwater flow in Nahavand plain aquifer in the southwest Hamadan province. For this purpose Groundwater Modeling Software (GMS) was used which supports the MODFLOW-2000 code. After gathering required data such as the hydrological, hydrogeological and topography maps, a 3D hydrogeological model of plain was constructed with borehole and surface elevation data. Then MODFLOW was used for simulation of flow. After initial simulation of the flow, the model was calibrated in steady state with trial-and-error and parameter estimation methods the observed head of groundwater table monitoring data of 1997. Results of calibration show that error between observed head and computed head is in allowable range. Also results of computed head with model show that groundwater flow is in the direction of the dominate slope (southeast to northwest). Finally MODPATH code which simulates advective transport of particles was used for estimation of flow path and source of contaminants.