Variability of the fields of concentration of microelements and strontium in seawater near the South Coast of the Crimea in 2002–2007

We study the space-and-time variability of the concentrations of 27 microelements (Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Se, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hf, Hg, Pb, Au, Th, and U) and Sr in the sea, river, and waste waters of the South Coast of Crimea in 2002–2007. Parallel with the data about elements studied earlier, we present, for the first time, the data of investigations of the contents of rareearth elements (Lu, Nd and Yb) whose concentrations in the major part of the analyzed samples of seawater were lower than the limit of their quantitative determination. We present the ranges of the concentrations of elements and perform their comparison with the data of the previous period of monitoring.     

Delivery of chemical elements with atmospheric precipitations to the coastal regions of the Crimea in 2004–2008

We study the space-and-time variations of the delivery of fluxes of 26 elements (Na, K, Rb, Cs, Cu, Ag, Au, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, Hg, Hf, Ta, As, Sb, Cr, Se, Mo, W, Mn, Br, Fe, Co and Ni) with atmospheric precipitations to the sea surface in the regions of Sevastopol and the South Coast of Crimea. It is established A series of general regularities of the delivery of the sum of these elements and their soluble and insoluble forms. We also give the characteristics of their space-time variability.     

海洋盐指演化过程的数值模拟

盐指现象的数值模拟研究对理解小尺度海洋动力学过程具有十分重要的意义。本文建立了二维方腔模型,通过有限体积法求解控制方程,对盐指现象的演化过程进行了模拟计算和数值分析,在热瑞利数为(1.12～2.24)×107的变化范围内,展示并对比了不同粘滞系数、热瑞利数和盐瑞利数情况下的盐指现象,发现随着粘滞系数的增加,盐指的演变速率变慢,生成数目减少;热瑞利数的增加对盐指的演变速率具有抑制作用,而盐瑞利数的增加则对其具有促进作用。     

冲绳海槽有孔虫壳体的微量元素Sr,Nd同位素地球化学

钙质生物壳的微量元素组合和Sr,Nd同位素组成是识别海底混合源沉积物中生物源物质相对贡献的重要参数.冲绳海槽有孔虫壳体强烈富集Sr,P,Mn和Ba,富集Li,U,Th,Sc,Co,Pb,Zn,Cr,Rb,Y,Sb和轻稀土元素,弱富集V,Ga,Zr,Nb,Cd和中稀土元素,相对贫Ge,Mo,In,Sn,Cs,Hf,Ta,W,Tl,Bi和重稀土元素,海水中微量元素的背景含量和生物活动对微量元素的选择性吸收是有孔虫壳体中微量元素发生富集和贫化的主要机制,冲绳海槽有孔虫壳体的稀土元素配分模式与海水和太平洋有孔虫的有明显差异,表现出中稀土元素相对富集,并具有微弱的负Ce异常.有孔虫壳体的Sr,Nd同位素比值也与大洋海水不同,分别为0.709769和0.512162,前者略高于大洋海水,后者略低于大洋海水,表明冲绳海槽海水明显受大陆河水影响.     

Occurrence forms and distribution of precious and base metals in ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Japan

The examination of polished sections of ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Japan revealed abundant inclusions of small grains of base and precious metals: Ag, Pd, Pt, Au, Rh, Cu, Zn, Sn, P, Ni, Cr, Ti, Sb, As, W, and Mo. The metals occur in the form of native elements or intermetallic compounds, subordinate sulfides, sulfates, oxides, tungstates, and phosphides. The data on contents, occurrence forms, and distribution of these metals in the ore crusts from this region are discussed.     

Overcoming the impacts of aquaculture on the coastal zone

The wide variety of goods and services provided by the coastal zone (food, medicines, nutrient recycling, control of flooding, typhoon protection) account for its many uses (fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, human settlements, harbors, ports, tourism, industries). Aquaculture now provides a third of total fisheries production. Half of the total aquaculture yield comes from land-based ponds and water-based pens, cages, longlines and stakes in brackish water and marine habitats. But the opportunities for employment, income and foreign exchange from coastal aquaculture have been overshadowed by negative environmental and social effects. The environmental impacts include: mangrove loss, bycatch during collection of wild seed and broodstock, introductions and transfers of species, spread of parasites and diseases, misuse of chemicals, and release of wastes. The socioeconomic impacts include: privatization of public lands and waterways, loss of fisheries livelihoods, food insecurity, and urban migration. The paper gives recommendations on the attainment of responsible and sustainable aquaculture with emphasis on herbivorous and omnivorous species, polyculture, integration with agriculture and mangroves, and self-regulation in the form of codes of conduct and best management practices. Recommended approaches include holistic Integrated Coastal Zone Management based on stakeholder needs, mechanisms for conflict resolution, assimilative capacity of the environment, protection of community resources, and rehabilitation of degraded habitats, to improvements in the aquaculture sector pertaining to management of feed, water, and effluents.     

Geochemistry of trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopes of foraminifera shell from the Okinawa Trough

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红树植物红海榄叶化学组成研究

对红树植物红海榄叶的基本化学成分水分,灰分,灰分中酸不溶物,灰分中S(SO42-),粗蛋白,粗脂肪等及氨基酸和微量元素的组成和含量进行了系统的分析测定。其基本化学组成各成分含量分别为:水分(69.18%),灰分(3.04%),灰分中酸不溶物(0.094%),灰分中S(SO42-)(0.052%),粗脂肪(7.75%),粗蛋白(7.14%);测得了红海榄叶中17种氨基酸,其总含量为10.7mg/g,其中人体必须氨基酸有7种,占所含氨基酸总量约26%;采用全谱直读等离子体原子发射光谱仪对红海榄叶进行了31种微量元素的分析测定,测得了其中18种元素的含量,红海榄叶中含有丰富的人体必须的矿物质元素。     

The Gulf of California: Review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges

The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions.     

细砂质含水合物沉积介质的非线性弹性力学模型

描述含水合物沉积介质的应力-应变关系,建立含水合物沉积介质的力学模型,预测水合物储层的变形规律,是有效开发水合物资源的基本前提。以经典邓肯-张模型为基础,结合细砂质含水合物沉积介质力学三轴试验数据,提出了适合细砂质含水合物沉积介质的非线性弹性力学模型及其参数,并验证了模型的准确性。结果表明,该模型及其参数可以很好地描述细砂质含水合物沉积介质的应力-应变的非线性弹性关系。     

厚植海洋生物学基础,创新海洋生物技术,赋能蓝色生物产业

著名生物学家童第周、曾呈奎、张玺奠基的中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,面向国际学科前沿、国家重大需求和国民经济主战场;刘瑞玉、吴尚懃、张福绥、郑守义为代表的科学家和一批批优秀学科带头人努力攀登,攻坚克难,前仆后继,薪火相传,为我国海洋生物学学科的系统、全面发展做出了重要建树和奠基性贡献,夯实了海洋科学技术发展的根基。近30多年,可为海洋生产力及其可持续性提供解决方案的海洋生物技术受到国内外普遍重视,海洋研究所为国家海洋生物高技术发展战略出谋划策,并在关键技术突破上发力,引领了海洋生物技术的创新发展。在实现产业化,推动蓝色生物产业的征途上,海洋研究所为世界最大的海洋增养殖产业发展壮大做出突出贡献,直接催生了海藻、贝类和对虾三次养殖浪潮的兴起,带动了基础性、战略性海水增养殖种业发展;此外,海洋研究所在海洋药物、海洋生物制品的研究与开发以及着力挖掘和提升海洋生态系统服务功能和价值上,成果斐然,有力支撑了蓝色生物新型产业的发展。新近,海洋研究所牵头筹建的中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心必将为建设海洋强国,铸造蓝色辉煌注入强劲活力。     

海洋生物多样性中心形成与演变机制的比较基因组研究进展

在大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈等多圈层相互作用下,全球范围内海洋生物多样性中心的地理位置、物种组成结构和优势度都呈动态变化.迄今,海洋生物多样性中心的形成与演变机制在生态、遗传和分子等层面正逐步得到解析.在生态层面,学界涌现出了物种形成中心、物种汇聚中心、物种重叠中心和物种保存中心等重要科学假说,解析了生物多样性分布格...     

我国海水鱼类核型及染色体显带研究进展

综述了我国已研究的77种海水鱼类核型,包括鲈形目51种、鲉形目8种、鲽形目6种、鲀形目5种、鳗鲡目3种、鲱形目2种和鲻形目2种。分析了海水鱼类染色体显带、限制性内切酶显带、二价体及多重带显带的研究进展,并对海水鱼类细胞遗传学研究的前景作了展望。     

金乌贼热休克蛋白基因的挖掘及对低盐胁迫的响应

热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins:HSPs)为动植物响应外界胁迫产生的一类蛋白质,能有效改善机体对外界胁迫的适应能力.本研究基于先前获得的低盐胁迫金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)高通量转录组数据,对与低盐胁迫密切相关的热休克蛋白(热休克蛋白家族和晶体蛋白(crystallin)家族)基因进行挖...     

Noble metals in ferromanganese crusts from marginal seas of the Northwest Pacific

Based on data on the concentration of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Os, Ir, and Ru) in bulk samples of ferromanganese crusts, the presence of inclusions of micro- and nanosized grains of Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt, often with impurities of other elements, as well as their chaotic distribution, three sources of incorporation of these metals into ore crusts of Far Eastern seas are suggested: seawater, postvolcanic gas–hydrothermal fluids, and hydrothermal plumes. The presence of grains of platinoids and gold in ferromanganese crusts on only some mounts may result from peculiarities in the formation of volcanic rocks on the ancient continental basement.     

套子湾现代沉积物元素地球化学特点及环境意义

通过对胶东半岛套子湾底质表层沉积物中元素地球化学及粒度特点进行分析,发现因为气候原因,Al2O3、SO3、K2O、MgO、SiO2、P2O5、TiO2、Sr不易流失而保存在沉积物中,使它们在湾底沉积物中的含量略高于中国浅海沉积物中的含量;而Cu、Rb、Pb、As、Zn的含量远高于中国浅海沉积物中的含量,与人类排入套子湾的各类污水有关;Ba的含量也较高,主要是因为胶东半岛和辽东半岛提供大量含Ba的载体在套子湾沉积的缘故;多数元素在近岸河流入海口处的含量为最高或接近最高,港口和近岸河流排污对此有很大贡献。CaO、Na2O在底质沉积物中表现出往海的方向,CaO的含量升高,Na2O的含量降低,与其在海水和淡水中的不同性质有关。除此以外,分析还表明,元素含量分布还受湾底水动力的影响。     

天津厚蟹对盐度和温度的耐受性

研究了天津厚蟹Helice tientsinensis对盐度和温度的耐受性。天津厚蟹对盐度的耐受能力极强,在温度9~34℃盐度为0的淡水介质中均能存活96h以上;在10℃、20℃及30℃的高渗介质中暴露96h后,天津厚蟹全部存活的盐度分别是65、56和50,全部死亡的盐度分别为83、74和68。天津厚蟹对低温的耐受力较强,在0、30和50盐度水平下,耐受低温的能力差别较大,能耐受96h的最低温度分别是9℃、2℃和6℃。天津厚蟹对高温也有较强的耐受能力,在0、30和50盐度水平下,分别在34℃、36℃和35℃下能耐受96h;盐度50温度38℃时,在开始的24h内无死亡,但48h后死亡率急剧上升,同样规律也出现在30和0溶液中,前者温度是39℃,后者为35℃。研究结果还表明盐度和温度的交互效应显著,二者的交互作用对天津厚蟹的存活亦有显著性影响(P0.05),温度升高(从10℃到20℃再到30℃)致使其耐盐能力显著下降,而盐度的剧烈变化(从30到50或从30到0)也致使其耐温能力显著下降。     

西湖凹陷中-下始新统宝石组油气地质与勘探潜力

西湖凹陷是东海陆架盆地油气勘探潜力最好的凹陷之一。通过西湖凹陷宝石一井中下始新统宝石组井震资料,厘定了影响油气资源计算结果较大的关键参数,如烃源岩厚度、有机质油气产率、排聚系数等;建立了构造、沉积、孔隙度与油气生、运、聚模型,编绘了西湖凹陷宝石组生油岩厚度图、有机碳、Ro、生油气强度等值线图;采用BASIMS 4．5盆地综合模拟系统重现了西湖凹陷宝石组的地史、热史、生烃史、排烃史和运聚史,分析了宝石组空间展布特征与生、储、盖、圈、运、保等地质条件,提出并建立了宝石组合油气系统。利用多种方法定量计算的宝石组生烃量和资源量与西湖凹陷已证实的主力烃源岩系平湖组相似,认为宝石组是西湖凹陷又一重要烃源岩及油气勘探目的层系,拥有巨大的油气勘探潜力。     

柘林湾网箱鱼类养殖环境氮磷负何研究

通过建立模型估算了柘林湾网箱养殖因投饵所产生的环境氮磷总负荷及不同来源、形式的氮磷负荷组成.结果显示,2006年柘林湾网箱养殖因投喂冰鲜鱼饵料产生的氮负荷为2760.39t、磷负荷为679.11t,其中残饵氮1695.24 t,占氮负荷的61.4%,残饵磷441.36 t,占磷负荷的65.0%,残饵是构成氮磷负荷的主要...     

广东省的湿地:功能、价值、利用和湿地丧失的缓解措施

广东的湿地生态系统包括基塘系统、红树林、湿生植被和水生植被等4种生态系统，是特别而有经济价值的植被类型，这些湿地类型分别在支持生物地化循环、保堤护田护村、调节气候、净化环境、生物多样性保育、提供能源、提供生物学科学教育基地和生态旅游地、生产多样化的社会经济原料和产品等方面有着独特而重要的作用。但随着社会的发展．其面积在减少，质量不断下降。结构破坏直接导致了功能的下降和丧失。自1950年起，广东省在其湿地的保护和管理方面陆续实施了统一规划管理、设立自然保护区、开发湿地生产模式、防治湿地污染、保护湿地环境、建设人工湿地、恢复湿地系统、建立湿地信息系统等一系列举措，并取得了一定的收效，但效果仍不理想。要从根本上解决广东湿地的保护和利用问题，一方面要在恢复生态学的指导下深化退化湿地的恢复研究，按照湿地生态系统在空间尺度上的条带分布规律和时间尺度上的演替规律。因地制宜、因时制宜地进行湿地恢复研究；另一方面要进一步加强科研工作者、政府以及民众三者在湿地保护和合理利用方面的合作，建立专门机构，通过法律和行政手段进行统一规划、管理，同时对湿地保育研究、教育给予政策上的倾斜、支持。