海底沉积物力学性质影响声速的物理机制

利用声学方法提取海底沉积层物理一力学性质的信息,是近年得到迅速发展的一种海底调查方法[1-4],近一、二十年间利用电子显微镜观测技术,发现沉积物一些重要的微观特征,如沉积物颗粒堆垒状态、孔隙结构和孔隙纵横比等,对声在海底沉积物中的传播特性,特别是对于沉积物的声速,具有不能忽视的影响,为了阐明海底沉积物结构-力学因素影响声传播特性的物理机制,本文研究了沉积物微观结构与其宏观声学表现之间的关系,并以南海西北部一个有代表性的陆架海区为例,对17个现场测站的一系列测试数据进行回归分析,结果表明,采用无侧限抗压强度q_u作为等效因子来综合地表达海底沉积物颗粒堆垒和孔隙结构的宏观效应,可作为利用孔隙度n计算沉积层声速c的一个补充修正项;对于本海区,可得到下面形式的经验公式: f(c,n,q_u)=c-4195+90.5833n-0.7695n2+94.6968q_u-64.4603q_u2=0,它提高了不考虑孔隙结构的常用公式(如Anderson公式[5])的计算精度,同时免除了为修正声速计算而对微观孔隙进行测量统计的必要性。     

基于主元分析技术的海底沉积物声速预报方程

通过应用主元分析技术建立预报海底沉积物声速的经验方程,将前人研究报道的经验方程进行分析研究,指出其计算误差,运用南海南部大陆架和大陆坡数据,建立了主元回归计算模型。从理论上研究了如何在众多影响声速的物理参数中,排除相互关联的参数,优选出相互独立的、且对声速有显著影响的少数几个物理参数,用优选后的物理参数建立了南海南部海域大陆架及大陆坡沉积物的3参数（孔隙度n、颗粒中值粒径Ma、塑限W,）声速预报方程：Cp=1774-5．0944n＋12．499Md＋0．9985Wp,该方程的相对预报误差仅为-4．48％-3．77％。     

关于布烈霍夫斯基赫侧面波公式符号的错误

D. C. Stickler[2]导出的Sommerfeld模型下点源反射波场统一表达式中的侧面波公式与бреховских[3]计算的公式相差一负号.stickler指出,后者是错的但错误的原因不清楚.本文试图对此加以分析.问题的几何关系示于图一,其中δ=sin-1c/c₁=sin-1n,m=ρ₁/ρ,c1.     

南海南部海域海底沉积物弹性性质及其分布

报道和分析了12°N以南的南海南部海域海底沉积物弹性参数纵波速Vp、横波速Vs、弹性模量E、体积弹性模量K、压缩系数β、剪切模量μ、泊松比ν和拉梅常数λ,并对大陆架和大陆坡、深海盆的结果进行比较分析。结果表明,海底浅层沉积物声速(纵波速)以低声速为主,高声速沉积物主要在大陆架和个别岛礁区域,低声速沉积物连成一片,高声速沉积物不是连成一片。大陆架海底沉积物弹性模量、体积弹性模量、泊松比和拉梅常数等4项参数比大陆坡海底沉积物要高,大陆坡海底沉积物压缩系数比大陆架海底沉积物要高,剪切模量在大陆架和大陆坡海底上相差不大。讨论了它们之间的关系、平面分布特征及其普遍意义。     

海底沉积物声速经验方程的分析和研究

比较国内外主要研究者提出的海底沉积物声速单参数、双参数和多参数预报经验方程的物理意义和适用性,提出了孔隙度-含水量预报海底沉积物声速新的双参数公式,该式避免了单一参数预报声速经验方程和某些双参数公式中物理意义不明确以及多参数方程复杂性及对提高预报计算能力效果不显著之处.基于理论分析,改进孔隙度-含水量双参数计算公式得到的通用模型具有明确的物理意义,可以通过修改参数适用于不同海域的声速预报,提高了泛化能力,扩大了适用范围.通过对孔隙度、含水量等物理参数的权值分析研究,更加明确了孔隙度是影响海底沉积物声速大小的最关键参数.用台湾海峡北部、南海海域、珠江口大陆架三处的海域沉积物测量数据比较了不同模型,验证了本模型的优越性.     

大陆岛入海沉积物通量的估算研究

大陆岛入海沉积物通量（Q_s）信息对于精确解译大陆架沉积记录的研究是个重要补充。针对如何估算大陆岛Q_s的科学问题,本文以中国东南部海域的8 227个大陆岛为例,提出了一种基于邻近大陆中小型河流Q_s的经验公式计算大陆岛Q_s的解决方案。该方案在实施时需设置两个假定,即大陆岛的Q_s法则遵循邻近大陆中小河流的Q_s法则和可将1个大陆岛当作1个河流流域计算其Q_s。结果表明:（1）经验公式计算的大陆岛Q_s为其最小估计值;如考虑大陆岛流域的具体情况,实际的Q_s值会稍微增加,但其增幅不超过n0.13（n为流域数量）;（2）经验公式能获取大陆岛Q_s的大致数量级信息;大陆岛的总面积为4 418.49 km2,对应Q_s的数量级为106 t/a,与邻近大陆中型河流入海通量的数量级相当;（3）在大河河口湾充填阶段完成以前,大陆岛沉积物是内陆架泥质沉积体的主要物源之一。因此,大陆岛入海沉积物会对大陆架沉积体系的形成和演化造成一定程度的影响,需引起研究人员的高度重视。     

海底沉积物声学物理力学性质聚类分析研究

Stoll、Hamilton等分别从理论和实测方面出发研究海底沉积物声学与物理力学性质关系,这两类研究都是将声学性质作为独立性质从沉积物的物理性质中提取出来,以两者作为因果关系进行研究,割裂了其内在统一性.本文不试图建立声学与物理力学性质的经验方程,而是综合考虑海底沉积物声学、物理力学性质,对南海大陆坡和人陆架沉积物进行聚类研究,分析南海海底沉积物共有的性质.研究表明聚类分析方法为海底沉积物性质研究提供了一种有效的分类手段,通过聚类,得出如下结论:(1)声速与孔隙度、密度等物理力学性质存在着明显的单调相关性,可以通过某些物理力学参数来预报沉积物的声速,同时可以通过测量沉积物声速反演沉积物的某些物理力学参数;(2)海底沉积物的声速和地文单元、沉积物的颗粒成份组成有关;(3)火陆坡黏土质粉砂、粉砂、砂质粉砂和大陆架粉砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂的压缩波速依次增大,切变波速依次减小;(4)海底沉积物声学与物理力学性质聚类分析研究,可以作为海底沉积物的声学探测的参考依据.     

海南岛东南外海海底沉积物特征及其声学物理性质研究

分析研究了南海北部大陆架西南缘的海南岛东南外海海底沉积物声学物理特性,在多个航次中进行了海底沉积层取样、海水CTD测量、浅地层及旁侧声呐扫测等工作.在实验室里对沉积物样品进行声学参数、沉积学基本参数、物理力学参数和14C年龄测试等分析.根据多尔特曼公式求解出弹性模量、体积弹性模量、压缩系数、切变模量、泊松比和拉梅常数等六项沉积物弹性参数.分析结果表明在该海区海底沉积物的压缩波速为1.474~1.700 m/s,在不同的海区内有高低声速两类性质的沉积物分布;沉积物的切变波速为150~600 m/s;沉积物在100 kHz的声衰减为35~260 dB/m;沉积物的密度为1.4~2.0 g/cm3;沉积物的孔隙度为42%~88%.     

用定深爆炸声源反演海底声学参数

根据2014年在南中国海开展声学试验的定深爆炸宽带声信号数据进行海底地声参数反演.考虑到不同海底声参数对不同声场物理参数的敏感程度不同以及不同海底声参数对不同反演方法的敏感程度亦不同,综合应用2种反演方法得到不同底质声参数:(1)根据接收的直达波和海底反射波计算得到关注海域的海底反射系数进而反演得到海底声阻抗;(2)实验海区的海底地形为大陆坡,选取Hamilton总结的关于沉积物声速与沉积物密度关系的经验公式,结合沉积物声阻抗与沉积物声速、沉积物密度的关系,进而反演得到沉积物声速和沉积物密度.沉积物声学参数的取样测量是在实验室条件下进行的,温度为23℃,大气压1×105Pa,由于沉积物孔隙海水是决定沉积物声速的关键且受温度压强变化的影响显著,本研究利用沉积物声速与孔隙海水声速的比值即使在温度压强变化的情况下较稳定的特点,可对沉积物声速在实验室条件和海底原位条件进行校正.校正到海底温度和压强后,反演结果与沉积物取样的实测结果和Hamilton总结的结果吻合得相当好:(1)声阻抗的反演结果为2.065 6×10~5g/(cm2·s),修正后的沉积物取样结果则为2.046 0×10~5g/(cm~2·s),Hamilton总结的结果为2.238 0×10~5g/(cm~2·s);(2)声速的反演结果为1 482.6m/s,修正后的沉积物取样结果为1 467.5 m/s,Hamilton总结的结果为1 502.8 m/s;(3)密度的反演结果为1.393 2 g/cm3,沉积物取样结果为1.400 0 g/cm~3,Hamilton总结的结果为1.489 0 g/cm3.     

静力触探技术在东海陆架工程勘察中的应用研究

通过对东海大陆架海底浅表层土样的静力触探参数进行统计分析,得到该区域细砂、粘土、淤泥质土和淤泥的静力触探统计值,建立了研究海区基于静力触探参数的土类判别图,可用于快速判定土的类别.根据静力触探参数,并应用经验公式估算了海底粘性土的抗剪强度和灵敏度,对估算公式经验系数选择进行了深入研究,提出在研究海区应用经验公式进行粘性...     

Vertical Variations of Core Sound Velocity: Evidence of Paleooceanographic History Since the Pleistocene Epoch

The vertical variations in the borehole core sound velocity (Cp) of the submarine sediments are related to the events of marine transgression and regression in the geologic history. This article establishes the vertical variation of Cp curve for the borehole sound velocity in the northern South China Sea continental shelf and the East China Sea continental shelf, thus providing evidence for revealing at least (3) sedimentary cycle events of marine transgression and regression occurring in the west Pacific marginal sea since the Pleistocene Epoch. The sound velocity of marine sediments brought in the course of marine transgression is lower (1450-1510 m/s) while that of continental sediments formed in the course of marine regression is higher (1650-1720 m/s).     

南海北部海区上层水体平均声速场的变化

对所收集到的南海北部海区的温度、盐度和深度历史资料进行了声速的计算、统计与分析,结果表明该海区上层水体的平均声速场有较明显的年际变化:表层声速的平面分布显示出沿岸水与外海水强弱交替变化的特征,声速等值线的走向几乎与岸线平行,等声速线的值自近岸向外海增加,大陆架外缘海区声速的水平梯度较大;下层声速的分布以环流和水体共同作用的形式出现,50m层声速平面分布的趋势除冬季与表层稍为相似外,其余季节与表层有明显的差别,春、夏季节50m层声速自西向东增加,而秋季与其表层分布相反,自近岸向外海减小;声速的垂直分布受海水升温与降温的影响显著,春、夏季表层海水升温,海表声速最大,声速自海表随深度的增加而减小;秋、冬季表层附近水层降温,声速稍偏低,普遍出现正梯度现象,最大声速移至表层以下的水层,这个深度随季节的改变而改变,随海区的不同而不同.该海区的平均声速有年波动现象,表层波幅最大,随深度的增加波幅变小,至100m水层其波动的位相几乎与表层相反.     

Sea Floor Sediment and Its Acouso-Physical Properties in the Southeast Open Sea Area of Hainan Island in China

Acouso-physical properties of sea floor sediments in the southeast offshore sea area of Hainan Island on the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea are analyzed. In many cruises, conductivity-temperature-depth measurements of seawater, measurements of shallow stratum and side-scan sonar have been made. Acoustic parameters, basic sedimentary parameters, physical-mechanical parameters and ¹⁴C age, etc., have been measured. The sediment elastic parameters, including Young's modulus, bulk modulus, constrained modulus, rigidity modulus, Poisson's ratio, Lames constant, etc., have been calculated. Results show that the compression wave velocity of the seafloor sediment in the sea area ranges from 1474–1700 m/s, and there are high and low sound velocity sediment types in the different sea areas; the shear wave velocity is 150–600 m/s; at 100 kHz the sediment sound attenuation is 35–260 dB/m, the sediment density is 1.4–2.0 g/cm³; the sediment porosity is 42–88%. Sound field parameters and describing sound reciprocity between sea and seafloor are described.     

Propagating tsunami wave and subsequent resonant response signals detected by HF radar in the Kii Channel,Japan

Signals from the tsunami waves induced by the March 11, 2011 moment magnitude (M_w) 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and from subsequent resonances were detected as radial velocity variability by a high-frequency ocean surface radar (HF radar) installed on the eastern coast of the Kii Channel, at a range of about 1000 km from the epicenter along the eastern to southern coasts of Honshu Island. A time–distance diagram of band-passed (9–200 min) radial velocity along the beam reveals that the tsunami waves propagated from the continental shelf slope to the inner channel as progressive waves for the first three waves, and then natural oscillations were excited by the waves; and that the direction of the tsunami wave propagation and the axis of the natural oscillations differed from that of the radar beam. In addition, spectral analyses of the radial velocities and sea surface heights obtained in the channel and on the continental shelf slope suggest complex natural oscillation modes excited by the tsunami waves.     

Grain size and depositional environment as predictors of permeability in coastal marine sands

More than half of the surface sediments covering the continental shelves are sandy, which may permit substantial sub-seafloor pore water advection. Knowledge of sediment permeability is required for quantifying advection and associated solute transport, but studies of marine sediments typically report grain size analyses rather than permeability. Here data from 23 studies were examined to determine the range in permeabilities reported for sublittoral marine sands and to assess the utility of permeability–grain size relationships in this setting. In the resulting database, the permeability of small (∼30 cm) undisturbed cores collected from the sea floor all fell between 2 × 10⁻¹² and 4 × 10⁻¹⁰ m², a range where advective transport induced by wave and current action should be pervasive. The range in grain size was very similar for near-shore (<10 m water depth) and continental shelf samples (>10 m water depth), but the permeability of the continental shelf samples was consistently lower for the same median grain size. Empirical permeability–grain size relationships generated a poor fit (r² = 0.35) for the aggregate data, but separate relationships for near-shore and continental shelf samples were significantly better, r² = 0.66 and 0.77, respectively. Permeability–grain size relationships thus may be useful for sublittoral sands, but a larger database needs to be accumulated before reliable fit parameters and variability can be predicted. Thus it is recommended that permeability be routinely determined when characterizing sedimentological properties of marine sand deposits. Concurrent determinations of sediment bulk density and porosity may further improve estimates of permeability.     

Significance of pteropods in deciphering the late Quaternary sea-level history along the southwestern Indian shelf

The paper evaluates the usefulness of pteropods in palaeobathymetric synthesis along the southwestern continental shelf of India. Core samples collected from the shelf off north Kerala (SW coast of India) were studied for faunal assemblages (pteropods and foraminifers), calcium carbonate contents and lithological characteristics. A fundamental precept for considering any organism as a bathometer is that it should be highly sensitive to changing water depths. To ascertain this, the bathymetric distribution patterns of modern pteropods as well as planktonic and benthic foraminifers were recorded in core-top samples. The results reveal that certain pteropod species (Limacina inflata, Creseis acicula, Creseis virgula, and Creseis chierchiae) are highly depth sensitive. The response of these species to depth changes was assessed in terms of the L. inflata and Creseis spp. abundance ratio. A model for the relationship between water depths and the L. inflata/Creseis spp. ratio is proposed for the southwestern shelf of India. Variations of benthic/planktonic foraminifers (BF/PF) and pteropods/planktonic foraminifers (Pt/PF) in the modern sediments were also found to be depth controlled. Two sediment cores, representing the last 36,000 and 23,000 years, were collected to investigate past sea-level changes. These cores comprised two distinct lithological units, the upper unit corresponding to the Holocene, and the lower unit to the last glacial period. The L. inflata/Creseis spp. model was successfully applied to the fossil record for reconstructing the palaeobathymetry of the shelf study locations. Down-core variations in the BF/PF and Pt/PF ratios support these inferred sea-level changes. Major periods of sea-level oscillations were also found to have a strong influence on the calcium carbonate distribution. For both core sites, the palaeobathymetric curves reflect consistency in terms of changing sea level. The results suggest that the sea level stood around 100 m below the present mean sea level during the last glacial maximum. A rapid rise in sea level was documented between 15 and 10 ka B.P. The sea-level rise has been slower since 7 ka B.P.     

V p/V s-ratios from the central Kolbeinsey Ridge to the Jan Mayen Basin,North Atlantic; implications for lithology,porosity and present-day stress field

The horizontal components from twenty Ocean Bottom Seismometers deployed along three profiles near the Kolbeinsey Ridge, North Atlantic, have been modelled with regard to S-waves, based on P-wave models obtained earlier. Two profiles were acquired parallel to the ridge, and the third profile extended eastwards across the continental Jan Mayen Basin. The modelling requires a thin (few 100 m) layer with very high V _p/V _s-ratio (3.5–9.5) at the sea-floor in the area lacking sedimentary cover. The obtained V _p/V _s-ratios for the remaining part of layer 2A, 2B, 3 and upper mantle, correspond to the following lithologies: pillow lavas, sheeted dykes, gabbro and peridotite, respectively. All crustal layers exhibit a decreasing trend in V _p/V _s-ratio away-from-the-axis, interpreted as decreasing porosity and/or crack density in that direction. A significant S-wave azimuthal anisotropy is observed within the thin uppermost layer of basalt near the ridge. The anisotropy is interpreted as being caused by fluid-filled microcracks aligned along the direction of present-day maximum compressive stress, and indicates crustal extension at the ridge itself and perpendicular-to-the-ridge compression 12 km off axis. Spreading along the Kolbeinsey Ridge has most likely been continuous since its initiation ca. 25 Ma: The data do not suggest the presence of an extinct spreading axis between the Kolbeinsey Ridge and the Aegir Ridge as has been proposed earlier. The V _p/V _s-ratios found in the Jan Mayen Basin are compatible with continental crust, overlain by a sedimentary section dominated by shale.     

Spatial variability in the partial pressures of CO2 in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas

In the summers of 1999 and 2003, the 1st and 2nd Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions measured the partial pressure of CO₂ in the air and surface waters (pCO₂) of the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean. The lowest pCO₂ values were found in continental shelf waters, increased values over the Bering Sea shelf slope, and the highest values in the waters of the Bering Abyssal Plain (BAP) and the Canadian Basin. These differences arise from a combination of various source waters, biological uptake, and seasonal warming. The Chukchi Sea was found to be a carbon dioxide sink, a result of the increased open water due to rapid sea-ice melting, high primary production over the shelf and in marginal ice zones (MIZ), and transport of low pCO₂ waters from the Bering Sea. As a consequence of differences in inflow water masses, relatively low pCO₂ concentrations occurred in the Anadyr waters that dominate the western Bering Strait, and relatively high values in the waters of the Alaskan Coastal Current (ACC) in the eastern strait. The generally lower pCO₂ values found in mid-August compared to at the end of July in the Bering Strait region (66–69°N) are attributed to the presence of phytoplankton blooms. In August, higher pCO₂ than in July between 68.5 and 69°N along 169°W was associated with higher sea-surface temperatures (SST), possibly as an influence of the ACC. In August in the MIZ, pCO₂ was observed to increase along with the temperature, indicating that SST plays an important role when the pack ice melts and recedes.     

The continental shelf wave of the East China Sea and its effect on the Kuroshio

The free shelf wave theory is applied to the practical case of the continental shelf in the East China Sea to analyse the effects of the shelf wave on the Kuroshio. The results indicate that the shelf wave in lower frequency travels from north to south and its phase velocity is proportional to the Kuroshio's current velocity) the maximum current velocity of the Kuroshio lies at the continental margin. The analytical solutions obtained indicate that the hydrodynamic characters of the sea region over the shelf present band structure. The horizontal motion ( x -component) caused by the shelf wave at the margin may be one of the causes for generating wavy pattern of the Kuroshio's axis .