不同氮磷比对球形棕囊藻释放含硫化合物及DMSP降解途径的影响

本文探讨了球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)在不同氮磷比条件下各生长时期内释放到培养液中二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)、二甲基硫(DMS)和丙烯酸(AA)等含硫化合物浓度及DMSP降解途径的影响,所设置氮磷比为4:1、16:1、40:1和80:1.结果表明,球形棕囊藻的DIC吸收速率在80:1组出现最大...     

不同氮磷比及铁浓度对球形棕囊藻二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐生产的影响

本文通过实验室培养研究了不同氮磷比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)以及铁浓度(10、100、1 000nmol·L-1)对球形棕囊藻二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)产生的影响。富磷浓度(36.12μmol·L-1)条件下的球形棕囊藻DMS和DMSP的产量明显高于贫磷浓度条件下(0.361 2μmol·L-1)的DMS和DMSP的产量,N/P比为50∶1时球形棕囊藻的DMS和DMSP产量明显高于其他N/P比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1)的DMS和DMSP产量,但N/P比为50∶1时单位Chl-aDMS/DMSP产量在4个N/P比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)中却最低。贫磷培养液的DMSPd在N/P比为0∶1时峰值显著高于其它N/P比(5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)条件下的DMSPd,并且N/P比为50∶1时DMS的释放量最大。低Fe3+浓度有助于球形棕囊藻藻液中DMSPd的形成,Fe3+浓度为1 000nmol·L-1时单位Chl-a的DMSPp产量最小,而单位Chl-a的DMS生产能力在Fe3+浓度为100nmol·L-1时得到加强。     

二氧化碳加富与阳光紫外辐射对球形棕囊藻的耦合效应

在含有和滤除紫外(UV)辐射(UVR,280～400 nm)的阳光条件下,向静止、恒温的培养体系中分别充含390×10-6和800×10-6体积CO2的空气,以期探讨CO2浓度升高与阳光UV辐射对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel)的生理生态学影响.结果显示,该藻对CO2加富和UVR...     

温度、盐度和光照对球形棕囊藻生长和卤代烃释放的影响

氯甲烷(CH_3Cl)、溴甲烷(CH_3Br)和碘甲烷(CH_3I)是挥发性卤代烃的3种主要成分,对温室效应和大气臭氧破坏有重要影响。由于海藻可以在一定条件下产生卤代烃,本文选择了球形棕囊藻进行室内培养,研究了不同温度、盐度和光照对其释放CH_3Cl、CH_3Br和CH_3I含量的影响。在不同温度(15、20、25℃),盐度(19、23、29)和光照(14、25、38μmol·m^-2·s^-1)条件下,藻细胞密度和卤甲烷的释放受温度的影响较明显。温度偏低(15～20℃)更适宜藻的生长和CH_3I的存在(CH_3I最大平均浓度为5.90～6.29pmol·L^-1),但25℃释放的CH_3Cl和CH_3Br最多(最大平均浓度分别为452.48和9.49pmol·L^-1),表明CH_3Cl的最大平均浓度比CH_3Br和CH_3I高约10倍。总体上CH_3Cl和CH_3Br的释放随着温度、盐度和光照强度的增加而增大,但盐度和光照的变化对藻的生长和卤甲烷释放的影响不明显。     

4种南极冰藻的生化组成对UV - B辐射增强的响应

实验室人工模拟南极UV—B辐射环境,对南极冰藻的生化组成变化进行了测定和分析,结果表明．UV—B辐射增强(70μW／cm^2)后,4种南极冰藻的总蛋白含量显著减少,其中脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸等6种氨基酸增加,谷氨酸、缬氨酸等减少;总脂含量明显增加,绿藻增加30％以上,硅藻增加超过15％;饱和脂肪酸含量降低,不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,并且产生了一些新的不饱和脂肪酸;Mg、Na和Al元素的含量显著降低,而Fe、Ca、Zn、Mn等含量却明显增加。总体来说,4种南极冰藻的灰分含量显著下降,有机成分明显增加。表明了南极冰藻对UV—B增强的积极响应．能调整自身对强辐射环境的适应性,这为深入研究冰藻对南极强辐射环境的适应性提供了科学依据。     

硫代甜菜碱(DMSP)对大气环境的影响及其对水产动物营养的促进作用

一种二甲基硫化合物硫代甜菜碱（DMSP）成为环境科学和水产科学共同关注的热点之一。研究表明，DMSP是海洋植物产生的渗透调节物质，大量存在于海藻和盐生高等植物体内。含有DMSP的生物体死亡之后，DMSP被海洋细菌的二甲硫醚生成酶降解，生成二甲硫醚（DMS）和丙烯酸。DMS从海洋水面逾出，进入大气形成酸雨；由于DMS能形成云，所以有降低温室效应的作用。DMSP本身则对哺乳动物、禽类及水产动物（鱼和虾）的营养代谢有促进作用。酶学研究表明，动物肝脏中的两种硫甲基转移酶能把DMSP分子中硫原子上的甲基转换出来，提供给机体代谢所需。作为海洋植物渗透调节物质的主要成分，DMSP来源于植物体内的蛋氨酸。研究DMSP的生成变化规律，对进一步了解海洋气候和开发使用新的水产动物饲料添加剂有重要价值。     

海水pH对颗石藻生长以及二甲基硫产生的影响

海洋酸化是目前海洋环境所面临的严峻问题之一,而钙化藻-颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)是大洋中二甲基硫(Dimethylsulfide,DMS)产生的主要藻种。本文初步研究了3种海水pH(8.1、7.9、7.7)对颗石藻生长、细胞直径以及DMS/DMSP(Dimethylsulfoniopropionate,二甲基巯基丙酸内盐)产生的影响。研究结果表明3种pH(8.1、7.9、7.7)条件下颗石藻的细胞密度、比生长率没有显著差异,颗石藻培养第10天的扫描电镜细胞形态以及藻细胞直径测定结果显示,pH=7.9和pH=7.7的颗石藻直径比pH=8.1的颗石藻直径显著降低;颗石藻DMS总量、单细胞DMS/单细胞DMSP产量在3种pH(8.1、7.9、7.7)中两两之间没有显著差异;而pH=7.7的DMSP总量显著低于pH=8.1的DMSP总量。Pearson相关分析结果表明,细胞分裂导致3种pH的单细胞DMSP含量与细胞密度、比生长率均呈负相关,3种pH的总DMS/总DMSP含量与细胞密度均呈正相关。CO2浓度升高引起的海洋酸化不仅导致pH降低,而且海水中的碳酸盐体系也会发生变化,因此本实验结果外推到现实环境时还要考虑碳酸盐体系变化对DMS产生的影响。     

小角毛藻对球形棕囊藻囊体形成的影响

球形棕囊藻具有异型的生活史,能够在单细胞和囊体两种不同形态之间转换。球形棕囊藻藻华现场发现,囊体有时附着在角毛藻上。为研究角毛藻对囊体形成的影响和机制,进行球形棕囊藻和小角毛藻的共培养实验,观察球形棕囊藻囊体的形成和生长状况,研究小角毛藻对球形棕囊藻囊体形成的影响。结果证明:混合培养下,小角毛藻和球形棕囊藻的囊体附着在一起,在较短的生存周期内,囊体的密度明显高于单独培养时的密度;而单独培养体系下,棕囊藻单细胞密度和囊体体积均高于混合培养,囊体的存在时间较长。小角毛藻的存在对囊体的形成具有促进效应,这对于球形棕囊藻囊体具有重要的生态意义。硅藻的存在更能体现球形棕囊藻竞争优势。     

我国北部湾球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)的表面形态和细胞超微结构的电镜观察

本文首次对分离于我国广西北部湾的一株棕囊藻(Phaeocystis)纯培养进行了形态学研究。通过对其核糖体大亚基序列(LSU rDNA)进行了系统进化分析,并运用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等,对该藻的游动单细胞和囊体细胞表面结构和超微结构进行了详细的观察。结果表明,通过分子序列和形态学特征确证了该纯培养为球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystisglobosa)。通过分子系统进化分析,从北部湾获得的球形棕囊藻与同属的P. antarctica和P. rex的亲缘关系较近,但与P. jahnii的亲缘关系相对较远。我们发现该藻至少有两种类型的细胞:具鞭毛游动细胞和无鞭毛囊体细胞,其大小分别为2.30—3.98μm和3.69—6.49μm。具鞭毛游动细胞表面具有1—2个位置不固定但形状较为规则的圆盘状凸起,细胞表面的鳞片大小无明显差别;囊体细胞均匀地分布在囊体上,囊体细胞表面光滑,有三个较短的附属物。具鞭毛游动细胞和囊体细胞有2个或4个叶绿体,具鞭毛游动细胞的细胞核位于细胞的中下部,而囊体细胞的细胞核则位于细胞的中上部。细胞分泌物在扫描电镜样品处理过程后形成多数与细胞相连的丝状物,且丝状物形成较为规则的五角星形结构,每个角与一根丝相连,有些丝状体上有\"瘤状\"结构。研究结果填补了我国在球形棕囊藻形态学和超微结构研究上的空白,为深入认识其生物学特征及其成囊机理提供基础。     

环境因子对浒苔生长及生源硫释放的影响

近年来,我国黄海海域大规模暴发的绿潮现象对海洋生态环境和海水中的物质迁移转化产生了重要影响。而浒苔作为绿潮暴发过程中的主要藻类,是释放二甲基硫(DMS)的优势藻类,其对海水中硫酸盐吸收转化及生源硫释放发挥着重要作用。本文通过实验室培养探讨了温度、盐度及不同形态氮营养盐对浒苔生长及释放生源硫化物的影响。结果表明,在实验范围内(盐度为25—35,温度为20—25°C),盐度对浒苔生长无明显影响,但盐度增加会促进β-二甲基巯基丙酸内酯(DMSP)的合成。在温度为20°C盐度为35时,DMSP释放达到最大值。温度增加能够促进浒苔的增长,在培养第5天,25°C下浒苔湿重比20°C增加了25%左右。培养液中的DMS含量为20nmol/L左右,约是正常黄海水的4倍,DMSP的浓度更是高于正常海水的数十倍。增加无机氮浓度会促进浒苔的生长及DMS和DMSP的释放,相比之下,NH4+-N比NO3–-N更易被浒苔吸收利用,添加两种氮源组DMS和DMSP的最高含量均比空白组高60%和30%左右。DMS/DMSP的值在10%以内变化,培养过程中DMSP表观降解比AA(丙烯酸)/(AA+DMSP)总体上低于40%。     

胶州湾海水中DMS和DMSP的分布及其影响因素

为了解人为活动对二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)生物生产的干扰,分别于2005年8月、11月对胶州湾海域进行采样。测定结果表明:胶州湾海水中8月DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp在次表层的平均含量分别为4.89,17.9和23.93nmol·L-1,在微表层中的平均含量分别为4.58,19.98和21.49nmol·L-1,11月DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp在次表层的平均含量分别为2.07,12.99和16.74nmol·L-1,在微表层中的平均含量分别为1.44,16.13和19.62nmol·L-1。DMS和DMSP的水平分布由于受到陆源输入的影响,呈现出自湾内向湾外递降的趋势。DMS和DMSP的含量夏季高于秋季。DMS和Chl-a在每个季节具有一定的相关性。DMS浓度的增加导致DMS通量增加。对海水微表层和次表层的研究表明,DMS和DMSPp并未在微表层中富集,而DMSPd有一定程度的富集。DMS,DMSP,Chl-a在海水微表层和次表层之间浓度分布的相关性体现了2层水体之间存在强烈的交换作用。     

Phaeocystis globosa与Phaeocystis antarctica叶绿体psbA基因的比较

测定了2株球形棕囊藻Phaeocystis globosa P1、P2的psbA基因序列。发现得到的2个序列完全相同。以P2序列对比分析了P．globosa和P．antarctica的psbA基因在DNA序列、氮基酸序列和RNA二级结构上的差异性，发现2种棕囊藻psbA基因DNA序列和氨基酸序列非常保守，无插入／缺失，其核苷酸和氨基酸变异率分别为1．88％和1．13％。与核基因核苷酸的碱基替换不同，psbA基因核苷酸的碱基替换主要发生在密码子的第1位上。且不引起氨基酸的变化，引起氨基酸变化的碱基替换都发生在密码子的第2位和第3位上。在RNA二级结构上两序列的1～4茎环结构完全相同，表现出明显的棕囊藻属的特异性，其它结构区域差异较大。种间差异表现明显。由于psbA基因DNA序列和氨基酸序列非常保守，可能不适宜棕囊藻属的系统发育分析。但其RNA二级结构可能对于棕囊藻的分子分类有一定的参考价值。     

Biological control of short-term variations in the concentration of DMSP and DMS during a Phaeocystis spring bloom

In the spring of 1995, short-term variations in the concentration of particulate and dissolved dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) were monitored in the western Wadden Sea, a shallow coastal region in open connection with the North Sea. Significant correlations were found between abundance of Phaeocystis globosa and particulate DMSP; concentrations increased rapidly from 100 to 1650 nM in the middle of April. Highest DMS concentrations were found during the initial phase of the exponential growth of the bloom. DMS production and loss rates of DMSP and DMS were estimated experimentally during various phases of the bloom. DMS production and consumption were roughly in balance, with production only slightly exceeding consumption at the start of the bloom. Rates of production and consumption were highest during the exponential growth phase of Phaeocystis and declined in the course of the bloom (from 300–375 to less than 5 nmol dm⁻³ d⁻¹). Demethylation of DMSP increased during the bloom (from 11 to 1300 nmol dm⁻³ d⁻¹); it accounted for up to 100% of the DMSP loss at the end of the bloom. The shift from DMSP cleavage to demethylation in the course of a Phaeocystis bloom implies that DMS concentrations are not necessarily highest at the peak or towards the end of blooms.     

塔玛亚历山大藻生成二甲基硫和二甲基硫丙酸的实验研究

主要研究在封闭培养条件下塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense)生长周期内藻体细胞的二甲基硫丙酸（DMSP（）含量以及释放至水体的二甲基硫（DMS）含量，结果表明：（1）塔玛亚历山大藻藻体细胞DMSP含量变化与该藻细胞数量动态变化趋势相一致，在生长周期的第7天最高值；（2）藻体细胞的DMSP含量以及释放至水体的DMS含量均与藻体细胞数量有显著相关；（3）单位细胞DMSP生成量的变化与DMS释放量变化呈现相反的趋势，在DMS释放量最高时，单位细胞DMSP生成量最低。     

Simple determination of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a simple, sensitive and less destructive method for the determination of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in seawater. Combined with detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the method had sufficient sensitivity (minimum detectable concentration of DMS was 0.05 nM), and practical levels of reproducibility (relative standard deviation ≤7%) and linearity (r ² > 0.995) over a wide concentration range (0.5 to 910 nM). The protocol developed was applied to a Sagami Bay water sample to determine concentrations of DMS and DMSP, and in situ DMSP-lyase activity.     

Experimental studies on dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) production by four marine microalgae

The production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by marine microalgae was investigated to elucidate more on the role of marine phytoplankton in ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle.Axenic laboratory cultures of four marine microalgae–Isochrysis galbana 8701,Pavlova viridis,Platymonas sp.and Chlorella were tested for DMSP production and conversion into DMS.Among these four microalgae,Isochrysis galbana 8701 and Pavlova viridis are two species of Haptophyta,while Chlorella and Platymonas sp.belong to Chlorophyta.The results demonstrate that the four algae can produce various amounts of DMS(P),and their DMS(P) production was species specific.With similar cell size,more DMS was released by Haptophyta than that by Chlorophyta.DMS and dissolved DMSP (DMSPd) concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly during their life cycles.The highest release of DMS appeared in the senescent period for all the four algae.Variations in DMSP concentrations were in strong compliance with variations in algal cell densities during the growing period.A highly significant correlation was observed between the DMS and DMSPd concentrations in algal cultures,and there was a time lag for the variation trend of the DMS concentrations as compared with that of the DMSPd.The consistency of variation patterns of DMS and DMSPd implies that the DMSPd produced by phytoplankton cells has a marked effect on the production of DMS.In the present study,the authors’ results specify the significant contribution of the marine phytoplankton to DMS(P) production and the importance of biological control of DMS concentrations in oceanic water.     

Seasonal variations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay and its adjacent area

The distributions of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate, in both dissolved (DMSP_d) and particulate fractions (DMSP_p) were determined in the seasurface microlayer and corresponding subsurface water of the Jiaozhou Bay, China and its adjacent area in May and August 2006. The concentrations of all these components showed a clear seasonal variation, with higher concentrations occurring in summer. This can be mainly attributed to the higher phytoplankton biomass observed in summer. Simultaneously, the enrichment extents of DMSP_d and DMSP_p in the microlayer also exhibited seasonal changes, with higher values in spring and lower ones in summer. Higher water temperature and stronger radiant intensity in summer can enhance their solubility and photochemical reaction in the microlayer water, reducing their enrichment factors (the ratio of concentration in the microlayer to that in the corresponding subsurface water). A statistically significant relationship was found between the microlayer and subsurface water concentrations of DMS, DMSP and chlorophyll a, demonstrating that the biogenic materials in the microlayer come primarily from the underlying water. Moreover, our data show that the concentrations of DMSP_p and DMS were significantly correlated with the levels of chlorophyll a, indicating that phytoplankton biomass might play an important role in controlling the distributions of biogenic sulfurs in the study area. The ratios of DMS/chlorophyll a and DMSP_p/chlorophyll a varied little from spring to summer, suggesting that there was no obvious change in the proportion of DMSP producers in the phytoplankton community. The mean sea-to-air flux of DMS from the study area was estimated to be 5.70 μmol/(m²·d), which highlights the effects of human impacts on DMS emission.     

Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface microlayer and subsurface water of the western North Atlantic during spring

Sixteen surface microlayer samples and corresponding subsurface water samples were collected in the western North Atlantic during April–May 2003 to study the distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and the factors influencing them. In the surface microlayer, high concentrations of DMS appeared mostly in the samples containing high levels of chlorophyll a, and a significant correlation was found between DMS and chlorophyll a concentrations. In addition, microlayer DMS concentrations were correlated with microlayer DMSPd (dissolved) concentrations. DMSPd was found to be enriched in the microlayer with an average enrichment factor (EF) of 5.19. However, no microlayer enrichment of DMS was found for most samples collected. Interestingly, the DMS production rates in the microlayer were much higher than those in the subsurface water. Enhanced DMS production in the microlayer was likely due to the higher concentrations of DMSPd in the microlayer. A consistent pattern was observed in this study in which the concentrations of DMS, DMSPd, DMSPp (particulate) and chlorophyll a in the microlayer were closely related to their corresponding subsurface water concentrations, suggesting that these constituents in the microlayer were directly dependent on the transport from the bulk liquid below. Enhanced DMS production in the microlayer further reinforces the conclusion that the surface microlayer has greater biological activity relative to the underlying water.     

Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants

Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) is a compound produced in several classes of algae and higher plants that live in the marine environment. Considering its generally high intracellular concentrations, DMSP has a function in the osmotic protection of algal cells. Due to the relatively slow adaptation of its intracellular concentrations upon salinity shifts, DMSP should, however, not be considered as an osmoticum in the strict sense of being responsible for osmotic balance, but rather as a constitutive compatible solute. Besides salinity, other factors also appear to affect cellular DMSP quotas, but the exact regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In this review, a brief discussion is given of the three pathways of DMSP biosynthesis that are currently distinguished. This is followed by an overview of the factors that affect DMSP biosynthesis (light, salinity, temperature and nitrogen limitation) in relation to its physiological functions. A new hypothesis is presented in which DMSP production is described as an overflow mechanism for excess reduced compounds and for energy excess. Finally, the possible functionality of the enzymatic cleavage of DMSP is discussed in the context of an overflow mechanism.     

Seasonal variations of dimethylsul.de (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay and its adjacent area

The distributions of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate, in both dissolved (DMSPd) and particulate fractions (DMSPp) were determined in the sea-surface microlayer and corresponding subsurface water of the Jiaozhou Bay, China and its adjacent area in May and August 2006. The concentrations of all these components showed a clear seasonal variation, with higher concentrations occurring in summer. This can be mainly attributed to the higher phytoplankton biomass observed in summer. Simultaneously, the enrichment extents of DMSPd and DMSPp in the microlayer also exhibited seasonal changes, with higher values in spring and lower ones in summer. Higher water temperature and stronger radiant intensity in summer can enhance their solubility and photochemical reaction in the microlayer water, reducing their enrichment factors (the ratio of concentration in the microlayer to that in the corresponding subsurface water). A statistically signi.cant relationship was found between the microlayer and subsurface water concentrations of DMS, DMSP and chlorophyll a, demonstrating that the biogenic materials in the microlayer come primarily from the underlying water. Moreover, our data show that the concentrations of DMSPp and DMS were signi.cantly correlated with the levels of chlorophyll a, indicating that phytoplankton biomass might play an important role in controlling the distributions of biogenic sulfurs in the study area. The ratios of DMS/chlorophyll a and DMSPp/chlorophyll a varied little from spring to summer, suggesting that there was no obvious change in the proportion of DMSP producers in the phytoplankton community. The mean sea-to-air .ux of DMS from the study area was estimated to be 5.70 μmol/(m2 ·d), which highlights the e.ects of human impacts on DMS emission.