A Possible Mechanism of Ocean Finestructure Part Ⅰ: Energy and Coherence

依据在作者的前文（１９９８）中对于考虑旋转向量水平分量（ｆ～）的大洋内波方程求出的渐近解,文中对Ｓ场（考虑ｆ～条件下的总的内波场）,ＳＩ场（不计ｆ～影响的内波场）和ＳＦ场（Ｓ场中与ｆ～相关联的部分）导出了能量谱和相干谱。此理论谱与Ｍｕｌｅｒ等（１９７８）的ＩＷＥＸ实验的观测结果相比较表明,ＳＦ场的水平动能谱和铅直位移谱基本上与水平流细结构和铅直位移细结构的观测谱一致。作者推测ＳＦ场对应于中纬度大洋可逆细结构。但是对于相干谱的观测结果,在不考虑内波非线性相互作用和破碎过程的条件下,仅考虑ＳＦ场的影响还不能给予满意的解释。     

大洋细结构的一种可能的机制 Ⅱ.剪切和拉伸(英文)

研究了Ｓ、ＳＩ和ＳＦ场的剪切谱、拉伸谱、拉伸对剪切之比以及Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓｏｎ函数。发现剪切和拉伸谱在铅直波数βｃ处（约为０．１ｃｐｍ）出现由ｆ～引起的不稳定性。这些结果与ＰＡＴＣＨＥＸ等观测资料的比较进一步支持在部分Ⅰ中提出的推测。分析旋转向量水平分量（ｆ～）沿着内波（尤其是惯性内波）的一个等势密度面的作用,提出了一种产生大洋细结构的可能物理机制。它有些类似于表面波动力学中的风生漂流机制。     

海洋内波对水声场的扰动

针对海洋内波对水声传播影响的问题，在简要引出内波方程，水声方程和内波解，射线理论之后，以水深2100m等Vaisala频率的全板造波内波解对双线性水声剖面情况计算了内波和内波对声场及声线传播的影响，结果表明，内波对声线传播的路径和时间的影响是不可忽略的。     

基于遥感图像的南海北部内孤立波及相互作用研究

本文通过对卫星遥感图像中的内孤立波及相互作用现象进行统计分析,讨论了南海北部内孤立波及相互作用现象的时空分布特征,验证了利用卫星遥感图像反演内孤立波振幅和传播速度以及研究内波相互作用现象的可行性。统计结果表明,南海北部的内孤立波主要集中在东沙群岛以及海南岛南部,内波相互作用主要集中在东沙岛西北部以及海南岛南部。本文对此给出解释:内波传播至东沙岛附近发生绕射,绕射的内波分裂成两列后以不同的传播方向继续向西传播,相遇并发生相互作用;内波在海南岛浅滩处发生反射,与后续传来的内波发生相互作用。同时,本文利用Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)方程和Benjamin-One(BO)方程,结合观测数据,对内波振幅和传播速度进行了反演实验。反演所得的内波振幅和传播速度与南海北部实际内波振幅和传播速度相近。     

应用非线性薛定谔方程模拟深海内波的传播

本文选取东沙岛以东深海区域,应用描述深海内波的非线性薛定谔方程,采用啁啾的思想,研究了频散和非线性效应之间的关系,模拟了深海内波的传播.数值模拟内波演变趋势与MODIS影像拍摄到的内波演变趋势基本符合,从而验证了应用非线性薛定谔方程模拟深海弱非线性内波传播的合理性.     

基于Korteweg-de Vries方程解析解的海洋内波模拟研究

主要是利用非线性发展方程丰富的解析解,基于含有散射项和微扰项的Korteweg-de Vries方程对台湾东北部东海海域内波的传播特性进行研究,并着重分析海洋内波在SAR图像上的信号特征,进而讨论耗散项和微扰项对海洋内波所引起的表层流速变化的影响.     

分层海洋中运动物体生成的内波

该文提供分层海洋中运动物体生成内波的理论、数值和实验研究的背景资料的综述 ,并给出理论研究的 Green函数、正交模态模式和极点回避等方法的评述。数值研究给出数值求解Wronsky行列式的源求解方法及介绍直接差分计算含源内波方程和积分方程的方法。有关源致内波的实验研究 ,作者介绍物体在分层流水槽运动时生成内波的两个典型实验及其主要实验结果。最后评述船舶在海洋表面处生成表面波的研究方法 ,以此指导水下 Rankine卵形体生成内波的实验研究。     

孤立内波对过渡海域声场干涉结构的影响分析

南海北部陆坡海域是孤立内波的活跃区,孤立内波在该海域能够引起水体环境较强烈的水平不均匀性,从而影响声场干涉结构。将描述宽带声信号强度干涉条纹斜率的波导不变量视为一种分布,能更准确地分析声场的距离*频率干涉结构。本文研究了孤立内波环境下过渡海域声场的距离*频率干涉结构,依据实测孤立内波海洋环境,得到孤立内波环境下随距离变化的声速剖面,利用抛物方程方法仿真过渡海域声场干涉结构。在此基础上,利用拉东变换和傅里叶变换结合的谱值分离方法在低信噪比环境下提取波导不变量分布。分析表明孤立内波环境下过渡海域的声场类影区、类会聚区的波导不变量取值更丰富。     

海南岛南部海区非线性内波特征分析

2004年6月在南海海南岛南部海域进行了内波观测实验,实验中使用了3条温度链组成链阵,来估计内波在该海区传播的方向和速度。实验中发现了非线性内波群的活动。对潮汐的测量表明,非线性内波群出现在海区的涨潮时刻。计算得到实验海区内波(非线性波群)速度约为0.54m/s。测量有效数据从29日10:00~30日14:00,只发现了一组非线性内波群,说明该海区的非线性内波群不同于别的海区所观测到具有半日潮周期的非线性内波。对非线性内波波形分析可以看出,KdV(Korteweg-de Vries)方程的dn2(x,t)解能比较好的描述得到的内波波形。数据表明非线性内波群在爬坡传播过程中随波包范围的不断扩张,波峰间距离有减小的趋势。对高频线性内波(非线性内波出现前后)的分析表明,高频线性内波中周期为15min~12min的波动成份的能量比较突出,这与非线性内波群中单个波包周期基本吻合,说明非线性内波群在传播扩张过程中其衰落的尾迹分散到了两个非线性波包之间的水体中。     

基于多源遥感数据的日本海内波特征研究

日本海特殊的地理位置和复杂的地形使得该海域内波表征极为复杂,遥感是大范围观测内波的有效手段,已被广泛应用于内波的探测研究。本文利用MODIS、GF-1和ENVISAT ASAR遥感影像,开展了日本海内波特征研究。通过提取内波波峰线,生成了日本海内波空间分布图;获取了内波的波峰线长度和传播速度,并基于非线性薛定谔方程反演了内波振幅。研究结果表明,日本海内波分布范围宽广,不仅大陆架沿海区内波分布密集,深海盆地也探测到了大量内波;日本海北部45°N附近海域有少量内波出现,利用高分影像探测到朝鲜陆架浅海区有大量小尺度内波,大和海盆、大和隆起的西南部海域没有发现内波。日本海内波波峰线长达100多千米,深海区的传播速度大于1 m/s;浅海区内波振幅约10 m左右,深海区可达60 m以上。     

Is the small-scale turbulence an exclusive breaking product of oceanic internal waves

On the basis of the theoretical research results by the author and the literature published up to date, the analysis and the justification presented in this paper show that the breaking products of oceanic internal waves are not only turbulence, but also the fine-scale near-inertial internal waves (the oceanic reversible finestructure) for inertial waves and the internal solitary waves for internal tides respectively. It was found that the oceanic reversible finestructure may be induced by the effect of the horizontal component f (f = 2Ωcosφ) of the rotation vector on inertial waves. And a new instability of the theoretical shear and strain spectra due to the effect of f occurs at critical vertical wavenumber β c ≈ 0.1 cpm. It happens when the levels of shear and strain of the reversible finestructure are higher than those of inertial waves, which is induced by the effect of f along an "iso-potential-pycnal" of internal wave. If all breaking products of internal waves are taken into account, the average kinetic energy dissipation rate is an order of magnitude larger than the values of turbulence observed by microstructure measurements. The author’s theoretical research results are basically in agreement with those observed in IWEX, DRIFTER and PATCHEX experiments. An important impersonal fact is that on the mean temporal scale of thermohaline circulation these breaking products of internal waves exist simultaneously with turbulence. Because inertial waves are generated by winds at the surface, and internal tides are generated by strong tide-topography interactions, the analysis and justification in this paper support in principle the abyssal recipes Ⅱ:energetics of tidal and wind mixing by Munk & Wunsch in 1998, in despite of the results of microstructure measurements for the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the diapycnal turbulent eddy diffusivity.     

一种基于声速剖面展开的内波监测新方法

声速剖面时空分布的获取是利用声学方法监测内波的核心问题。在反演算法中,声速剖面通常是采用展开的方式用若干个参数来表示的。这就导致了有时很难从反演结果中直接获得内波的相关信息。本文的目标是找到一种通过展开系数直接获取内波特性的方法。通过推导内波水动力方程,可以从较少的声速剖面样本中提取出水动力简正模态（Hydrodynamic Normal Modes,HNMs）作为声速剖面展开的正交基。较之广泛采用的正交经验函数（Empirical Orthogonal Functions, EOFs）,HNMs直接与内波活动相关,具有更明确的物理含义。然后,基于HNMs对声速剖面的时间序列进行展开,获得展开系数。最后,从前两阶展开系数的时间导数中可以获取内波活动的信息。将方法应用于受内波影响而具有明显时空扰动的南海北陆架区温度链数据,结果表明：只用前两节模态就可以在较好的精度范围内重构声速剖面。前两阶系数的时间导数具有独特的双震荡结构可以用于探测内孤立波。从展开系数也可以获得幅度以及波长信息。理论推导和实验分析证明了本文方法在内波监测中的有效性。HNMs方法使用便利且对样本的依赖性较小,可以在内波活跃海域作为EOFs的有效补充用于声速剖面的展开。     

Temporal Variability of High Vertical Wavenumber Shear over the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge

Recent numerical studies (Hibiya et al., 1996, 1998, 2002) showed that the energy cascade across the internal wave spectrum down to small dissipation scales was under strong control of parametric subharmonic instabilities (PSI) which transfer energy from low vertical mode double-inertial frequency internal waves to high vertical mode near-inertial internal waves. To see whether or not the numerically-predicted energy cascade process is actually dominant in the real deep ocean, we examine the temporal variability of vertical profiles of horizontal velocity observed by deploying a number of expendable current profilers (XCPs) at one location near the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge. By calculating EOFs, we find the observed velocity profiles are dominated by low mode semidiurnal (∼double-inertial frequency) internal tides and high mode near-inertial internal waves. Furthermore, we find that the WKB-stretched vertical scales of the near-inertial current shear are about 250 sm and 100 sm. The observed features are reasonably explained if the energy cascade down to small dissipation scales is dominated by PSI.     

A study of SAR remote sensing of internal solitary waves in the north of the South China Sea: Ⅰ. Simulation of internal tide transformation

For settlement of the well-known problem of contemporary radar imaging models, i. e. , the problem of a general underestimation of radar signatures of hydrodynamic features over oceanic internal waves and underwater bottom topography in tidal waters at high radar frequency bands （ X-band and C-band）, the impact of the ocean surface mixed layer turbulence and the significance of strat- ified oceanic model on SAR remote sensing of internal solitary waves are proposed. In the north of the South China Sea by utilizing some observed data of background field the nonlinearity coefficient, the dispersion coefficient, the horizontal variability coefficient and the phase speed in the generalized K-dV equation are determined approximately. Through simulations of internal tide transfor- mation the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the vertical displacement and horizontal velocity of internal wave field are obtained. The simulation results indicate that the maximum amplitudes of internal solitary waves occur at depth 35 m, but the maximum current speeds take place at depth 20 m in this area of the sea （about 20°30＇N, 114°E） in August. It was noticed that considering the effects of flood current and ebb current respectively is appropriate to investigate influence of the background shear flow on coefficients of the K-dV equation. The obtained results provide the possibility for the simulation of SAR signatures of internal solitary waves under considering the impact of ocean surface mixed layer turbulence in the companion paper.     

Infragravity waves with internal wave characteristics in the south of the Bohai Sea of China

The measurements by using ADCP (500 KH) and CTD were made during August 2000 in the south (37°55''N, 120°25''E) of the Bohai Sea, where the water depth was about 16.5m. The data of horizontal velocity with sampling interval of 2 min in 7 layers were obtained. The power spec-trum analysis of these data indicates that there are very energetic infragrvity waves with a period of about 6 min. The coherence spetrum analysis and the analysis of temporal variation of shear show that these infragravity waves are mainly the free wave model (properties of edge waves), in the meantimethey possess some characteristics of internal waves, which are likely due to the distinctive marine environment in this area. It is speculated on that the instability processes (chiefly shear instability) of sheared stratified tidal flow owing to the effect of sea-floor slope in the coastal area might be the main mechanism generating these infragravity waves.     

Internal solitary waves shoaling onto a shelf: Comparisons of weakly-nonlinear and fully nonlinear models for hyperbolic-tangent stratifications

In this study the evolution of internal solitary waves shoaling onto a shelf is considered. The results of high resolution two-dimensional numerical simulations of the incompressible Euler equations are compared with the predictions of several weakly-nonlinear shoaling models of the Korteweg–de Vries family including the Gardner equation and the cubic regularized long wave (or Benjamin–Bona–Mahoney) equation. Wave models in both physical x–t space and in s–x space are considered where s is a commonly used characteristic time variable. The effects of rotation, background currents and damping are ignored. The Boussinesq and rigid lid approximations are also used. The shoaling internal solitary waves generally fission into several waves. Reflected waves are negligible in the cases considered here. Several hyperbolic tangent stratifications are considered with and without a critical point. Among the equations in x–t space the cubic regularized long wave equation gives the best predictions. The Gardner equation in s–x space gives the best predictions of the shape of the leading waves on the shelf, but for many stratifications it predicts a propagation speed that is too large.     

A study of SAR remote sensing of internal solitary waves in the north of the South China Sea:I.Simulation of internal tide transformation

For settlement of the well-known problem of contemporary radar imaging models,i.e.,the pmblem of a general underestimation of radar signatures of hydrodynamic features over oceanic internal waves and underwater bottom topography in tidal watels at at high radar frequency bands(X-band and C-band),the impact of the ocean surface mixed layer turbulence and the significance of strat-ified oceanic model on SAR remote sensing of internal solitary waves are proposed.In the north of the South China Sea by utilizing seme observed data of background field the nonlinearity coefficient,the dispersion coefficient,the horizontal variability coefficient and the phase speed in the generalized K-dV equation are determined approximately.Through simulations of internal tide transfor-mation the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the vertical displacement and horizontal velocity of intereal wave field are obtained.The simulation results indicate that the maximum amplitudes of internal solitary waves occur at depth 35 m,but the maximum current speeds take place at depth 20 m in this area of the sea(about 20°30'N,114°E)in August.It was noticed that considering the effects of flood current and ebb current respectively is appropriate to investigate influence of the background shear flow on coefficients of the K-dV equation.The obtained results provide the possibility for the simulation of SAR signatures of inter-nal solitary waves under considering the impact of ocean surface mixed layer turbulence in the companion paper.     

关于南沙海域内波与细结构研究

作者综述了南沙海域内波及细结构研究现状。首先介绍研究中所用的国际或国内首次使用的一些研究方法,它们包括最基础的ＣＴＤ资料质量控制的方法,浮力频率计算方法、频散关系和波函数计算方法,细结构概率分布假设检验方法,内波检测方法,内潮计算的谱差分方法等。而后总结所得的研究成果（其中一部分是首次发表的）,它们包括南沙海区浮力频率的分类及其随地域和季节的变化规律;内波频散关系和波函数;细结构特性及其与内波的关系;细结构的非高斯概率分布特性;垂向波数谱特性及其随季节、地域及水层的变化;频率特性;Ｃｏｘ 数及其概率分布;内潮特性等。最后对今后研究方向作了展望。     

基于FLUENT的内孤立波质量源造波方法

为研究内孤立波质量源数值造波方法,本文采用两个点源形式的质量源,分别放置于两层流体的上下层中作为内孤立波激发源。推导源项表达式,从不可压缩流体的Navier-Stokes方程出发,结合内孤立波Kd V、e Kd V理论,基于商业软件FLUENT发展了一种内孤立波质量源数值造波方法。通过数值模拟,分析了质量源造波过程中内孤立波的生成过程,并将数值模拟结果同理论及实验作对比。结果表明:基于此方法生成的内孤立波波形、波高及波致水平速度与理论及实验吻合度较好,该方法是可行的,并且耗时短、效率高。