瘦尾胸刺水蚤摄食率的观察实验

厦门港浮游桡足类瘦尾胸刺水蚤(Centropages tenuiremis Thompson ＆ Scott)成体的摄食率受到食物浓度、容器的容积和温度的显著影响,而试验动物密度和昼夜周期的影响不显著。文中还对瘦尾胸刺水蚤的选择摄食机制作了初步的探讨。     

几种环境因子对墨氏胸刺水蚤摄食的影响

研究了不同藻类、藻细胞密度、温度、盐度、容器容积、昼夜变化等环境因子对浮游桡足类墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropagesmcmurrichi)的摄食关系。结果表明:1)藻种类、藻细胞密度对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率都有显著影响;2)墨氏胸刺水蚤对4种藻的摄食顺序为球等鞭金藻(摄食率I=12.418μgC/ind穐)>角毛藻(I=9.824μgC/ind穐)>异胶藻(I=6.683μgC/ind穐)>小球藻(I=5.229μgC/ind穐);3)温度在6~20℃范围内变化对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率无显著影响,但以10~15℃为佳。盐度对墨氏胸刺水蚤的清滤率和滤食率有显著影响,最适摄食盐度为20~27;4)容器容积和昼夜变化对墨氏胸刺水蚤的摄食影响不显著。     

莱州湾桡足类胸刺水蚤(Centropages)的种类季节更替和生态分布

基于2011年5月至2012年4月(12月和翌年1—2月冰期除外)在渤海莱州湾逐月网采的数据资料,进行了莱州湾浮游桡足类胸刺水蚤(Centropages)种类组成、生态分布和生产力估算的研究。结果显示:莱州湾最为常见的胸刺水蚤是腹胸刺水蚤(Centropages abdominalis)和背针胸刺水蚤(C.dorsispinatus)。腹胸刺水蚤主要出现在冬、春季,该种5月丰度最高,月均丰度为435ind./m~3;背针胸刺水蚤主要出现夏、秋季(7—11月),该种9月丰度最高,月均丰度(76ind./m~3)明显低于腹胸刺水蚤相应值。成体中,两种胸刺水蚤的雌/雄比介于1—2。水温较高时,两种胸刺水蚤的桡足幼体和成体的前体长较小。腹胸刺水蚤密集区(100ind./m~3)主要分布于莱州湾湾口外东北侧,该水域水温多低于20°C;而背针胸刺水蚤密集区主要分布于水温介于21—25°C的湾内西侧近岸水域。粗略估算得到腹胸刺水蚤和背针胸刺水蚤桡足幼体和成体的月均生物量值分别为471μg C/m~3和50μg C/m~3,日生产力分别为89μg C/(m~3·d)和15μg C/(m~3·d)。两种胸刺水蚤具有明显季节更替和丰度空间分布互补性。背针胸刺水蚤已取代了2000年以前的优势种瘦尾胸刺水蚤(C.tenuiremis),成为莱州湾夏、秋季主要的胸刺水蚤。     

长江口几种优势桡足类对微型浮游动物的摄食研究

利用现场海水培养实验,结合浮游动物网样数据,研究长江口邻近海域几种优势桡足类(中华哲水蚤、背针胸刺水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤和精致真刺水蚤)对微型浮游动物的摄食影响。结果表明,精致真刺水蚤虽然属于肉食性种类,但几乎不摄食微型浮游动物;其余三种杂食性桡足类中华哲水蚤、背针胸刺水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤对微型浮游动物(纤毛虫+异养甲藻)的摄食率分别为0.66、0.09和0.59μg C/(ind·d),分别占其日总摄食量的29%、24%和37%。其中,异养甲藻在初始生物量和对桡足类饵料贡献上分别占整个微型浮游动物的30%和28%,是微型浮游动物中一个重要的组成类群。中华哲水蚤对微型浮游动物的摄食率与初始食物浓度有显著的正相关关系,并且对体长20μm纤毛虫的清滤率要明显高于对体长20μm的纤毛虫(P0.01)的清滤率,表明其偏好摄食较大个体的食物。通过Chesson选择性指数显示,尽管微型浮游动物在生物量上远小于浮游植物,但桡足类能优先选择摄食微型浮游动物;进一步结合网采浮游动物数据,获得各站三种优势桡足类丰度平均占桡足类总丰度的77%,但它们对微型浮游动物现存生物量的摄食压力仅为0.8%,表明桡足类对微型浮游动物群落的下行控制作用并不明显,仍有大部分微型浮游动物生物量未通过摄食途径进入到桡足类群落中。     

温度和体重对花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼最大摄食量的影响

研究了花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼的最大摄食量与温度和体重的关系。花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼的最大摄食量与体重呈正相关 ,二者的关系为 :Cmax=1 5 95 .3W0 .6 87(Cmax:最大摄食量 ,J/d ;W :体重 ,g)。最大摄食量随温度的变化情况为 :在实验温度为 2 2～ 2 8℃范围内 ,二者呈正相关 ,超过 2 8℃之后呈负相关。最大摄食率与体重的相关关系为 :Rmax=1 5 0 7.6W-0 .313[(Rmax:最大摄食率 ,J/(d·g) ]。采用回归分析 ,建立了由温度和体重预测该种鱼的最大摄食量和最大摄食率的模型 :Cmax=2 86 790e-0 .90 4ln(T3-77.738T2 1985 .185T -16 42 9.710 ) W0 .6 16 　n =1 6 ,r =0 .994Rmax=0 .887e1.2 6 4ln(-T3 78.0 6 1T2 -2 0 0 3.397T 172 36 .5 2 0 ) W-0 .2 83　n =1 6 ,r=0 .978     

UV-B辐射对指状许水蚤效应的初步研究

探讨UV-B辐射增强对海洋生态系统的影响,通过实验生态学的方法,研究了UV-B辐射对指状许水蚤(Schmacheria inopinus,Burckhardt)雌雄成体的致死率、摄食率和滤水率的影响。结果表明,在实验所设定的辐射剂量下,指状许水蚤雄性成体对UV-B辐射的致死率明显高于雌性成体的致死率;UV-B辐射对雄性成体的24h的半数致死剂量(24h.LD50)为5.77kJ/m2,而对雌性成体48h的半数致死剂量(48h.LD50)为5.04kJ/m2。在较低剂量下(0~1.728kJ/m2),UV-B辐射对雌雄成体的摄食率(F)和滤水率(G)都有明显的抑制作用。     

温度和盐度对厦门港几种桡足类存活率的影响

本文研究结果表明,温度、盐度及其交互作用对厦门港三种桡足类(中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus,瘦尾胸刺水蚤Centropages tenuiremis和特氏歪水蚤Tortanus derjugini)存活率的影响十分显著。在这三种桡足类中,以特氏歪水蚤耐温、盐的能力最强,中华哲水蚤最弱,而后者的雄体比雌体更弱。高温对冬季种群的影响很明显。温度的变化可改变动物的耐盐范围。在接近自然海区温度条件的实验组中,有较高的存活率和较大的耐盐范围。     

厦门港中华哲水蚤体长、体重和碳、氮、氢含量的季节变化

本文根据1982年2—5月和1983年12月—1984年5月厦门港中华哲水蚤的平均体长、平均体重和相对丰满度逐月变化的分析表明,其体长和体重出现明显的冬季和春季高峰,相对丰满度三次高峰期的出现时间与该哲水蚤在厦门港的主要繁殖期一致。厦门港中华哲水蚕成体的体重与体长的对数回归关系为logDW=2.555 logCL-1.646,雌、雄两性成体的体长分别与采集前一个月表层水平均水温呈负相关。成体的C,N和H含量的平均值分别为37.49±4.40％,10.30±1.30％和5.72±0.70％;C含量与N和H含量呈线性相关;C:N和H:N的变化范围分别为3.19—4.84和0.332—0.754,具有明显的亚热带浮游动物的化学组成特征。     

中华哲水蚤对自然饵料的摄食选择性实验研究

提要为了解自然环境中中华哲水蚤的摄食选择性及其生态策略,利用库尔特颗粒计数器测定了夏季黄海中华哲水蚤对自然水体中混合饵料的选择性摄食状况。调查期间,黄海海域季节性温跃层开始出现,水体中叶绿素a浓度为0.23—1.44mg/m3,最大值均出现在温跃层底部。水平分布上,水体中颗粒浓度近岸浅水区(A站:0.5—5.2×106μm3/ml)高于深水区(B站:0.3—0.7×106μm3/ml,C站:0.9—2.4×106μm3/ml);垂直分布上A、B站近底层颗粒浓度最高,C站颗粒浓度最高值出现在叶绿素a最大值区。中华哲水蚤对水体中粒径为1—100μm的食物颗粒均有摄食,但是颗粒大小和颗粒浓度对其摄食选择性均有一定的影响,主要摄食粒径为5—50μm的饵料颗粒。不同海域中华哲水蚤的个体摄食率分别为近岸A站23.82×106μm3/d、北部B站51.16×106μm3/d和南部C站36.32×106μm3/d,其日摄食量分别占体碳含量的2.1%(A站)、4.6%(B站)和3.2%(C站)。近岸海域(A站)中华哲水蚤摄食的饵料颗粒中各粒级组所占比例变化不大,但是深水区(B、C站)中华哲水蚤对于10—25μm范围内的饵料颗粒摄食选择性明显高于其它粒级组。中华哲水蚤的摄食选择性主要与水体中饵料的体积浓度相关,当饵料浓度降低时,中华哲水蚤可以通过扩大摄食饵料颗粒的粒径范围,增加对大颗粒的摄食以获得更多的营养。     

花鲈仔、稚、幼鱼摄食习性与生长的研究

分析了花鲈仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食习性与生长.结果表明,在水温为15.5～16.5℃时,花妒仔鱼孵出约140h左右开口摄食,开口饵料为小型臂尾轮虫.全长10mm左右的仔鱼可摄食卤虫幼体,全长11mm左右的个体可摄食枝角类.对431尾仔、稚、幼鱼观察结果,在实验条件下其摄食率高达99.1%,胃饱满系数波动于2.38%～16.48%之间,日摄食指数在45%～60%.其摄食强度具明显的昼夜节律,以16:00～20:00胃饱满度最高.仔、稚鱼夜间基本不摄食,部分幼鱼个体少量摄食.仔、稚、幼鱼个体间生长速度具有一定的差异性.其体重与摄食量的关系符合直线方程y=0.1018+8.3261×10-2x;全长与体重的相关关系可用ω=1.6473×10-3L3.4743表示,全长与日龄的关系式为L_t=5.5242e1.9681×10-2D;体重与日龄的回归方程为ω=0.5836e6.9208×10-2D.     

发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)体长——体重回归方程

发头裸腹溞在曲阜分布较广,能在水域中形成优势种。作者测定了发头裸腹溞的不同体长组的鲜重、干重以及经4％福尔马林溶液固定后的样本的湿重、干重,并计算出体长—体重回归方程。同时对干重和湿重的百分比进行了比较。     

养殖斑节对虾体长与体重的关系

通过回归分析,得出养殖斑节对虾Penaeus monodon Fabricius体长(L)与体重(W)的关系为W=aL~b。根据此公式,计算得出体长和体重换算表,这在养殖生产中有现实意义。     

Food intake and body measurements of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncates) in captivity

The food consumption (recorded in kg of individual fish species), body length and mass of 11 Atlantic bottlenose dolphins kept first at Windsor Safari Park, UK (1979-1993/1994), and later at Harderwijk Marine Mammal Park, The Netherlands (1993/1994-1995) are reported. This broad-scale, longitudinal study is based on historical data that were originally recorded for short-term husbandry purposes. The chemical composition and caloric value of the diet were variable and were not recorded. The food intake quantities should therefore be viewed as rough weight estimates of what wild conspecifics might eat (depending on their diet). The average annual food consumption of adult males and non-pregnant, non-lactating females was approximately 2000 kg of fish (estimated at 176 x 10(5) kJ). Food consumption showed little increase during gestation, but was 58-97% higher during lactation than during similar periods in non-reproductive years. All six calves began to eat solid food within a year of birth although suckling continued for 14-37 months after birth. The pattern of food intake of mothers and calves varied substantially between suckling periods. No seasonal changes in food consumption were detected, although there were small seasonal changes in water temperature. Births occurred at various times of year, since the timing of mating varied between years. The animals' body length increased rapidly during the first 3 years of life after which the growth rate decreased. Body length reached asymptote at approximately 270 cm. Adults of both sexes weighed around 260 kg. The relationship between standard body length (in cm) and body mass (in kg), although based on a small sample size (n = 16), can be expressed as body mass = 17.261e(0.0156(body length-100)). Animals weighing 155-225 kg consumed between 2 and 4% of their body mass per day.     

Geographical Variations in Prosome Length and Body Weight of Neocalanus Copepods in the North Pacific

Geographical variations in prosome length and body weight of Neocalanus copepods (N. cristatus, N. plumchrus and N. flemingeri) were investigated on samples from North-South and East-West transects in the North Pacific during spring to early summer in 1998 and 1999. Southward and eastward increasing patterns were pronounced for water temperature, although no significant pattern was observed for chlorophyll a concentrations. All Neocalanus species showed large geographical variations in prosome length and body weight, being smaller in the southern and eastern waters. Comparing the relationship between prosome length and body weight, large deviations (lower body weight at a given prosome length) were evident for the eastern specimens of N. cristatus and N. plumchrus. In stepwise regression analysis, the geographical variations of prosome length and body weight revealed a significantly negative correlation with temperature variations. These results suggest that temperature is a more important environmental factor than chlorophyll a concentration in its effect on geographical variations in prosome length and body weight of Neocalanus copepods in the North Pacific. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和太平洋牡蛎(Crasostreagigas)呼吸和排泄的研究

对海湾扇贝和太平洋牡蛎的呼吸和排泄进行了实验研究。结果表明,温度和贝的体重对两种贝类的耗氧率和氨排泄率都有明显的影响,且两因子间存在着交互作用。海湾扇贝的耗氧率（ＱＯ,ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ）和氨排泄率（ＱＮ,μｇ／ｇ·ｈ）与温度（Ｔ,℃）和湿重（Ｗ,ｇ）存在下列关系：ＱＯ＝０．０４６Ｗ－０．２７２１．０８Ｔ,ＱＮ＝６．７９Ｗ－０．３２７１．０３Ｔ;太平洋牡蛎的耗氧和氨排泄率与温度、湿重存在下列关系：ＱＯ＝０．０８５Ｗ－０．１３０１．０６Ｔ,ＱＮ＝２．６６Ｗ－０．２３６１．０１Ｔ。     

Grazing Impact of the Copepod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calanus sinicus</Emphasis> on Phytoplankton in the Northern East China Sea in Late Spring

We investigated the feeding habits of Calanus sinicus during its four developmental stages as copepodite 4 (CIV), copepodite 5 (CV), adult males and females in early June 2015 at 12 sampling stations along the southern coast of Korea to the northern East China Sea, to better understand the role of C. sinicus in controlling phytoplankton stocks. Ingestion rate, daily ration as body carbon, population ingestion rate, and grazing impact were estimated using the gut pigment method. The mean biomass of CVs was the greatest (13.5 mg C m^–3) and that of adult males was the lowest (0.7 mg C m^–3). The ingestion rate per C. sinicus individual tended to increase with developmental stage, with the highest rate in adult females (519 ng chl ind^–1 d^–1) and the lowest rate in CIVs (305 ng chl ind^–1 d^–1). A significant correlation was found between ingestion rate and temperature, but not salinity or chlorophyll-a concentration. The daily ration of C. sinicus as body carbon significantly decreased with increased body weight, with the highest value found in CIVs (66.4%) and the lowest value in adult males (30%). Despite the high ingestion rate of the adults, the mean grazing impact of C. sinicus on phytoplankton biomass, in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration, was the highest in CVs (2.6%), followed by CIVs and adult females, and was the lowest in adult males (0.1%). The higher grazing impact of copepodites than adults underscores the importance of evaluating copepodite stages in the feeding studies of marine food webs.     

凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV选育家系的抗病与生长特性

从引进的无特定病原（SPF）凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeusvannamei）亲虾生产的子代中挑选出生长快、体格健壮等性状良好的个体作为亲本建立16个第一代选育家系,并经223d饲养和感染实验从中挑选出抗病力强、生长快的家系建立21个第二代家系．抗WSSV实验的结果表明：第一代选育各家系经感染wssv（投喂）后的成活率在0～61．5％之间,平均成活率为30．0％±16．5％;第二代选育家系成活率在14．5％～70．0％之间,平均成活率为37．3％±15．2％,比第一代提高24．3％．21个第二代选育家系经28d的生长实验显示：21个选育家系体长特定生长率在0．00l5～0．0142之间,体重特定生长率在0．0053～0．0279之间;两代选育家系抗病与生长的结果表明：抗病较强的家系生长快,抗病差的家系生长慢,但抗病最强或生长最快的家系,其对应的生长或抗病性能则不理想．     

栉孔扇贝壳尺寸性状对活体重的影响效果分析

选取 65只 2岁龄栉孔扇贝 ,测定其壳长、壳厚、壳高、活体重、肉重、熟肉重 ,计算相关系数 ,采用通径分析方法计算了以贝壳性状为自变量对活体重作依变量的通径系数、决定系数及相关指数。结果表明 ,栉孔扇贝壳长、壳厚、壳高与活体重、净肉重、熟肉重的相关系数均达到极显著水平 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;壳高对活体重的直接影响 ( 0 .6682 )最大 ,是影响活体重的主要因素 ;壳长与活体重的相关程度很大 ,但对活体重的直接影响 ( 0 .2 5 5 9 )较小 ,主要通过壳高间接影响活体重 ,是影响活体重的次要因素 ;壳厚对活体重的直接影响 ( 0 .0 960 )最小 ;决定系数分析结果与通径分析结果有一致的变化趋势 ;所选贝壳性状与活体重的复相关指数为R2 =0 .8847;多元回归分析建立了壳长、壳厚、壳高估计活体重的回归方程为 :^Y =- 42 .1 331 + 3.1 60X1 + 3.5 2 5 3X2 + 7.692 0X3,为扇贝选种提供了理论依据和理想的测度指标。     

中华假磷虾碳氮收支的实验研究

实验室培养条件下,以新近孵化的卤虫(Artemiasalina)为食物,观测中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphau siasinica)雌性成体、仔虾和后期带叉幼体的碳氮收支.实验表明摄食率随食物浓度的升高呈线性提高,成体未出现饱和现象,反映其较高的摄食潜力.呼吸率(碳消耗率)与碳的摄食率及同化率分别呈线性正相关,比动力作用分别为9%~16%(摄入碳)和10%~17%(同化碳)以后期幼体更小.总氮排泄率与氮的摄食率及同化率也分别呈显著正相关,但仔虾例外.排粪率随摄食率升高而提高,从而同化效率与摄食率无关,介于0.84~0.95.食物氮源是中华假磷虾生长的主要限制因子,当摄食率低于10μg/(mg·d)(干重)时,假磷虾呈负生长.同化的氮以排泄消耗为主,体质生长次之,而蜕皮损失最少.同化的碳也以呼吸消耗和体质生长居多,但随摄食率有变化,蜕皮损失最少.在成熟雌体,估算的生殖生长(碳、氮)比蜕皮损失略高.净生长效率随摄食率(及同化率)升高而升高.达一定值后,仔虾和后期带叉幼体净生长效率略有下降.     

荣成俚岛和胶南斋堂岛斑头鱼渔业生物学特征的比较研究

对2010年10月采自荣成俚岛和胶南斋堂岛近海的斑头鱼(Hexagrammos agrammus)繁殖群体生物学特征进行了比较分析.研究结果表明:两个群体斑头鱼的体长组成和体质量组成差异不显著,优势体长组均为100～150mm,优势体质量组分别为20.0～50.0g和30.0～70.0 g;体长与体质量关系分别为W=2.0×10-5L3.0.257(R2=0.968 7)和W=1.0×10 5L3.0805(R2=0.943 8),肥满度指数(K)分别为1.83±0.19和2.08±0.20.荣成俚岛斑头鱼较胶南斋堂岛群体的生长速度慢、肥满度指数低,但卵径大、性成熟较早.斑头鱼雌雄个体的性腺成熟度和性成熟系数均与体长呈正相关关系;肝脏指数和肥满度指数变化可作为判定斑头鱼繁殖时期的重要依据.水温不同造成2个群体繁殖期差异,胶南斋堂岛群体繁殖时间相对滞后.