膜分离技术在布渣叶黄酮类化合物提取中的应用

目的：研究膜分离技术对布渣叶提取液中总黄酮成分的纯化效果。方法：以滤液中黄酮类成分的保留率及药液的膜通量为考察指标,考察不同孔径膜片和操作压力对膜分离指标的影响。结果：控制操作压力为3MPa,使滤液通过孔径为30k的超滤膜片,得到的透过液黄酮类化合物保留率为85.28%,膜通量较高。结论：采用膜分离技术纯化布渣叶总黄酮,具有一定的应用价值。     

液膜分离技术与海水化学资源开发

在近二十年来诞生和发展起来的液膜技术是一项崭新的分离技术。它的出现标志着膜分离科学技术进入了一个新的发展阶段。液膜技术特别适用于从稀溶液体系中富集和提取化学物质并适应海水资源化学的要求,它有可能成为提取海水化学元素的一个有效手段。本文简略地介绍液膜分离技术的机理和特点,然后就其在海水化学资源开发方面应用的可能性,发表一些粗浅看法。     

中空纤维膜技术及其应用

阐述了膜分离技术的发展概况和意义，详细介绍了中空纤维超滤膜、微滤膜的技术特性，制备工艺，应用领域及发展前景。     

国产小型反渗透海水淡化装置通过设计定型审查

由天津纺织工学院膜分离工程研究所和常州能源设备总厂共同研制,并由海军舰船科技开发部和常州能源设备总厂联合开发的国产MFI型反渗透海水淡化装置(2.5吨/日)日前在江苏常州通过由海军军工产品定型委员会主持的设计定型审查。 反渗透技术是近年来新兴的无相变高效节能液体分离技术,在化工、医药、食品和海水淡化等领域都有广泛的应用。我国自70年代开     

HD系列中空纤维超滤膜装置

HD系列中空纤维超滤膜装置是由国家海洋局天津海水淡化与综合利用研究所膜分离技术研究室研制并生产的系列产品。 HD系列装置造型美观、性能可靠,整机配有不锈钢泵、不锈钢清洗槽。该系列装置的使用温度为10～15℃,操作压力0.1～0.2MPa,pH值为2～13。 其中,以HD-50型中空纤维超滤膜组装的     

海水pCO2流通式光度测定方法研究

将膜分离技术与流动注射分析相结合 ,采用聚四氟乙烯疏水性微孔膜 ,使样品流与接受液流进行物理分离。通过测定含有显色剂的接受液流吸光度的变化来测定 p CO2 ,初步建立海水中p CO2 流通式光度测定方法。该方法的相对标准偏差小于 1.2 %,与气相色谱法相比 ,无显著性差异。整个实验仅需 11min,样品用量不到 10 m L,操作简便、快速。     

海水pCO2流通式光度测定方法研究

将膜分离技术与流动注射分析相结合,采用聚四氟乙烯疏水性微孔膜,使样品流与接受液流进行物理分离.通过测定含有显色剂的接受液流吸光度的变化来测定pCO2,初步建立海水中pCO2 流通式光度测定方法.该方法的相对标准偏差小于1. 2%,与气相色谱法相比,无显著性差异.整个实验仅需11 min,样品用量不到10 mL,操作简便、快速.     

船舶舱底油污水处理系统研究

根据MARPOL73/78公约,船舶舱底水必须经过油污水处理装置处理达标后方能排放。针对舱底水油水分离器工作负荷大、占地大、维护保养工作麻烦等诸多问题,提出了旋流分离、过滤分离、膜分离组合式三级舱底水处理工艺,并对该处理系统进行优化:采用预处理后选择性排放(通过油分浓度检测计取样)以减轻后继油水分离器的工作负荷;采用组合阀(浮球式自动排油阀/弹簧负荷式排水阀)以提高自动排油排水的稳定性;利用自动控制元件和PCL技术实现处理系统的自动控制以减轻船员的运行管理工作量。     

金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)精子超微结构和低温损伤电镜观察

利用扫描和透射电镜技术研究了金乌贼成熟精子的超微结构,以及超低温冷冻对精子超微结构和形态的影响。结果表明,金乌贼精子为鞭毛型精子,外部附有光滑的裙边状被膜,分为头部、中部和尾部三部分。头部由顶体和细胞核组成,顶体位于细胞核前端,呈"囊"状。细胞核为长纺锤状。中部是由线粒体和垂直的中心粒构成,线粒体大小不一,多层分布。尾部细长,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构。经超低温冷冻的精子被膜上出现很多凹陷;头部顶体破裂,大量的内容物流出,细胞核膜分离;线粒体解离,嵴变形;尾部缠绕在一起,少数鞭毛出现脱落。     

反渗透海水淡化技术现状和展望

反渗透膜技术于20世纪60年代取得突破性进展,促使反渗透海水淡化在近50年间高速发展,淡化产能自20世纪90年代起激增.海水反渗透(SWRO)淡化已成为目前投资最省、成本最低的利用海水制备饮用水的过程.文中主要对海水反渗透淡化的发展状况进行了介绍,如膜和组件的改进,关键设备高压泵和能量回收装置效率的提高,多种工艺过程的不断发展,包括预处理和后处理的新工艺,以及对环境的影响和相应对策等.反渗透技术的发展也推动了其他膜分离技术的进步,并扩展其应用领域.预计在不久的将来,膜技术在海水淡化和水再利用、扩大和保护水资源、循环经济、清洁生产、改造传统产业、节能减排及提高人民生活水平等方面发挥的作用会越来越显著.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.