瓦房城水库左岸高边坡地震破坏和探地雷达探测研究

介绍了瓦房城水库左岸高边坡地震后的滑动破坏和探地雷达探测研究,分析了左岸高边坡的土质状况、裂隙发育程度、滑动面形状和位置,提出了浅层滑动和深层滑坡的典型雷达图像特征,研究了滑坡的雷达探测机理,所得结论可供水库除险加固决策时参考。     

Failure processes in a full-scale landslide experiment using a rainfall simulator

A full-scale landslide experiment was conducted to clarify the failure process of a landslide triggered by rainfall, using a loose sandy soil. The experiment used a 23-m long and about 8-m high flume, consisting of three parts: an upper 30° slope section, a lower 10° slope section, and a horizontal section at the foot of the slope. The flume was sprinkled at a constant intensity of 100 mm/h. The landslide occurred first in the upper slope about 154 min after the sprinkling started, following a creep movement within 41 min. The sliding mass slid to a stop in about 5 s, compressing soils in the lower gentle slope and horizontal sections. The dynamic process related to slide movement and the fluctuation of subsurface water pressures during failure were measured and analyzed. Sequential visual observations provided a clear record of the slip surface during failure. The rapid increase of subsurface water pressure in the slope and horizontal soil layers was also recorded during failure. It was inferred that the increased water pressures in the upper slope resulted from collapse of loose soil structure during shearing in the translational slide, whereas those in the lower portion of the slope and horizontal sections resulted from a mix of soil compression and shearing by the sliding mass.     

Reservoir induced landslide at Assar,Jammu and Kashmir: A case study

In February 2009, a huge landslide occurred at Assar in Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir state. The slide triggered after the reservoir level of the Baglihar dam increased from initial water level of 850 m to 870 m. The impounding of reservoir water created high angle scarps at number of fossil slide sites on either side of the river within the reservoir area. One such scarp (about 250 m long) at Assar caused a huge landslide washing out about 150 m road stretch. The sliding material is dominated by finer fraction (71.5 %) of micaceous silty sand and coarser fraction of gravel to boulder size. Over saturation of the slope forming material, weak rocks and high absorption and swelling nature of the soil, high slope angle and toe cutting by the water are the main reasons that triggered this slide.     

倾斜基岩上的边坡破坏模式和稳定性分析

应用离心模型试验对工程中被颇为关注的带有与边坡走向一致的倾斜基岩面,且在该基岩面存在软弱夹层的边坡的稳定性和破坏模式进行了比较详细地研究,并用极限平衡分析方法对试验结果进行了计算分析。模型试验结果表明,该类边坡失稳时,紧贴岩面的软弱夹层就成为滑动破坏面,因而边坡整体沿基岩面向下滑动,且侧向水平位移各处基本一致,表现出典型的平移滑动破坏模式。将稳定安全系数的实测结果与按平移滑动破坏模式的极限平衡分析方法的计算结果相比较后发现,两者相当地吻合,证实了按平移滑动破坏模式所作的极限平衡分析,能良好地预测边坡平移滑动破坏情形下的稳定安全系数。     

地震动作用下均匀土质边坡的临界转角分析

均质土坡变形的整体旋转角度（即转角）与其弧形滑动特征相协调,是比永久位移更为优越的土坡变形与稳定性表征量。地震动瞬态弹性变形应变能相当于土坡系统势能的动态随机性“涨落”,临界点（临界转角）作为系统本身的一个固有特性,不受地震动随机性“涨落”的影响,土坡滑动失稳的临界转角实质上对应着系统势能的突变点。基于均质土坡地震动失稳的特点,结合突变理论,给出了确定失稳临界转角的计算公式,发现其仅与滑带介质本构模型参数 、 和滑弧半径R有关,但在本质上体现了诸因素的影响而具有广泛适用性。     

西南某机场高填方边坡滑塌机制分析与处理措施研究

西南某高填方机场土石方工程竣工后不久遭遇了持续半月的强降水,在一次突发暴雨后4h,边坡发生了滑塌。采用监测、检测、现场调查、原位试验、室内试验、数值模拟等手段进行综合分析。结果认为,该机场高填方边坡滑塌主要是采用含碎石黏性土填筑的土面区、边坡影响区,因强夯补强破坏了填筑体内原有的碎石排水层,造成了采用碎石填筑的道槽区入渗的降水不能及时排出而引发的高地下水压力、渗透变形、浸泡软化等共同作用所致。最后针对性地采取填筑体顶面薄膜覆盖,坡面出水点网装级配碎石反滤和引流、滑塌坡面袋装碎石回填的应急处理措施,以及填筑体顶面黏性土回填、坡面碎石换填、仰斜管排水的永久处理方法,有效地控制了边坡的进一步变形、滑塌,取得了良好的灾害治理效果。     

咸阳北塬边垃圾土边坡稳定性分析

目的垃圾土边坡作为建筑边坡的治理和利用存在不少难点。以咸阳北塬边垃圾土边坡为例,详细分析了垃圾土稳定性影响因素。方法结合该垃圾土（建筑垃圾和生活垃圾）的物质成分及结构特性,在现场静力触探试验、反算及专家经验等综合分析的基础上,确定了垃圾土的抗剪强度参数。结果采用极限平衡法计算出该垃圾边坡稳定性系数,该稳定性系数与目前该边坡的实际状况基本一致。结论提出了垃圾土边坡稳定性分析方法和失稳后的治理方案,它对下部建筑群的抗滑建设具有重要的指导意义。     

不同渗流条件下无限斜坡稳定性分析方法探讨

顺层滑坡和冻土地区的浅层滑坡如融冻泥流和热融滑塌等，其斜坡深长比很小，一般属于无限斜坡类型，这类滑坡的形成往往与地下水的存在有关。本文应用有效应力原理推导了不同渗流条件下无限斜坡稳定性分析的计算模式，对各种不同表达形式的安全系数进行了讨论和对比，得出在流线平行于斜坡条件下。两类特殊条件(干土坡、饱水土坡)下的分析结果与相同情况下安全系数统一式结果相一致的结论；流线为相互平行的水平线、流线与坡向一致两种情况分别为孔晾压力和安全系数的两种特例。     

基于正交分析法的滑坡稳定性敏感性分析

对一给定的滑坡(即滑坡坡率、坡高等已确定),稳定系数的影响因素有滑带土粘聚力、内摩擦角、滑体容重和孔隙水压力等。由于各因素对稳定系数的影响程度不同(即敏感性大小不同),因此,需要以定量的标准来找出其中影响较大的因子,作为滑坡治理重点研究的对象,有效提高滑坡整治效果。本文以延安市宝塔区青化寺滑坡为例,采用正交分析法对滑坡稳定性的影响因子进行了分析,并计算出各种组合的滑坡稳定系数,然后采用方差分析法对因子进行敏感性评价。     

黄土路堑边坡变形破坏机理的三轴试验研究

通过原状黄土的减压三轴压缩试验,研究了黄土边坡不同深度不同含水量土体的应力-应变关系,并与原状黄土的常规三轴试验结果进行了比较,发现减压三轴试验能合理地模拟和解释开挖卸荷作用下黄土边坡土体的变形与破坏过程。试验结果表明:坡脚开挖卸荷时,黄土边坡中浅层非饱和黄土易出现应变软化或塑性流动,强度较低,易产生较大变形,而深层饱和黄土仅在高围压下发生应变硬化,强度增加,在中低围压时均发生应变软化现象。分析认为黄土边坡特殊的工程地质条件,使得黄土边坡的特定部位在开挖卸荷作用下常形成了不利于土体稳定的含水量和围压组合,导致坡体特定部位的土体变形破坏,进而诱发边坡的变形破坏;开挖卸荷作用下黄土边坡变形破坏的力学机制应为蠕滑-压致拉裂或牵引式滑坡。     

降雨诱发坡面型泥石流形成机理

基于野外调查和室内测试分析,依据岩土体破坏准则理论,结合典型坡面型泥石流进行剖析,从坡面型泥石流形成的影响因素、运动学特征、动力条件、形成与演化过程等方面,探讨了降雨诱发坡面型泥石流的形成机理。研究结果表明:坡面流以平移式滑动方式破坏为主,通常发生于残坡积土层厚度小(≤2.0 m)的陡坡地带(坡度≥40°),降雨是坡面型泥石流的主要触发因素,雨水入渗促使斜坡残坡积岩土体饱和软化,当土体含水率超过28%~30%,粘聚力、内摩擦角与含水率关系曲线都出现了明显的拐点,即饱和度超过75%时,其粘聚力和内摩擦角都发生急剧降低,斜坡土体由稳定状态向破坏状态演化。遇持续降雨(或暴雨)作用,此种残坡积土局部发生失稳下滑——流土,进而在动水压力作用下发生下泻造浆形成坡面泥石流。     

红层软岩边坡生态防护技术探讨

红层软岩边坡,土质贫瘠,浅层稳定性差,生态防护失效的现象比较突出。为提高西部红层软岩边坡生态防护的可靠性,在对西部红层软岩地区铁路、公路边坡生态防护状况进行调研和分析的基础上,总结红层软岩边坡生态防护失败的原因,吸取经验教训,提出适于红层软岩边坡的生态防护方法和适合该区栽植的草木品种及配置方法。     

Risk analysis of landslides – A case study

The effects of uncertainty due to the variability of soil parameters on the risk of landsliding in the Himalayan region are investigated using a random field model combined with slope stability analyses. Effects of spatial variability both in horizontal and vertical directions, number of test samples, variations in piezometric level and the influence of earthquake on the reliability of a typical slope in a slide area are investigated. The results show that the reliability of slopes in the slide area is significantly affected by the coefficients of variation of soil parameters, spatial variations of soil parameters, number of test samples and piezometric variations. The results also show that the assumption of isotropic variations to assess slope reliability isconservative. The results of the study are useful in providing guidelines and pointing to remedial measures in the form of sub-surface drainage to improve slope reliability in the area.     

Debris slide hazards in the Adirondack Province of New York state

More than 400 debris slide scars have been identified in the Adirondack Province through aerial photographic interpretation. Debris slides are concentrated in the high relief, east-central portion of the province, although some isolated scars occur in the north and southwest. Intense rainfall, relief, slope angle, slope form, and slope exposure are recognized as factors in Adirondack slide formation and distribution. Vegetational, pedological, and geological characteristics also influence slope stability conditions, but complexities in after-the-fact analyses obscure their exact function in slide activity. On the basis of slope angle and slope form, more than 600 major valley systems which exhibit slide potential were identified in the Adirondacks. Approximately 25 percent of these sites of potential slides are on private land. The prospect for higher land-use in these areas warrants serious consideration of the hazards of debris slides. Debris slides cannot be prevented, or even accurately predicted, but certain measures may possibly be taken to avert extensive economic damage or loss of life.     

地下水位升高时黏性土无限边坡的水平位移

在平面应变条件下,采用摩尔-库仑强度准则和相关联流动法则,对地下水位升高过程中平移模式下的黏性土无限边坡进行了弹塑性分析,探讨了坡体变形的变化规律,分析了边坡安全系数和坡面水平位移的关系。数值分析表明,土坡的初始应力状态和抗剪强度指标对地下水位升高过程中滑坡前塑性区的厚度、坡体内塑性应变和水平位移的发展都有很大影响。     

Modelling of landslides with the material-point method

A numerical model for studying the dynamic evolution of landslides is presented. The numerical model is based on the Generalized Interpolation Material Point Method. A simplified slope with a house placed on top is analysed. An elasto-plastic material model based on the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion is employed for the soil. The slide is triggered for the initially stable slope by removing the cohesion of the soil and the slide is followed from the triggering until a state of static equilibrium is again reached. Parameter studies, in which the angle of internal friction of the soil and the degree of discretisation are varied, are presented.     

南阳膨胀土渠道滑坡破坏特征与演化机制研究

为了解河南南阳地区膨胀土渠道边坡滑坡机制,基于南水北调中线工程南阳段19个滑坡的现场调研统计结果,选取南阳段TS105+400处右岸滑坡为典型实例,开挖探槽揭露滑坡内部结构,对该区膨胀土渠道滑坡的破坏特征及演化机制进行了研究。结果显示,该区滑坡多发生在 地层;边坡的稳定性受中上部土体中的垂直节理及坡脚充填强膨胀土的缓倾长大裂隙共同控制,滑动面由后缘陡倾裂隙及前缘缓倾长大裂隙组成。开挖卸荷导致垂直节理张开,垂直节理向下可延伸3 m以上,破坏边坡土体整体性,且充当水分出入边坡的主要通道;坡面以下深度4～8 m存在一个高湿度带,带内土体强度小,发育滑动面。气候造成的胀缩循环、开挖卸荷导致边坡垂直节理张开并向深部发展,对边坡土体的强度衰减作用明显,当垂直裂隙与前缘缓倾裂隙贯通后,发生强（久）降雨,裂隙充水软化,即诱发边坡失稳。     

倾斜基底高填方次生滑坡及其防治

本文在野外工程地质调查与岩土工程勘察的基础上,采用定性、定量分析方法,分析了堆放于陡坡上的高填方边坡产生滑坡的机理、类型及特征,研究表明该滑坡的类型属土质、中厚层、推移式次生滑坡。滑坡整体处于基本稳定状态,但稳定安全储备不高;在连续降雨或暴雨条件下该滑坡整体超过临界状态而处于不稳定状态,此时,滑坡可能产生失稳滑动破坏,对临近边坡处的人员及建筑物产生危害。建议采取抗滑桩、排水等综合治理方案,并对滑坡体进行监测。     

某赤泥堆坝加固方案研究与施工过程仿真分析

某赤泥堆坝近几年出现严重裂缝与渗水、泄泥现象,坝体边坡基本处于临界稳定状态。在不利因素触发下,可能出现大面积滑坡。在充分研究堆场地质条件和堆坝的土层结构、裂缝现状与成因、变形过程与破坏趋势、稳定性等主要影响因素基础上,通过数值试验与模拟分析,提出了排水-改良滑带土-削坡减载-反压坡脚-加筋支挡-挂网喷射护坡的综合加固方案。通过加固施工过程仿真分析,验证了这种综合加固方案的科学性、合理性。     

一种基于强度折减法的次级滑动面分析方法研究

传统强度折减法通常对整个边坡区域进行折减,因而只能得到最小安全系数及对应的最危险临界滑动面。但在工程实践中,边坡的治理范围不能局限于最危险滑动面所包围的区域,不满足规范要求的次级滑动面范围内的坡体亦应得到治理。为了克服传统强度折减法在搜索次级滑动面方面的缺陷,提出了一种新的强度折减法。一般而言,边坡的屈服区域主要集中在滑动面两侧附近,形成一个沿滑动面分布的剪切破坏带,因此,在用强度折减法进行边坡稳定性分析时,只需对剪切破坏带范围内的局部坡体进行折减,则可得到该滑动面的安全系数和滑动面。基于以上认识,假设剪切破坏带沿对数螺旋曲线分布,不断调整对数螺旋曲线的形状以得到不同范围的剪切破坏带,对各种不同的剪切破坏带范围内的坡体进行局部折减计算,即可得到不同的安全系数及对应的滑动面。通过两个边坡算例（单台阶、双台阶）验证了该方法的可行性,并最后讨论了剪切破坏带的宽度对结果的影响。两个算例的计算结果表明,该方法不仅可以得到最危险临界滑动面,亦可得到任意安全系数对应的滑动面。