The influence of stratification on the field of wave disturbances generated by a barotropic tide in the vicinity of the Mid-Atlantic ridge

In the framework of the linear theory for the long waves occurring in a fluid with a density gradient, the paper concentrates on the field of wave disturbances generated by a barotropic tide in the vicinity of the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Dependences of the wave amplitudes and velocities on the stratification parameters, the angle of onrunning and the period of the barotropic tide have been obtained. A similar study for a model ridge relief of paraboloidal shape has been conducted in ref. 1. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

The impact of stratification on the wave velocity field generated by a barotropic tide impinging upon an oceanic ridge

The horizontal wave velocity field generated by a barotropic tide impinging upon a subwater ridge is considered in the linear theory assumptions for long waves. The ocean is assumed to be twolayered, with the tidal wave on-running at an arbitrary angle to the ridge axis. The dependence of the horizontal velocity amplitudes on stratification, the angle of barotropic tide impinging, and the bottom feature geometry is studied.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

The generation of internal waves by the diurnal barotropic tide in the area of extensive irregularity of the bottom topography

The generation of internal waves by the barotropic tide in a two-layer ocean of variable depth is studied within the framework of the linear theory of long waves in view of the Coriolis force. A barotropic wave climbs at an arbitrary angle to the axis of the extensive ridge with constantly varying profile. The relationships between the amplitudes of the generated internal waves, the location of the ridge, and the angle of climb of the barotropic tide are studied. The analogous research is given in refs 1 and 2.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov. UDK 532.59.     

The generation of internal waves by the barotropic tide at an oceanic ridge

The generation of internal waves by the barotropic tide in a two-layer ocean of variable depth is studied within the framework of the linear theory of long waves in view of the Coriolis force. The relationships between the internal wave amplitude, the angle of climb of the barotropic tide, and the bottom elevation geometry are studied.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Generation of internal waves in the region of a bottom ridge with continuously varying height

Internal waves generated by a barotropic wave impinging on a bottom ridge with continuously varying height are studied within the framework of the linear theory of long waves. We consider the case where the diurnal tide travels at an arbitrary angle to the axis of the ridge located in the area of a geostrophic flow caused by tilting of the free sea surface and the interface of a two-layer ocean. We study the dependences of the amplitudes of internal waves on the velocity of the geostrophic flow, the direction of propagation of the barotropic tide, and the geometry of the ridge. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The effect of currents on the generation of internal waves by a barotropic tide near an underwater ridge

In the frame of the linear theory for long waves, the paper studies long waves generated by a barotropic tide running at an arbitrary angle over a bottom ridge. The ocean is assumed to be two-layered. In the area of a ridge with a rectangular cross section, geostrophic flows are considered, coupled with the inclinations of the free surface and interface. Wave amplitudes are shown to depend on the angle of an onrunning tide and this allows us to reach a conclusion about the influence of a geostrophic current on the generation of internal waves. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Generation of internal waves by a semidiurnal barotropic tide in the Mid-Atlantic ridge area

Internal waves occurring in the specific Mid-Atlantic ridge area as a result of the impinging of a barotropic tide are studied in the terms of the linear theory for surface waves. The ocean is assumed to be double-layered, with a tidal wave running onto it at an arbitrary angle. The dependences of the wave amplitudes and horizontal velocities on the angle of run-on of a tidal wave are derived. Similar studies for the model bottom topography have been reported in refs 1–3. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

The effect of a current upon the generation of internal waves by a semi-diurnal tide in the vicinity of a ridge with a continuously changing height

In the framework of the linear theory for long waves, the paper studies internal waves generated by a semi-diurnal barotropic tide impinging on a bottom ridge at an arbitrary angle. The ocean is assumed to be double-layered. In the vicinity of the ridge, whose height is continuously changing, geostrophic flows occurring due to the inclination of the free surface and interface are considered. The dependencies of the generated wave's amplitudes on the angle of incidence of the tide and on the magnitude and direction of the geostrophic current velocity are determined, allowing a conclusion that the current contributes to the generation of internal waves. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Generation of internal waves by a barotropic tide in the coastal zone

Within the framework of the linear theory of long waves, we study internal waves generated by a barotropic tide in a two-layer ocean of variable depth taking into account the influence of the Coriolis force. Barotropic waves run over an extended unevenness of the bottom at an arbitrary angle. This unevenness is regarded as a model of the continental slope and shelf. We establish the dependences of the amplitudes of generated internal waves on the angle of incidence of the barotropic tide, topography of the bottom, and stratification. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Investigation of transformations of barotropic tides in the coastal zone

Within the framework of the linear theory of long waves, we perform the numerical investigation of transformations of a barotropic diurnal tide in the process of its motion from the deepwater region of the sea into the region of continental slope and shelf zone at any angle to the coast line. For a linear profile of the bottom of the continental slope and shelf, we establish dependences of the amplitudes and velocities of waves on the direction of propagation of the tidal wave and the latitude of the place. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

A numerical study of the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in the Luzon Strait

A new composite model, which consists of a generation model of the internal tides and a regularized long wave propagation model, is presented to study the generation and evolution of internal solitary waves in the sill strait. Internal bores in the sill strait are first simulated by the generation model, and then the internal tidal field outside of the sill region is given as input for the propagation model. Numerical experiments are carried out to study the imposing tide, depth profile, channel width and shoaling effect, etc., on the generation and evolution of internal solitary waves. It is shown that only when the amplitude of internal tide at the forcing boundary of the propagation model is large enough that a train of internal solitary waves would be induced. The amplitude of the imposing tide in the generation model, shoaling effect, asymmetry of the depth profile and channel width have some effects on the amplitude of the induced internal solitary wave. The imposing tidal flow superimposed on a constant mean background flow has a great damping effect on the induced internal waves, especially on those propagate against the background flow direction. The generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in three possible straits among the Luzon Strait are simulated, and the reasons for the asymmetry of their propagation are also explained.     

Wave–current interaction in a river and wave dominant estuary: A seasonal contrast

The dynamic feature of the Modaomen Estuary (ME) in the Pearl River Delta in southern China has been the subject of extensive research. In previous studies, wave–current interaction (WCI) was often neglected due to its complexity. This study uses a coupled hydrodynamic module TELEMAC-2D and wave propagation module TOMAWAC in the TELEMAC-Mascaret modeling system to quantify the effects of WCI on the hydrodynamics in the ME. The coupled wave and current modeling system was well validated against the field measurements at selected locations. The model results show that WCI varies with the seasonal change in runoff in the ME. The effect of waves on the currents is insignificant during the wet season with a current change of no more than 0.07 m/s; but, in contrast, the currents have a noticeable effect on waves. However, during the dry season, the interactions of waves and currents on each other are found to be equally significant. When wave model and current model are coupled, the velocity could increase up to a maximum of 0.30 m/s and decrease up to a maximum of 0.17 m/s. WCI is greatly affected by the propagation directions of wave and current in both seasons. Generally, wave height decreases and current increases for a following wave and current; wave height increases and current decreases for an opposing wave and current. The effects of waves on currents change with the tide. Changes are larger during neap tide than during spring tide, and stronger during ebb tide than during flood tide.     

基于调制不稳定性的吕宋海峡内孤立波生成机理探讨

The South China Sea (SCS) is a hot spot for oceanic internal solitary waves due to many factors, such as the complexity of the terrain environment. The internal solitary waves in the northern SCS mainl...     

Experimental Study of Overtopping on Sea Dikes and Coastal Flooding Under the Coupled Processes of Tides and Waves

Storm surges are cataclysmic natural disasters that occur along the coasts and are usually accompanied by large waves. The effects of coupled storm surges and waves can pose a significant threat to coastal security. Previous laboratory studies on the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal structures have typically utilized steady water levels and constant wave elements. An indoor simulation of the coupled processes of tides and waves is developed by adding a tide generation system to an existing laboratory wave basin to model continuous dynamic tide levels so that tide generation and wave-making occur synchronously in the pool. Specific experimental methods are given, which are applied to further study waves overtopping on artificial sea dikes and coastal flooding evolution under the coupled actions of tides and waves. The results of the overtopping discharge obtained by the test with a dynamic water level are compared with those obtained from steady water level tests and the existing empirical formula. In addition, the impacts of ecological coastal shelterbelts and structures on coastal flood processes and distributions are also investigated. The proposed simulation methods provide a new approach for studying the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal areas. The study also aims to provide a reference for coastal protective engineering.

     

Modelling the influence of currents on wave propagation at the entrance of the Tagus estuary

A study of the wave propagation and of the consequences of the influence of currents on waves in the Tagus estuary is performed in the present work. For this purpose a high-resolution SWAN domain was coupled to a wave prediction system based on the two state of the art phase averaged wave models, WAM for wave generation and SWAN for nearshore wave transformation. The most important factors affecting the incoming waves are the local currents and the wind. These influences were evaluated by performing SWAN simulations in the target area with and respectively without considering the tide level and tide induced currents. The model results were compared with wave measurements, validating in this way the results of the wave prediction system developed herewith.     

Non-linear model for the generation of baroclinic tides over extensive inhomogeneities of the seabed relief

A numerical model is developed for the generation of internal waves induced by a barotropic tidal wave travelling over large bottom features. Motion equations consider the non-linear terms, as well as the terms responsible for horizontal turbulent exchange. The fluid is assumed to be continuously stratified. In the framework of the developed model, a packet of short non-linear internal waves is shown to occur together with a long baroclinic tide. In the absence of non-linear terms in the equations of motion, the model data are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the data provided by known linear models.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

The propagation of high frequency internal waves in the Celtic Sea

The continental slope to the south of the Celtic Sea is an area of extremely rough topography and tidal currents of the order of 50cm/s (with components both along and across the slope). This is a region of intense and complicated internal wave and internal tide activity. Historical current meter data from moorings close to the shelf-break show bursts of high frequency, large amplitude internal waves occurring, on average, at either once or twice per M2 tidal cycle. Wave packets at 9 moorings along the shelf-break and further on-shelf are identified using conditional sampling. The paths travelled by these wave packets are calculated using their fluctuation orientation, linear wave theory and the low frequency current. The records are up to 60 days long, allowing the ensemble statistics of propagation direction and wave characteristics to be calculated for a large number of wave packets. This analysis shows that only a fraction of the observed wave packets have orientations consistent with generation by the across-slope barotropic tide. This mechanism accounts for 20% of the wave packets in the north-west Celtic Sea and 29% in the southeast Celtic sea. A similar fraction of the wave packets (23% in the north west and 27% in the south east) have orientations clearly consistent with generation by an along-slope flow over the rough topography on the slope. The remaining wave packets are attributed to generation by tidal flow over topography close to the moorings and possibly internal wave resonance within canyons.     

The role of bottom friction in models of nonbreaking tsunami wave runup on the shore

The role of bottom friction in the runup of nonbreaking long waves on the shore is analyzed. The case of the normal incidence of monochromatic waves is considered. The relief of the model region consists of an even horizontal bottom area conjugated with a flat slope. The energy dissipation is estimated as the work of bottom friction forces over the wave field obtained using the known analytical solution based on the Carrier-Greenspan transforms. Estimates of energy losses for waves whose periods are typical for tsunami waves have been obtained. The energy dissipation is shown to be not concentrated in the shore line area as a rule. The question about the practicability of using partially reflecting boundary conditions on the coast to take into account the bottom friction in large-scale models of tsunami propagation is considered.     

内潮汐和内波沉积研究现状与展望

根据国内外内潮汐、内波及其沉积的研究成果,概述了它们的研究进展,详细阐述了内潮汐、内波沉积特征和沉积类型,探讨了内潮汐、内波沉积研究的油气勘探意义。虽然内潮汐、内波沉积研究取得了较大进展,但仍存在着较多问题,如内潮汐、内波沉积的识别是该领域研究的最大难题。因此,在其未来研究上,应注意运用地震波识别、遥感等现代科技调查手段,进行多学科综合研究,尽快建立一套完善的识别标志,以促使其逐渐成为海洋沉积学中一个更为完善的研究领域。     

Internal tide in the Kara Gates Strait

We observed strong internal tidal waves in the Kara Gates Strait. Internal tides are superimposed over a system of mean currents from the Barents to the Kara Sea. Field studies of internal tides in the Kara Gates were performed in 1997, 2007, and 2015. In 2015, we analyzed data from towed CTD measurements, numerical model calculations, and satellite images in the region. An internal tidal wave with a period of 12.4 h is generated due to the interaction between the currents of the barotropic tide and the bottom relief on the slopes of a ridge that crosses the strait from Novaya Zemlya to the continent. The depths of the ridge crest are 30–40 m. A constant current of relatively warm water flows from the Barents to the Kara Sea. An internal wave propagates in both directions from the ridge. In the Barents Sea, internal waves are intensified by the current from the Barents to the Kara Sea. Internal bores followed by a packet of short-period internal waves are found in both directions from the strait. Satellite images show that short-period internal waves are generated after the internal bore. A hydraulic jump was found on the eastern side of the strait. Numerical modeling agrees with the experimental results.