大陆板块俯冲和折返过程中的流体活动：稳定同位素证据

对大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩矿物稳定同位素的系统研究发现，超高压变质过程中存在少量含水流体，但是流体的活动性很小，在不同岩相界面之间缺乏明显的流体渗透；超高压榴辉岩中的石英脉是蜂期变质后含水矿物降压分解和羟基出溶引起的流体流动结果，不是板块俯冲过程中进变质作用的产物；超高压变质岩经历了广泛的角闪岩相退变质作用，退变质流体主要来源于板块折返过程中超高压矿物中溶解经基的降压出溶。     

苏鲁造山带池庄超高压榴辉岩中变质脉:大陆俯冲带超临界流体活动的证据

高压-超高压变质岩中的变质脉能够反映俯冲带变质流体的组成和演化。为了探究大陆俯冲带超临界流体活动及伴随的元素迁移,本文系统地研究了苏鲁造山带南部江苏东海池庄地区的超高压榴辉岩及变质脉。变质脉主要是由石英、石榴石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、蓝晶石、黝帘石、金红石和锆石等矿物组成,与寄主榴辉岩的矿物组成类似。相比于榴辉岩,脉体中的石榴石更加富集重稀土元素(HREE);黝帘石强烈富集轻稀土元素(LREE)。变质脉和榴辉岩中各主要矿物的氧同位素组成在误差范围内一致(石英的δ18O分别为2.42‰和2.79‰;石榴石为-0.30‰和0.010‰;绿辉石为0.25‰和0.071‰),说明变质脉的形成与榴辉岩释放的内部流体有关。综合已有的研究,发现大别-苏鲁造山带不同地区的变质脉和榴辉岩具有极不均一的氧同位素组成,说明在陆壳深俯冲和折返过程中,流体活动有限。利用矿物温压计得到变质脉的峰期变质温压条件为692±65℃和3.6±0.3GPa,脉体中锆石U-Pb定年结果表明锆石的形成时代为218±2.4Ma,指示变质脉形成于深俯冲陆壳折返初期的超高压变质阶段。变质脉中矿物组合和矿物的主微量元素特征说明成脉流体富集Si、Al、Ca、K、LILE、REE和HFSE等元素,表明成脉流体可能是溶解能力极强的超临界流体。     

大陆板块俯冲和折返的同位素地球动力学

大别 -苏鲁造山带是扬子大陆板块与华北大陆板块之间在三叠纪时期俯冲 -碰撞所形成的超高压变质带。对该带超高压变质岩的稳定同位素研究发现 ,不仅含柯石英榴辉岩出现局部氧同位素负异常 (δ18O =- 10‰ ) ,而且区域上存在氧同位素分布的不均一性 (δ18O =- 10‰～+10‰ )。前者要求榴辉岩原岩在变质前经历过大气降水热液蚀变 ,说明俯冲板块具有大陆地壳特点 ;后者反映扬子板块具有快速俯冲变质的特征 ,否则将达到同位素均一化。榴辉岩氧同位素负异常的保存显示 ,这些超高压变质岩与地幔之间没有发生显著的化学相互作用。因此 ,载有榴辉岩原岩的板块俯冲到 2 0 0多公里深的地幔内部时 ,超高压岩石形成后在地幔中的滞留时间很短(<10Ma) ,致使它们与地幔之间的氧同位素交换没有达到再平衡。榴辉岩中不同矿物对氧同位素测温不仅给出了相互一致的结果 (6 5 0～ 75 0℃ ) ,而且这些温度与阳离子交换温度计的结果 (6 0 0～80 0℃ )相一致。因此 ,在榴辉岩相变质温度下共生矿物之间的氧同位素平衡已被“冻结” ,岩石冷却过程中的氧同位素交换再平衡没有发生 ,从而证明超高压榴辉岩在变质作用后经历了快速降压/冷却过程 ,对应于板块的快速抬升。这些结果首次从地球化学角度证明了大陆板块俯冲—超高压变质—折     

大陆碰撞和超高压变质的化学地球动力学:来自中国大陆科学钻探的结果

利用中国大陆科学钻探工程连续取样的优势,对主孔200～4000m超高压变质岩进行了系统的地球化学研究.结果对大陆俯冲带变质的化学地球动力学提供了新的制约.目前取得的主要成果如下(1)建立了200～4000m深度的超高压矿物氧同位素变化剖面,发现18O亏损深度达3300m.结合大别-苏鲁造山带地表露头岩石达30000km2的18O亏损,表明扬子陆块北缘曾发生三维空间巨量物质(～100000km3)的18O亏损;(2)钻孔超高压变质岩的原岩形成于新元古代中期(～780Ma),属于双重双峰式岩浆活动的产物;原岩既有中元古代晚期新生地壳,也有古元古代中期古老地壳.这种双重双峰式岩浆活动出现在弧-陆碰撞带基础上发育的裂谷构造带,是对Rodinia超大陆开始裂解的响应;(3)高压榴辉岩相重结晶作用发生在216±3Ma,高压榴辉岩相重结晶作用持续的时间为1.9～9.3Myr或更短;(4)不同岩性接触带的矿物O同位素、H同位素、全水含量以及羟基含量的研究表明,退变质流体在同位素组成上是内部缓冲的,且退变质流体主要来自于名义上无水矿物中结构羟基和分子水的出溶.定量计算表明,这些出溶的结构羟基和分子水能为角闪岩相退变质作用提供足够的流体来源;(5)在不同岩性接触带,稳定同住素、水含量及岩相学上出现同步变化,表明不同岩性接触带可能是流体活动最剧烈的地方.对于远离榴辉岩-片麻岩接触带的榴辉岩,退变质流体主要来自榴辉岩内部名义上无水矿物中结构羟基和分子水的出溶.对于靠近接触带的榴辉岩,则可能主要受来自比榴辉岩更富水的片麻岩中矿物的脱水作用.根据相邻样品之间的距离、岩相学和δ18O值,可以确定出不同岩性和相同岩性之间氧同位素不均一性的尺度为20到50cm,对应于大陆碰撞过程中流体活动的最大尺度;(6)对两个连续岩芯段的主量和微量元素剖面研究表明,在大陆俯冲带变质过程中,大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土(LREE)具有较高的活动性,而高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土(HREE)是不活动的.这些元素的活动可能是由折返过程中大陆地壳的部分熔融导致的,因此指示了超临界流体的出现.折返过程中大陆地壳的这种部分熔融作用导致了不同板片组分之间的质量迁移,但是这种有效的迁移只发生在很小的尺度范围内,在岩相学接触带和裂隙带的局部开放系统中.     

大陆深俯冲过程中的流体-岩石相互作用——中国大陆科学钻探主孔氧同位素剖面

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔深5158m,位于苏鲁超高压变质带南部。该钻孔钻进了一个超高压变质岩片,其主要榴辉岩、片麻岩、超基性岩和少量石英和片岩组成。基于连续样品的详细氧同位素分析可得出下列认识：（1）各种变质矿物的氧同位素成分具有很大的变化,其中石榴石为-7．4～＋6．2‰,绿辉石为-5．2～＋6．5‰。白云母为-4．4- ＋7．1‰,斜长石为-3．1～＋7．6‰,钾长石为4．8～8．3‰,石英为-2．8- ＋9．6‰。（2）整个钻孔剖面的氧同位素成分是连续和逐渐的变化的,而且与岩石类型无关,氧同位素亏损岩石产出的最大深度为3320m。这个深度之下的岩石均具有正常变质岩的氧同位素值。（3）氧同位素明显亏损的变质岩大多出现在正、副片麻岩及其与榴辉岩的互层带。（4）榴辉岩矿物大多具有平衡的氧同位素分异,大多数高压和低压石英脉体具有与它们的围岩类似的氧同位素成分。（5）利用石英．石榴石氧同位素温度计,所获得的榴辉岩变质温度为598～909℃,片麻岩的变质温度为550～786℃。基于这些事实,并结合氧同位素亏损变质岩在地表和浅钻孔中的广泛分布,可以得出以下重要结论：（1）在苏鲁造山带,有大量的表壳岩石与巨量的寒冷气候下的大气降水发生过交换作用,这为新元古代全球冰期的存在提供了重要证据。（2）许多呈厚层产出的花岗质片麻岩具有正常变质岩的氧同位素成分,并缺少超高压变质作用证据。（3）在大陆深俯冲和折返过程中,只存在通道式的水-岩相作用和非常有限的流体活动,与高压退变质有关的流体是原地形成的。（4）新元古代Rodinia超大陆裂解环境下形成的双峰式岩浆活动为大气降水与表壳岩之间的热液蚀变提供了热源。     

大陆碰撞过程中的流体活动:来自大别山低温超高压花岗片麻岩的地球化学制约

俯冲带流体活动对认识超高压变质作用、同俯冲、同折返岩浆作用有着十分重要的意义.由于大陆地壳的流体含量远低于大洋地壳,与大陆地壳深俯冲和折返过程有关的流体活动受到原岩性质和变质速率的双重制约.     

大别-苏鲁超高压变质岩研究新思路: 偏光显微镜阴极发光技术的应用

利用偏光显微镜阴极发光技术可观察到其他常规成分结构测试法不易识别或容易忽略的多种矿物的生长结构, 该技术是进行后续成分分析的有效预研究手段, 可为重建矿物形成演化过程提供重要信息.该技术在国际岩石矿物学、油气储层及矿床学领域应用广泛, 但在变质岩研究领域的应用较薄弱.综述该技术在国际超高压变质岩研究领域的应用, 并利用其对大别-苏鲁超高压变质带经典地区的超高压榴辉岩、云母片岩、大理岩进行初步研究, 讨论它在多期微细矿物相快速鉴别、生长环带、微量元素分布规律、双晶纹、出溶结构等内部结构表征方面的应用价值和前景.偏光显微镜阴极发光技术与拉曼光谱、扫描电镜、电子探针等分析技术相结合, 可为我国超高压变质岩的研究开辟和扩展一条新思路.      

超高压变质作用过程中的流体——来自苏鲁超高压变质岩岩石学、氧同位素和流体包裹体研究的限定

苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩岩石学、氧同位素、流体包裹体和名义上无水矿物的研究表明,流体-岩石相互作用在大陆地壳的俯冲与折返过程中起到多重的重要作用,并形成了复杂的流体演化过程：（1）大陆表壳岩通过与高纬度大气降水的交换作用被广泛水化,并获得了异常低的氧同位素成分;（2）在水化陆壳物质的俯冲过程中发生了一系列的进变质脱水反应,所释放的流体主要结合进了高压、超高压含水矿物和名义上无水超高压矿物;（3）在超高压变质过程中,以水为主的变质流体通过选择性的吸收使其盐度逐渐升高,并在峰期出现高密度、高盐度的H2O或CO2-H2O流体。有机质的分解反应在局部形成了以CO2、N2、CH4或它们的混合物为主要成分的变质流体;（4）名义上无水超高压矿物的结构水出溶是早期退变质流体的主要来源,并在局部富集形成了高压变质脉体;（5）透入性的中、低盐度水流体活动使超高压变质岩通过一系列的水化反应转变成角闪岩相变质岩;（6）沿韧性剪切带和脆性破碎带的强烈水流体活动为绿片岩相退变质作用和低压石英脉的形成提供了变质流体;（7）可变盐度的H2O或CO2-H2O流体是整个超高压变质岩形成与折返过程中的主要流体,但局部的流体．岩石相互作用形成了非极性的变质流体。     

桐柏高压变质地体:对桐柏-大别-苏鲁高压/超高压变质带构造框架和俯冲/折返机制的制约

桐柏造山带位于秦岭造山带和大别-苏鲁造山带之间,是揭示秦岭-桐柏-大别-苏鲁巨型造山带中各地质体之间构造关系及地质演化差异的关键地区。桐柏高压变质地体主要由两个高压岩片(I和II)及其北侧的构造混杂岩带和南侧的蓝片岩-绿片岩带构成。高压岩片I以北、南两条榴辉岩带为代表,构成桐柏山背形构造的两翼,其峰期变质条件分别为530~610℃、1.7~2.0GPa和460~560℃、1.3~1.9GPa。高压岩片II以桐柏杂岩中的变质岩包体为代表,其峰期变质条件推测在<700℃、>1.2GPa的榴辉岩相范围内,而退变质条件为660~700℃、0.80~1.03GPa。U-Pb、Lu-Hf、Rb-Sr和Ar-Ar同位素年代学研究表明,高压岩片I的峰期变质时代为255Ma,冷却至白云母封闭温度的时代为238Ma;而高压岩片II的主期变质作用发生在232~220Ma,作为桐柏杂岩主体的片麻状花岗岩则侵位于140Ma。这说明,高压岩片I和II分属于两个时代不同的俯冲/折返岩片,当高压岩片II被俯冲到地壳深处并经受高压变质时,其上覆的高压岩片I已经折返到中上地壳的水平。这一结果验证了在西大别、东大别和苏鲁地区提出的高压/超高压岩石的穿时(或差异)俯冲/折返模型,同时说明华南大陆地壳最早的俯冲发生在晚二叠世,这也代表华北与华南陆块之间从洋壳俯冲转化为陆壳俯冲的时间。基于桐柏杂岩与北大别杂岩的可比性,认为桐柏高压变质地体相对低温低压的变质环境以及超高压岩石的缺乏缘于华南陆块的俯冲深度向西逐渐变浅,而早白垩世的构造挤出造成了桐柏-大别高压/超高压变质带东宽西窄的构造格局。     

深俯冲和折返动力学:来自中国大陆科学钻探主孔及苏鲁超高压变质带的制约

中国大陆科学钻探工程和苏鲁高压-超高压变质带为大陆岩石圈的深俯冲与折返动力学的研究提供了以下制约(1)苏鲁高压/超高压变质地体迭置于南、北苏鲁两个不同时代及属性的基底之上;(2)苏鲁巨量表壳岩石深俯冲至200km以下的上地幔深度,并经历超高压变质作用;(3)根据不同类型超高压变质岩石锆石的SHRIMP-U/Pb原位精确定年,获得超高压变质岩石的深俯冲-折返全过程(240～252Ma→230～237Ma→207～218Ma)时限.并建立了新的深俯冲-折返全过程的P-T-t轨迹;(4)富钛铁的辉长岩在大陆地壳的深俯冲过程中,经历了超高压变质作用并转变成了富含金红石的榴辉岩,形成了超高压变质的钛矿床;(5)通过榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩的显微构造分析及石榴石、绿辉石和橄榄石EBSD测量,确定深俯冲过程中绿辉石和橄榄石的组构运动学和流变学特征;(6)在大陆的深俯冲过程中,强烈水化的陆壳岩石经历了进变质脱水过程,巨量的地表水带入到＞100～200Km的地幔深处,在超高压变质峰期的极端条件下,通过含水超高压变质矿物的分解形成超临界的含水熔体,导致有效的壳-幔物质交换和岩石圈物质分异;(7)苏鲁超高压变质地体在折返阶段形成挤出纳布构造,与岩石圈深俯冲管道流的折返挤出机制有关;(8)提出新的深俯冲-折返动力学模式陆.陆碰撞的深俯冲剥蚀模式及大陆地壳多重性、分层型和穿时性的俯冲和折返模式.     

Partial melting of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks at convergent continental margins: Evidences,melt compositions and physical effects

Ultrahigh-pressure(UHP) metamorphic rocks are distinctive products of crustal deep subduction,and are mainly exposed in continental subduction-collision terranes. UHP slices of continental crust are usually involved in multistage exhumation and partial melting, which has obvious influence on the rheological features of the rocks, and thus significantly affect the dynamic behavior of subducted slices. Moreover,partial melting of UHP rocks have significant influence on element mobility and related isotope behavior within continental subduction zones, which is in turn crucial to chemical differentiation of the continental crust and to crust-mantle interaction.Partial melting can occur before, during or after the peak metamorphism of UHP rocks. Post-peak decompression melting has been better constrained by remelting experiments; however, because of multiple stages of decompression, retrogression and deformation, evidence of former melts in UHP rocks is often erased. Field evidence is among the most reliable criteria to infer partial melting. Glass and nanogranitoid inclusions are generally considered conclusive petrographic evidence. The residual assemblages after melt extraction are also significant to indicate partial melting in some cases. Besides field and petrographic evidence, bulk-rock and zircon trace-element geochemical features are also effective tools for recognizing partial melting of UHP rocks. Phase equilibrium modeling is an important petrological tool that is becoming more and more popular in P-T estimation of the evolution of metamorphic rocks; by taking into account the activity model of silicate melt, it can predict when partial melting occurred if the P-T path of a given rock is provided.UHP silicate melt is commonly leucogranitic and peraluminous in composition with high SiO_2,low MgO, FeO, MnO, TiO_2 and CaO, and variable K_2 O and Na_2 O contents. Mineralogy of nanogranites found in UHP rocks mainly consists of plagioclase + K-feldspar + quartz, plagioclase being commonly albite-rich.Trace element pattern of the melt is characterized by significant enrichment of large ion lithophile elements(LILE), depletion of heavy rare earth elements(HREE) and high field strength elements(HFSE),indicating garnet and rutile stability in the residual assemblage. In eclogites, significant Mg-isotope fractionation occurs between garnet and phengite; therefore, Mg isotopes may become an effective indicator for partial melting of eclogites.     

Mineral and fluid inclusions in zircon of UHP metamorphic rocks from the CCSD-main drill hole: A record of metamorphism and fluid activity

The Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) main drill hole (0–3000 m) in Donghai, southern Sulu orogen, consists of eclogite, paragneiss, orthogneiss, schist and garnet peridotite. Detailed investigations of Raman, cathodoluminescence, and microprobe analyses show that zircons from most eclogites, gneisses and schists have oscillatory zoned magmatic cores with low-pressure mineral inclusions of Qtz, Pl, Kf and Ap, and a metamorphic rim with relatively uniform luminescence and eclogite-facies mineral inclusions of Grt, Omp, Phn, Coe and Rt. The chemical compositions of the UHP metamorphic mineral inclusions in zircon are similar to those from the matrix of the host rocks. Similar UHP metamorphic P–T conditions of about 770 °C and 32 kbar were estimated from coexisting minerals in zircon and in the matrix. These observations suggest that all investigated lithologies experienced a joint in situ UHP metamorphism during continental deep subduction. In rare cases, magmatic cores of zircon contain coesite and omphacite inclusions and show patchy and irregular luminescence, implying that the cores have been largely altered possibly by fluid–mineral interaction during UHP metamorphism.

Abundant H₂O–CO₂, H₂O- or CO₂-dominated fluid inclusions with low to medium salinities occur isolated or clustered in the magmatic cores of some zircons, coexisting with low-P mineral inclusions. These fluid inclusions should have been trapped during magmatic crystallization and thus as primary. Only few H₂O- and/or CO₂-dominated fluid inclusions were found to occur together with UHP mineral inclusions in zircons of metamorphic origin, indicating that UHP metamorphism occurred under relatively dry conditions. The diversity in fluid inclusion populations in UHP rocks from different depths suggests a closed fluid system, without large-scale fluid migration during subduction and exhumation.     

中国大陆科学钻探100-2000m超高压变质岩普通Pb同位素地球化学初步研究——俯冲陆壳内脱耦的证据

本文首次对中国大陆科学钻探工程100～2000m榴辉岩中的绿辉石和片麻岩中的长石进行了普通Pb同位素研究。钻孔上部岩段（0-800m）样品放射成因Pb同位素含量比较高且变化幅度较小（^206Pb／^204Pb=16．81-17．29,^207Pb／^204Pb=15．37-15．45,^208Pb／^204Pb=37．20-37．66）,说明其原岩的U／Pb和Th／Pb或者初始Pb同位素比值比较高。钻孔中部岩段（800-1600m）发育有韧性剪切带,相应的Pb同位素比值开始降低且有起伏（^206Pb／^204Pb=16．26-16．72,^207Pb／^204Pb=15．27～15．38,^208Pb／^204Pb=36．73～37．40）、钻孔下部岩段（800～1600m）样品放射成因Ph同位素含量低但变化幅度较小（^206Pb／^204Pb=16.05～16．46,^207Pb／^204Pb：15．22～15.29,^208Pb／^204Pb=36．68～37．48）,说明其原岩的U／Pb和Th／Pb或者初始Ph同位素比值比较低。实测数据同模拟数据对比表明,钻孔上、下两岩段样品普通Ph同位素不同一方面是由于继承了原岩初始Pb同位素不同,另一方面是由它们的μ值不同所致。结合氧同位素研究,本文认为800m以上和1600m以下分属上地壳和中地壳．前者是从俯冲大陆岩石圈解耦的上地壳,在大陆岩石圈俯冲过程中,上部岩片同俯冲的大陆岩石圈发生挤离,率先沿着这一个挤离面逆冲折返至浅部。下岩片是随后从俯冲岩石圈解耦的中地壳岩片,并折返至浅部下伏在先期折返的上部岩片之下。考虑到中部岩段（800～1600m）既发育有韧性剪切带又具有异常低^18O峰值（Xiao et al．,2006）,挤离面是在地壳内部晚元古代的断裂带及冷水活动通道基础上发育起来的。     

Diamond in metasedimentary crustal rocks from Pohorje,Eastern Alps: a window to deep continental subduction

We report the first finding of diamond and moissanite in metasedimentary crustal rocks of Pohorje Mountains (Slovenia) in the Austroalpine ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane of the Eastern Alps. Microscopic observations and Raman spectroscopy show that diamond occurs in situ as inclusions in garnet, being heterogeneously distributed. Under the optical microscope, diamond‐bearing inclusions are of cuboidal to rounded shape and of pinkish, yellow to brownish colour. The Raman spectra of the investigated diamond show a sharp, first order peak of sp³‐bonded carbon, in most cases centred between 1332 and 1330 cm^?1, with a full width at half maximum between 3 and 5 cm^?1. Several spectra show Raman bands typical for disordered graphitic (sp²‐bonded) carbon. Detailed observations show that diamond occurs either as a monomineralic, single‐crystal inclusion or it is associated with SiC (moissanite), CO₂ and CH₄ in polyphase inclusions_. This rare record of diamond occurring with moissanite as fluid‐inclusion daughter minerals implies the crystallization of diamond and moissanite from a supercritical fluid at reducing conditions. Thermodynamic modelling suggests that diamond‐bearing gneisses attained P–T conditions of ≥3.5 GPa and 800–850 °C, similar to eclogites and garnet peridotites. We argue that diamond formed when carbonaceous sediment underwent UHP metamorphism at mantle depth exceeding 100 km during continental subduction in the Late Cretaceous (c. 95–92 Ma). The finding of diamond confirms UHP metamorphism in the Pohorje Mountains, the most deeply subducted part of Austroalpine units.     

Aqueous fluids and hydrous melts in high-pressure and ultra-high pressure rocks: Implications for element transfer in subduction zones

High-pressure (HP) and ultra-high pressure (UHP) terranes are excellent natural laboratories to study subduction-zone processes. In this paper we give a brief theoretical background and we review experimental data and observations in natural rocks that constrain the nature and composition of the fluid phase present in HP and UHP rocks. We argue that a fluid buffered by a solid residue is compositionally well defined and is either an aqueous fluid (total amount of dissolved solids < 30 wt.%) or a hydrous melt (H₂O < 35 wt.%). There is only a small temperature range of approximately 50–100 °C, where transitional solute-rich fluids exist. A review of available experimental data suggest that in felsic rocks the second critical endpoint is situated at 25–35 kbar and  700 °C and hence must be considered in the study of UHP rocks. Despite this, the nature of the fluid phase can be constrained by relating the peak metamorphic conditions of rocks to the position of the wet solidus even if the peak pressure exceeds the pressure where the wet solidus terminates at the second critical endpoint. Transitional solute-rich fluids are expected in UHP terrains (P > 30 kbar) with peak temperatures of about 700 ± 50 °C. At higher temperatures, hydrous granitic melts occur whereas at lower temperatures aqueous fluids coexists with eclogite-facies minerals. This argument is complemented by evidence on the nature of the fluid phase from high-pressure terrains. We show that in the diamond-bearing, high-temperature UHP rocks from the Kokchetav Massif there are not only hydrous felsic melts, but probably also carbonate and sulfide melts present.

Hydrous quartzo-feldspathic melts are mainly produced in high temperature UHP rocks and their composition is relatively well constrained from experiments and natural rocks. In contrast, constraining the composition of aqueous fluids is more problematic. The combined evidence from experiments and natural rocks indicates that aqueous fluids liberated at the blueschist to eclogite facies transition are dilute. They contain only moderate amounts of LILE, Sr and Pb and do not transport significant amounts of key trace elements such as LREE, U and Th. This indicates that there is a decoupling of water and trace element release in subducted oceanic crust and that aqueous fluids are unable to enrich the mantle wedge significantly. Instead we propose that fluid-present melting in the sediments on top of the slab is required to transfer significant amounts of trace elements from the slab to the mantle wedge. For such a process to be efficient, top slab temperature must be at least 700–750 °C at sub-arc depth. Slab melting is likely to be triggered by fluids that derive from dehydration of mafic and ultramafic rocks in colder (deeper) portions of the slab.     

Factors affecting preservation of coesite in ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks: Insights from TEM observations of dislocations within kyanite

To understand the preservation of coesite inclusions in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, an integrated petrological, Raman spectroscopic and focussed ion beam (FIB) system–transmission electron microscope (TEM) study was performed on a UHP kyanite eclogite from the Sulu belt in eastern China. Coesite grains have been observed only as rare inclusions in kyanite from the outer segment of garnet and in the matrix. Raman mapping analysis shows that a coesite inclusion in kyanite from the garnet rim records an anisotropic residual stress and retains a maximum residual pressure of ~0.35 GPa. TEM observations show quartz is absent from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Numerous dislocations and sub‐grain boundaries are present in the kyanite, but dislocations are not confirmed in the coesite. In particular, dislocations concentrate in the kyanite adjacent to the boundary with the coesite inclusion, and they form a dislocation concentration zone with a dislocation density of ~10⁹ cm^?2. A high‐resolution TEM image and a fast Fourier transform‐filtered image reveal that a tiny dislocation in the dislocation concentration zone is composed of multiple edge dislocations. The estimated dislocation density in most of the kyanite away from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries is ~10⁸ cm^?2, being lower than that in kyanite adjacent to the coesite. In the case of a coesite inclusion in a matrix kyanite, using Raman and TEM analyses, we could not identify any quartz at the grain boundaries. Dislocations are not observed in the coesite, but numerous dislocations and stacking faults are developed in the kyanite. The estimated overall dislocation density in the coesite‐bearing matrix kyanite is ~10⁸ cm^?2, but a high dislocation density region of ~10⁹ cm^?2 is also present near the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Inclusion and matrix kyanite grains with no coesite have dislocation densities of ≤10⁸ cm^?2. Dislocation density is generally reduced during an annealing process, but our results show that not all dislocations in the kyanite have recovered uniformly during exhumation of the UHP rocks. Hence, one of the key factors acting as a buffer to inhibit the coesite to quartz transformation is the mechanical interaction between the host and the inclusion that lead to the formation of dislocations in the kyanite. The kyanite acts as an excellent pressure container that can preserve coesite during the decompression of rocks from UHP conditions. The search for and study of inclusions in kyanite may be a more suitable approach for tracing the spatial distribution of UHP metamorphic rocks.     

大洋俯冲和大陆碰撞沿走向的转换动力学及流体-熔体活动的作用

为了深入探讨大洋俯冲和大陆碰撞沿走向的转换及其动力学特征,同时更好的理解俯冲-碰撞带的流体-熔体活动及其效应,我们建立了一系列三维空间的大尺度、高分辨率的动力学数值模型。模拟结果显示,在板块会聚过程中,流体-熔体活动可以降低周围岩石的流变强度及两个板块之间的耦合作用,并能够促进大陆碰撞带俯冲板块的断离。同时,俯冲-碰撞带的空间转换模型揭示其深部结构存在巨大的沿走向的差异性,大陆碰撞带发生俯冲板块断离,而大洋俯冲板块持续下插。并且上覆板块的地壳物质发生从陆-陆碰撞带向洋-陆俯冲带的侧向逃逸。这种三维空间中沿走向的差异性俯冲-碰撞模式与中-东特提斯构造带相吻合,并揭示其动力学机制。     

Fabric kinematics of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project: Implications for continental subduction and exhumation

The 5158-m-deep main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD-MH) penetrated granitic gneisses, paragneisses, eclogites, retrograde eclogites, amphibolites and ultramafic rocks in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane, eastern China. The CCSD-MH consists of four petro-structural units separated by three SE-dipping ductile shear zones DFa (835-1280 m), DFb (2010-2280 m) and DFc (2920-3225 m), which are correspondent with the regional shear zones in the northern Sulu UHP supracrustal zone. Using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique, we investigated the lattice-preferred orientations (LPOs) of omphacite, diopside and quartz in core samples from the CCSD-MH. Omphacite from eclogites and diopside from garnet pyroxenites display very strong LPOs, which are characterized by the maximum concentration of [001]-axes parallel to the lineation and (010)-poles normal to the foliation. Quartz in para- and granitic mylonites/gneisses from the shear zones DFa, DFb and DFc developed multiple slip systems. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of biotite in para- and granitic gneisses from the CCSD-MH yields 223-202 Ma, which constrains the formation ages of the quartz high-temperature prism slip systems {m}<a> and {m}[c]. The asymmetric LPOs of omphacite, diopside, olivine and quartz with respect to the structural frame reveal three deformation phases in the Sulu terrane. In the Middle Triassic, the northward subduction of the Yangtze plate to depths > 100 km produced a top-to-the-south shear sense in LPOs of omphacite, diopside and olivine, and a nearly N-S-striking foliation and a subhorizontal N-S-trending lineation in eclogites and ultramafic rocks. In the Late Triassic, the UHP rocks were exhumed to the lower crust and quartz developed high-temperature slip systems with a top-to-the-NW shear sense, which is consistent with the regional SE-dipping foliation and SE-plunging lineation in the ductile shear zones. In the Cretaceous the UHP rocks were exhumed to the middle crust when the migmatization and granitic intrusion formed a NE-striking antiform structure. As a result, the activation of quartz low-temperature basal slip (0001)<a> is characterized by a top-to-the-SE shear sense in the south, but a top-to-the-NW shear sense in the north.