碳排放空间依赖视角下环境分权的碳排放效应

以环境管理人员在不同层级政府间的配置直接测算环境分权度,通过纳入财政分权指标,采用省级面板数据和动态空间计量模型从空间视角实证检验环境分权对碳排放的影响。结果表明：① 中国省域碳排放存在显著的惯性依赖和空间路径依赖,本地区碳排放的增加（降低）将带动相邻地区碳排放的上升（下降）。② 国家层面上,环境总体分权（ED）、环境行政分权（EAD）和环境监测分权（EMD）显著降低碳排放,环境监察分权（ESD）和财政分权（FD）则显著加剧碳排放。同样地,ED及其分解指标与FD的交互项也均显著促进碳排放,其影响大小与环境管理分权的类别相关。③ 不同地区环境分权的碳排放效应存在异质性。西部地区ED、EAD和EMD对碳排放产生的抑制效应明显大于东、中部地区,而东部地区ED及其分解指标与FD交互项对碳排放的抑制作用强于中、西部地区。     

Decentralization and the cultural politics of natural resource management in Kerala,India

The state of Kerala in India is known for its active civil society and the massive decentralization campaign launched in 1996. However marginalization of tribal communities hampers the state's decentralized environmental management strategies. The proposed construction of a dam along the Chalakkudy River will displace two colonies of the Kadar tribe in Chalakkudy and Athirapilly towns, destroy habitats of local wildlife and devastate unique riverine vegetation endemic to the region. This brings to light issues of social and environmental justice as well as a wider responsibility to protect and preserve unique flora and fauna. The state's decentralization strategies, as they relate to tribal communities, lack consideration of local power distribution and cultural conditioning. This raises questions about the state's role in social justice as well as biodiversity conservation. In 2010 and 2011, the author's interviews in Chalakkudy and Athirapilly towns reveal that tribal communities perceive that their place in society restricts their contribution regarding natural resource management and use. The paper suggests that unless the culture of planning and decision making in the state are changed, decentralized strategies will be ineffective, resulting in a predominately top‐down approach towards natural resource management, and will negate Kerala's goal of democratic decentralization.     

中国城市分布特征及其影响因素

通过对221 BC-1911 AD年间中国城市分布特征及其影响因素的研究,发现：① 在整个研究阶段,中国城市分布的重心位于中东部地区,秦—唐时期重心向西南地区大幅移动,唐—元时期重心先东北方向移动后转向西南方向,元—清时期重心主要向北移动。以腾冲—瑷珲一线为界线分区研究发现,在整个研究阶段西部重心在南北及东西方向呈现出较大的波动趋势,东部重心呈现出与全国类似的运动轨迹。② 标准差椭圆分析表明全国及东西部地区城市分布经历了明显的分散—集聚—分散的变化趋势,其中西部地区最为明显。从城市分布的平均方向看,全国及东部地区具有一定的相似性,均以东北—西南为主要分布特征,西部地区是以西北—东南为主要分布特征。③ 从城市密度分布特征看,其空间连续性和自组织性不断加强且由空间相关性引起的结构性变异处于显著状态。从方向上来看,全方向上的均质化程度呈下降趋势,西北—东南方向各时期城市密度均质化程度相对较好,空间差异相对较小,而东—西方向差异最为明显。④ 分析不同时期城市设置的相关因素发现,221 BC-1911 AD年间,中国城市设置相对集中在地形平坦、气候适中且靠近河流及中心城市的地区。     

新创企业的时空分异与区位选择——基于中国汽车制造业的实证研究

新创企业区位选择不仅是企业重要的决策活动,也深刻影响中国制造业地理空间格局演变。在全球化、市场化、分权化背景下,基于“中国工业企业数据库（1998—2012）”和“中国城市统计年鉴（1999—2013）”中新创企业及城市属性数据,采用随机效应面板Tobit模型分析中国汽车制造业新创企业的时空分异与区位选择。研究发现：① 1998—2012年,中国汽车新创企业活跃地区由东部沿海地区向中西部地区转移,尤其是2010—2012年,新创企业呈现向中西部大规模扩散趋势,西部成渝地区逐渐成为新热点区域。② 从新创企业区位选择时空综合机制来看,全球化影响不显著,而市场化和分权化均存在显著影响,其中劳动力、集聚经济、市场潜力与区位商等因素能促使新创企业成立,而国有企业占比则会阻碍新创企业成立。③ 在时间特征差异上,全球化表现不显著,分权化则始终保持对新创企业的显著影响。市场化的劳动力因素影响作用变化说明新创企业区位选择正逐渐从关注劳动力成本转向于关注劳动力质量,而集聚经济和市场潜力在多样化和城市化经济的冲击下作用减弱。④ 在空间特征差异上,全球化的出口因素在东部地区影响显著,但在中西部地区表现不明显,市场化中劳动力因素和市场潜力在东部地区影响不显著,而在中西部地区劳动力因素则显著为正,除此之外,外商直接投资、集聚经济、区位商和国有企业占比对不同区域新创企业区位选择影响大体相同。在经济高质量发展情景下,揭示新创企业时空分异及区位选择机制,强调“区位机会窗口”对某些地区实现企业区位空间调整及其把握企业与政府关系的重要性,不仅能丰富演化经济地理学视角下的企业区位选择的研究,还能更好地理解中国典型区域正在发生的经济转型和空间重构。     

经济转型与中国省区能源强度研究

分析了在经济转型背景下中国能源利用强度变化,强调经济转型背景下经济全球化、市场化和区域分权对能源强度的影响。中国省区能源消费差异显著,沿海省区能源效率较高,能源强度较低,而中西部省区,尤其是能源资源富裕的省区能源强度偏高。统计分析结果表明,伴随经济转型的市场化、经济全球化以及分权化等制度性因素是影响能源利用强度的重要因素,中国省区技术水平、产业结构、自然条件以及能源消费结构与消费倾向同样显著影响中国能源利用强度。但是高能耗省区与低能耗省区的能源利用强度因素存在一定的差异。在高能耗省区,积极利用外商直接投资、技术创新等可以显著降低能源强度。     

经济转型与中国省区产业结构趋同研究

伴随经济转型的市场化、全球化和分权化过程是中国产业结构重组的重要力量。基于2004 年第一次经济普查资料, 深入探讨了中国制造业结构在不同产业层次的趋同问题。总体而言, 多数省区与全国产业结构保持着较高的相似性, 随着产业细分, 产业结构相似系数呈明显下降趋势。东部沿海省区和全国相似程度最高, 西部落后省份和全国相似性最低。资源密集型产业使省区结构与全国差异显著, 全球化程度较高、附加值较高、产业联系较强的产业使区域产业结构趋同。统计结果显示, 市场化进程有利于比较优势和区位优势的发挥, 显著地促进了比较优势相似的省区产业结构趋同, 而资源条件不同的省区结构差异化发展; 参与经济全球化强化了比较优势对于产业区位的影响, 相似国际市场需求以及区位和产业偏好相似的外资促使沿海省区产业结构趋同, 也是沿海与内地省区产业结构显著不同的原因。地方分权导致省区市场严重分割, 造成了一些省区产业结构趋同。     

African Inland Fisheries: Experiences with Co-Management and Policies of Decentralization

Most countries in Africa have promoted some form of decentralized fisheries management either as discrete co-management projects or as a component of broader decentralization processes that cut across other sectors. These initiatives were shaped by an international policy narrative that emphasises participation in decision making and development. A review of fisheries decentralization experiences in Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, and Malawi reveals marked differences in purpose, strategy, and performance. In general, co-management projects are limited by their ability to scale up new practice and to maintain viable and representative management institutions. In other cases, the decentralization process is not well supported politically or locally or does not articulate with fisheries policy. Experiences of decentralization in other sectors provide useful lessons. Acknowledging the informal institutional environment or realpolitikof fisheries and the rural economy could provide opportunities to better manage and review the process of decentralization.     

分权化对旅游地空间不均衡发展的影响

分权化制度框架下的旅游政策、公共设施建设、旅游投资等发展要素的差异是旅游地空间不均衡发展的根本原因。本文对相关文献进行了系统分析,界定了中国旅游分权化的利益主体,探讨了旅游利益主体组成的旅游地权力网络的分权形式、不同旅游分权利益主体在旅游发展中的角色与功能,提出了不同层面的不均衡表现及未来应关注问题。结果表明,中国分权化框架下的财税制度、利益分割引起不同旅游发展主体间的利益冲突,利益权力网络的空间不对称导致旅游产业结构、旅游土地利用、公共基础设施与旅游服务设施和社区空间发展不均衡。未来研究应以各级政府、投资商和社区居民三方利益的均衡与权力重组为出发点,从区域旅游组织分权、社区参与制度保障及其技术支持、产业空间再结构化、乡村旅游发展的政治角色4个方面展开,以实现旅游地的可持续发展。     

THE CORPORATE INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATE AS AN URBAN SPATIAL INFORMATION NETWORK

During the past decade, governments throughout the developing world have implemented policies promoting political and economic decentralization. To date, the study of decentralization has focused on political issues, while the consequences of these policies for geographical patterns of development have been largely ignored. This paper explores the geographical impacts of political decentralization with a study of changing patterns of real estate development in the metropolitan area of Caracas, Venezuela. In Venezuela, decentralization policies have created incentives for the fragmentation of the metropolitan area into a number of municipal governmental units, each pursuing its own developmental strategy. Resulting changes in the geographical patterns of real estate investment are examined. Particular consideration is given to development of a socially exclusive, multifunctional enclave within the city, that both divides and reorders the spatial structure of Caracas. [Key words: decentralization, municipal governance, real estate markets, Caracas, Venezuela.]     

New Modes of Environmental Governance in Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation in Oregon

Abstract

Natural resource challenges often span administrative jurisdictions and include actors and processes operating at different spatial and political scales. We applied concepts of new environmental governance to analyze Oregon’s approach to greater sage-grouse conservation. Through one in-depth case study in Lake County, we traced features of new environmental governance (cross-scale interactions, decentralization, and capacities of actors) through different governance levels. Interviews and qualitative analysis revealed that decentralization of administrative functions facilitated cross-scale interactions and relied on intermediaries, gap-filling, and perceptions of legitimacy at lower levels. State and agency guidelines steered the effort and were accompanied by financial and technical resources from multiple arenas, which increased local capacity. This study adds to the understandings of environmental governance for implementing multi-actor, multi-level conservation arrangements in resource-dependent communities. Further exploration of connections between higher levels and local contexts will reveal important, new ways to link policies with on-the-ground outcomes.     

中国工业生态效率时空分异特征及其影响因素解析

基于2000-2016年中国工业数据,构建工业生态效率投入产出指标体系,测度不同区域的工业生态效率,构建不同空间权重矩阵,对空间分异特征进行解析,最后研究了工业生态效率影响因素的空间效应。结果如下：① 中国工业生态效率均值呈现出波动趋势,在2016年达到最大值; ② 区域之间差距明显,绝对差异和相对差异也在2016年最大,空间分布上逐渐集中,逐渐形成了从东南向西北递减的阶梯状空间分布特征; ③ 工业生态效率存在着明显的空间集聚性,并有高高集聚和低低集聚的空间俱乐部现象; ④ 财政分权的直接效应值最高,对外开放和固定资产是抑制本地区工业生态效率提升的主要因素,科技创新、财政分权能够促进邻近区域工业生态效率的提升,产业集聚、对外开放不利于邻近地区工业生态效率的改善。     

Decentralization and local institutional arrangements for wetland management in Ethiopia and Sierra Leone

In Ethiopia and Sierra Leone, recent social, political and environmental transformations have precipitated the intensification of wetland use, as local people have sought to safeguard and strengthen their livelihoods. Concurrent decentralization policies in both countries have also seen the government strengthen its position at the local level. Drawing upon recent field-based evidence from Ethiopia and Sierra Leone, this paper examines the compatibility between community-based local institutions for wetland use, and the process of decentralization. It argues that decentralization has in fact restricted the development of mature local institutional arrangements, due to its intrinsically political interventionist nature.     

北京都市区人口—就业分布与空间结构演化

本研究应用非参数计量方法,实证刻画北京都市区人口—就业空间分布演化,揭示在快速城市化和城市增长背景下,北京都市区空间结构特征及发展趋势。研究发现,北京都市区人口和就业分布都呈现多中心空间结构。20 世纪80 年代以来,随着人口郊区化,北京都市区人口次中心数量不断增加,并由近郊向远郊扩展,人口分布呈现明显的分散化和多中心化趋势,但人口分散的空间范围还比较有限。与人口的分散化趋势不同,2004-2008 年,北京都市区就业仍呈现向心集聚的趋势,造成远郊就业次中心的影响不断被弱化,都市区空间结构的多中心性有所降低。这说明北京都市区的单中心或强中心结构可能并未从根本上改变,且人口的分散化和就业的向心集聚导致宏观面上人口—就业的空间失衡。北京都市区多中心空间结构的形成,需要强化郊区次中心的集聚能力,同时注重人口—就业的平衡布局,这是未来北京都市区空间结构调整的重点。     

多层级治理视角下跨界地区合作模式探究——以广佛为例

基于多层级治理的视角,以广州、佛山两市为研究地区,通过深入访谈、文献资料分析等方法,从宏观政策尺度和微观项目尺度分别对广佛两市及其所辖的区、街镇不同层级政府在实施《珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要(2008~2020年)》过程中,跨界地区合作模式制度建构及实践进行了深入研究。出于行政压力和经济利益的驱动,地级市政府的角色出现了新的变化,水平联系显著增强,促成了跨界地区合作在制度建构方面的新进展,形成了“以项目库为载体的地级市单一合作模式”。研究发现,这种新的合作模式有助于将不同城市的诉求表达程序化,可以协调合作过程中存在的问题及督办项目的进展,具有较强的可操作性和可监督性;但也存在一些不足。受限于行政管理体制,目前的跨界合作集中在地级市单一层级,区及镇街政府缺乏直接合作的平台;合作平台不能全天候运作;缺乏相应的激励机制,地方政府的积极性难以持续等。     

中国集装箱多门户港口区域空间结构的形成与机理

运用港口首位度和修正的赫希曼-赫芬达尔指数, 从箱流的角度对1998-2010 年中国集装箱港口体系的空间结构转型进行了定量测度。结果表明:① 集装箱港口体系的重心由珠三角地区向长三角地区缓慢转移;② 集装箱港口体系总体进入“边缘挑战阶段”, 箱流的分散化成为中国集装箱港口体系空间变化的主流倾向, 但7 大港区首位港的极辐作用存在显著差异;③ 中国集装箱港口体系空间结构呈现低级均衡、单门户、多门户并存的多样化特征, 其中, 长三角、珠三角地区形成集装箱多门户港口区域的空间结构已成事实。政府宏观调控与政策引导, 枢纽港资源瓶颈约束, 边缘港口的设施、服务趋同, 港航企业网络扩展和腹地交通网络拓展与完善等因素是多门户空间结构形成的主要动力。     

Concentration or Dispersion? Location Choice of Commercial Developers in the Portland Metropolitan Area, 2000–2007

This study develops nested logit models to explore the location choice of commercial developers in the Portland metropolitan area, a region that is widely known for its progressive urban growth management. The purposes are to study the dynamics of urban spatial structure from the supply side of the real estate market and to test the capacity of regional governments to manage urban growth by influencing the location choices of developers. The model results indicate that commercial development in the Portland region showed a clear trend of decentralization from its central city. Decentralized commercial developments were not generally dispersed in suburban areas either. Instead, commercial developers tended to locate them in locations within or in close proximity to employment subcenters. Among many control variables tested in the models, availability of vacant land zoned for commercial and industrial purposes proved to be the most important predictor for new commercial development.     

中国农林牧渔业人口规模与产值规模的地理集散比较

将信息熵指数分解为相对信息熵指数和绝对信息熵指数,以利于不同时空尺度横向差异与纵向差异的有效比较,并构造聚集度指数来直观反映中国农林牧渔业均匀分布状态所占的比例。20余年中,除个别年份外,全国、地带内和地带间农林牧渔业的绝对信息熵指数和相对信息熵指数起伏都不大,保持了较平稳的态势;全国、地带间及地带内的聚集度皆在70%以上,中国农林牧渔业呈现出小集中大分散的格局,而产值分布比从业人口分布更均衡。最后,通过劳动生产率区位商来描述从业人口与产值的对应关系。     

京津冀地区工业结构趋同现象及成因探讨

利用我国第一次经济普查数据分析京津冀地区工业结构趋同现象,并采用计量模型探讨工业结构相似的影响因素。总体而言,京津冀区域内13个城市间工业结构存在一定的相似性,但相似程度随产业细分而显著下降。北京—天津—廊坊和唐山-邯郸-邢台是该区域内工业结构相似性最强的两个地区,前者同构主要发生在利润率高和市场潜力大的产业上,但中小类产业已呈现一定的分工格局;后者同构则主要发生在资源密集型产业上,同构在产业中类层面仍相对严重。统计分析表明,相似比较优势、国有资本比例过高带来的贸易壁垒以及地理区位等因素是京津冀区域内不同城市之间工业结构趋同的重要原因。     

Recent protected-area designation in China: an evaluation of administrative and statutory procedures

Past protected-area (PA) designation in China followed a centralized administrative approach with minimum participation of lower-echelon governments. A period of deregulation and decentralization in 1979–91 without the benefit of relevant legislation resulted in few designations and poor management. Responding to national and international encouragement to augment the conservation of natural resources, the central government enacted statutory procedures in 1991 to encourage and regulate PA establishments at different administrative levels of government. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the new procedures in fulfilling conservation objectives. The new legislative and administrative regime reinforces deregulation and decentralization by devolving designation power and shifting financial and management responsibilities to lower levels of government, and involving more scientists and objective site assessment in PA design and assessment. Problems have arisen in the designation process due to the omission of key biota and ecosystems, bypassing the scientific assessment stage, too much emphasis on non-conservation gains, ignoring the needs of local communities, escalating people–park conflicts, intensifying paper-park syndrome, and the conflicting role of experts. The recently designated Shimentai Provincial Rank Nature Reserve in a mountain area in south China served as a case study to illustrate the procedures and problems.     

美国波士华交通经济带的形成与演化

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