Economic region net migration patterns in the USSR: 1979-89

"This article investigates economic region net migration patterns in the USSR during the 1979-89 intercensal period. Net in-migration and net migration rate increases (compared to 1970-79) occurred in both the western and eastern portions of the Northern USSR region, while net out-migration and rate declines occurred throughout the Southern USSR. Net in-migration again occurred to Siberia, especially Tyumen' Oblast, and there was a reduced rate of net out-migration from the Nonchernozem Zone and Central Chernozem Region of European RSFSR."     

Will the Russians return from the near abroad?

The author "examines a range of issues surrounding the involuntary migration of Russian populations from the non-Russian republics of the former USSR. Among the questions addressed are possible magnitudes of in-migration into Russia (with special attention paid to conditions in one of the major source regions, Central Asia), attitudes in Russia regarding appropriate policy with respect to treatment of co-nationals in the near abroad and whether their return to Russia would have a positive or negative impact, and conditions in areas of Russia that presently are absorbing the greatest numbers of migrants. The assertion that Russian policy should seek aggressively to prevent the out-migration of Russian populations [from] the near abroad is assessed critically."     

Immigration impacts on internal migration of the poor: 1990 census evidence for U.S. states

"This article presents newly-available migration data from the 1990 U.S. census to assess immigration and internal migration components as they affect state poverty populations. New immigrant waves are heavily focused on only a few 'port-of-entry' states. It is suggested that these immigrants have begun to impact upon internal migration into and out of these 'high immigration states', and have also altered the national system of internal migration patterns. This article addresses three questions: How do the magnitudes of poverty population out-migration from high immigration states compare with those of other states? Is this out-migration selective on particular social and demographic groups? Is immigration a significant determinant of internal migration of the poor population? The results of this analysis are consistent with the view that recent, focused immigration is associated with out-migration among a state's poor longer-term residents."     

中国省际人口迁移格局演变及其对城镇化发展的影响

基于2000年和2010年人口普查数据,利用多种指标和方法研究了中国省际人口迁移的格局演变及其对城镇化的影响。研究发现：省际迁入和迁出人口在空间分布上均呈分散化态势,迁入迁出重心均向北向东偏移,迁入地由广东省“一枝独秀”向多极化演变,安徽、四川、河南、湖南成为新的四大迁出地。利用净迁移流构建的省际人口迁移网络,表现出紧凑化和均衡化趋势;迁移流仍然是从中西部地区指向东部地区,但新增加迁移流集中指向长三角、京津以及福建。综合考虑省际人口迁移强度和方向,可将全国31个地区划分为净流入型活跃区、平衡型活跃区、净流出型活跃区以及非活跃区四种类型。省际迁移改变了迁入地和迁出地的城乡人口结构,通过不同模式促进了城镇化率的提高和省际差异的缩小,对2000-2010年全国城镇化率增加的贡献占到了18.13%。     

中亚城镇化研究的文献分析及热点变化

丝绸之路经济带加快发展背景下,中亚地区的城镇化问题受到关注。以Web of Science核心合集和中国知网为数据来源,检索1980—2017年间中亚城镇化研究领域的相关文献,运用文献计量分析方法对中亚城镇化研究的文献分布特征与热点变化态势进行了分析。研究认为：（1）国内外期刊对中亚城镇化研究的数量均快速增加,国外期刊对中亚城镇化的研究多集中在欧美发达国家和机构,国内期刊的相关研究主要集中在新疆的大学和科研机构;（2）国际期刊对中亚城镇化的研究热点与中亚城镇化所处阶段特征相呼应,依次关注居民生活与健康问题、资源开发与环境问题、工业发展与污染问题、国际合作与人口迁移,其中环境健康是常年关注的核心问题;（3）国内期刊对中亚城镇化的研究起步较晚,2000—2009年间对能源合作特别关注,2010—2017年间对政治、经济、社会和交通多元合作开始全面关注,能源合作是长期关注的焦点,“一带一路”成为近期研究的重点领域;（4）综合来看,国内外对中亚城镇化问题的关注面较广,对城镇化问题的聚焦度不够,全球化和“一带一路”背景下的中亚城镇化问题研究会成为研究的新热点。     

How circular is Minangkabau migration?

The author uses 1970-1971 survey data to examine changes in the migration paterns of the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, with a focus on the increase in permanent out-migration and the decline of return migration     

Spatial patterns of out-migration in Maharashtra: 1961-71

In view of the importance of migration in Maharashtra state. India an attempt is made to identify the areas of out-migration, and to assess the probable causes for it. The analysis is confined to the decade 1961-1971 and based on secondary data, with the taluka as the unit of analysis. The total number of births and deaths in each taluka for the period of study was complied and enabled the natural increase of population to be computed. A comparison of this with the actual increase as indicated by the census made it possible to identify the areas of out-migration. The study revealed that the out-migration talukas were located in 3 areas and that the relative significance of out-migration varied. The analysis indicated that the causes of out-migration were probably unfavorable relief efforts, susceptibility to drought, closure of household industries, and the 'pull' effect of metropolitan centers like Bombay.     

基于DPM-SPOT的2000—2015年中亚荒漠化变化分析

中亚地区与中国西部同属一个完整的内陆地理生态系统,生态环境极其相似,基于丝绸之路经济带的区域间大发展,对中亚地区荒漠化的研究,将更好的服务于我国向中亚开放发展的战略。依据2000—2015年SPOT VEGETATION为数据源,引入像元二分模型法（DPM）,得到2000—2015年间中亚地区的植被覆盖度数据,通过计算转换,最终获取4期中亚地区土地荒漠化程度分布图与荒漠化等级数据,并对其进行分析。结果表明：中亚地区荒漠化总体呈“7”字形分布,基本沿东北西南方向对称;中亚地区整体荒漠化情况不容乐观,荒漠化面积比例约占到中亚地区面积的80%;荒漠化有扩张趋势,2000—2010年,约以每年20 km的速度向北部扩张,但从2010—2015年以后增速明显放缓。总体来看,中亚西南部荒漠化程度依然在加剧。研究表明,基于遥感数据对中亚荒漠化问题的研究,可以有效弥补地面数据不足这一劣势,为以后大尺度的遥感制图提供数据支撑。     

10个CMIP5模式预估中亚地区未来50 a降水时空变化特征

利用CRU月降水资料首先对参与IPCC第五次评估报告（IPCC AR5）的10个CMIP5模式对1951-2005年中亚地区年降水气候平均态、年际变率以及线性趋势等特征参数的模拟能力进行了系统评估,并选取具有较好模拟性能模式的未来预估试验结果作多模式集合平均预估未来50 a（2011-2060年）中亚地区在不同代表性浓度路径下降水量各特征参数的空间分布特征,结果表明：多数模式能够模拟出中亚地区年降水气候平均态、年际变率以及线性趋势的空间分布特征,同时发现中亚地区年降水量在过去50 a整体以轻微增加为主,趋势不显著。根据定量评估结果,从10个模式中选取4个具有较好模拟性能的模式结果做集合平均,同时利用历史回报试验数据进行检验,发现集合平均的模拟结果无论在量级还是高、低值中心的位置和范围与CRU资料非常接近。未来预估结果表明4种排放情景下4模式集合平均的中亚年降水在未来50 a增加较为明显,尤其在中国新疆南部（由低值区转变为高值区）。总体来看,未来50 a中亚降水增加趋势随着RCPs的增加而增加,且降水增加显著的区域随着RCPs的增加而明显增大。     

Conceptualising the Migration–Food Security Nexus: Lessons from Nepal and Vanuatu

In the past decade, international development practitioners have increasingly argued that migration improves the food security of households at origin, by providing the capital necessary for agricultural intensification or food purchase. These debates have occurred largely in isolation from a discussion of the values that underpin food production and consumption in the communities that migrants call home. We question the assumption that a shift from an agricultural-based economy to an economy based on remittances increases the ability of communities to secure access to food in the face of rapid economic and cultural change. In this paper, we present two independently conducted studies from Nepal and Vanuatu that investigate the impact of out-migration on local perceptions of agricultural and residential land and the meaning given to food security. Our data reveal that the value changes associated with large-scale out-migration have the potential to make the agricultural sector at origin more vulnerable, unproductive, unsustainable or unattractive, leaving a longer-term impact on food security. We offer some reflections on the implications of these findings for the structure of the migration–food security nexus.     

Neighborhood Activism in the American City: Behavioral Relationships and Evaluation

It is argued that the spatial patterns of place-ties collectively held by potential metropolitan-to-nonmetropolitan migrants are broader than those held by potential nonmetropol itan-to-metropol itan migrants. Consistent with this argu ment, it is hypothesized that metropolitan migration fields are asymmetrical , i.e., out-migration fields are more cosmopolitan than in-migration fields for the period 1965-1 970 within the United States. The hypothesis is accepted generally, and the asymmetry is found to be greatest for the largest metropolitan areas, some of which were also experiencing net out-migration during the period. It is concluded that the micro-level concept of place-ties and the macro-level concept of migration fields are important inputs to the understanding of population redistribution patterns.     

Nocturnal passage of passerines in Western Kazakhstan in autumn

We provide a test of the hypothesis that most Palaearctic-African migratory passerines breeding to the east of Eastern Europe avoid crossing western deserts of Central Asia during autumn migration and make a detour through the steppes and semi-deserts north of the Caspian Sea. Trapping data at a migratory stopover and moon-watch observations in September 2003 in western Kazakhstan in a semi-desert location 375 km north of the Caspian Sea support this hypothesis.     

俄罗斯和中亚五国资源开发现状与潜力分析

俄罗斯和中亚五国地域辽阔,土地、森林、水、能源等自然资源丰富,尤其是有色金属矿藏,种类配套齐全,在世界都占有重要地位。俄罗斯和中亚五国与中国在地缘、历史和文化等多方面有着悠久的历史,具有资源开发、经贸合作和科技交流的国际背景和有利条件。俄罗斯和中亚五国十分重视资源开发和原料出口,向主要经济合作伙伴推销资源产品,并很快引起许多国家,尤其是经济发展较快国家的重视。在未来的几年中,中国与俄罗斯和中亚五国在土地、电力、建材、机械、畜牧业、信息、交通等领域都有着广阔的合作空间。可以说,中国与俄罗斯和中亚五国及其辐射地区市场潜力巨大,待开发的领域空白点较多,特别是里海、西伯利亚的石油和天然气,是21世纪全球最具能源开发前景的地区,而能源勘探与开采领域则是我们未来需要重点发展合作的领域。但是,中亚国家的原料型经济倾向,参与世界经济一体化程度不足,生产和社会基础薄弱,这些问题都阻碍着中亚国家的可持续发展。特别是中亚国家的加工工业和轻工业相对落后,大部分日用消费品依靠进口。这是我国在中亚区域经济合作中充分发挥市场优势、加工业优势的有利条件。所以,资源和经济技术的互补性,对发展中国与中亚五国和俄罗斯双边的区域经济合作都将起到积极作用。展望21世纪的俄罗斯、中亚五国与中国的经贸合作关系,根据俄罗斯和中亚各国资源状况实地调查和统计资料等,对区域资源开发现状与潜力进行了分析,对共同面对的问题,合作的基础和条件及合作前景,都进行了探讨。     

Environmental drivers of human migration in drylands – A spatial picture

It is widely accepted that environmental change can influence human migration. In particular, the environment plays a role in migration processes in drylands, in which environmental change—including increasing variability of rainfall, increasing frequency of droughts, chronic water shortage, and land degradation—can heavily influence migration. However, systematic large-scale studies of the relationship between environmental factors and human migration are rare, and a global, consistent picture of environmental drivers of migration is lacking. In this study, we sought to fill this gap by analysing spatial patterns of environmental drivers of migration in drylands by performing a cluster analysis on spatially explicit global data. In this analysis, we focused explicitly on precipitation, aridity, drought, land degradation, soil constraints, and availability of cropland and pastures as potential environmental drivers of migration in drylands. In addition, we linked the identified clusters to two observed hotspots of out-migration—Burkina Faso and Northeast Brazil—to gauge the cluster results. Our results show that environmental drivers can be grouped into eight distinct clusters, and we identified the most severe environmental constraints for each cluster. These results suggest that out-migration—both in absolute and relative terms—occurs most frequently in a cluster that is constrained primarily by land degradation rather than water availability.     

北非副热带高压与中亚夏季降水的关系

基于1979—2019年欧洲中期数值预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA-Interim逐月再分析数据和英国东安格利亚大学气候研究中心（CRU）的陆面逐月降水数据,分析夏季北非副热带高压（北非副高）与中亚夏季降水的关系。结果表明：北非副高的脊线指数和东伸脊点指数变化与中亚夏季降水联系紧密。在2个指数的单独变化和协同变化下,中亚夏季降水和大尺度环流异常分布存在很大不同。副高脊线主要导致中亚夏季降水南北反相变化,副高东伸脊点位置对中亚中南部降水存在重要影响。当副高位置偏东偏北时,里海和咸海上空受异常气旋控制,哈萨克斯坦大部分地区降水偏多,新疆受蒙古异常反气旋控制,降水偏少;当副高位置偏西偏南时,中亚地区主要受异常反气旋控制,其东北部存在异常气旋切变,对应中亚东北部降水偏多,其余区域降水偏少;当副高位置偏西偏北时,中亚上空受异常反气旋控制,大部分地区降水偏少;当副高位置东偏南时,中亚上空受异常气旋控制,热带印度洋水汽通过两步输送的方式,进入中亚上空,形成有利的动力和水汽条件,导致中亚大部分地区夏季降水偏多。     

近130年来中亚干旱区典型流域气温变化及其影响因子

利用中亚干旱区5 大主要典型流域代表性气象站点近130 年逐月实测气温数据,结合线性趋势、Mann-Kenndall 非参数检验和小波分析等方法,研究了各流域气温的多时间尺度特征,并探讨了引起气温变化的可能因素。研究发现,在近130 年来中亚干旱区各主要流域（除阿姆河外）年均气温均呈上升趋势,增温趋势高于全球和周边地区,中亚干旱区气温对全球变化的响应比其他地区更加明显。20 世纪80 年代之后更加明显,并表现出明显的多时间尺度周期振荡特征,这主要是自然外强迫动力作用、气候系统内部变化和人类活动相互叠加的结果,亚洲极涡强度减弱和面积缩小对主要流域气温变化的作用明显,其次是北半球环状模（北极涛动）和青藏高原的影响,而CO₂引起的温室气体增温效应在中亚干旱区也不容忽视。气温表现出与布吕克纳周期（BC）、太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）和准2~3 年振荡周期（TBO）等有关的显著周期,可以证实中亚干旱区气温变化与大气环流、海温和太阳活动等密切相关。     

Regional migration and ethnic Russian population change in the USSR (1959-79)

"The related topics of regional net migration and ethnic Russian population redistribution and change in the USSR are investigated for the intercensal period 1970-79 in comparison to 1959-70 by economic regions and subdivisions. The results reveal that the main migration and Russian shifts continued to be from internal to peripheral regions. However, compared with the 1959-70 period, regional rates for 1970-79 were more equalized, and a south-to-north shift seemed to be occurring in both cases." The author notes that "aggregate measures...suggest that the traditional eastward movement of Russians is slowing. Correlation analysis indicates that migration and ethnic Russian change patterns are associated with selected indices of modernization. The south-to-north shift, in particular, has been fairly strong in relation to changes in capital investment. Prospects of a northward migration of Turkic Moslems from Central Asia are also discussed."     

1990—2015年亚洲内部人口迁移格局及影响因素

把握亚洲内部跨国/地区人口迁移规律,有助于新时期中国制定合理的国际移民政策,推动“一带一路”倡议迈向高质量发展。本文基于1990—2015年国际双边移民流量数据,运用社会网络分析和空间滤波面板负二项引力模型,阐明亚洲内部跨国/地区人口迁移的时空格局与驱动因素。研究发现：① 1990—2000年亚洲主要迁移流集中在西亚、南亚和东南亚各区域内部,且大多发生在邻国之间,2000—2015年出现多条横跨上述三大区域的大规模迁移流;② 人口迁移网络强度相对较低,联系紧密程度先升后降;③ 政治不稳定与战乱冲突是人口迁移的重要推动力,经济发展水平差异和国民收入差异是重要驱动力,多维邻近因素（经济邻近和文化邻近）也起到一定的推动作用;④ 25年间,经济差异的影响先增后减;政治不稳定一直是人口迁移的主要影响因素,且对人口迁出的影响更大;进出口贸易发展在部分时期积极促进人口流动,留学吸引力影响呈波动趋势;⑤ 非经济和结构性力量在亚洲内部跨国/地区人口迁移过程中起到决定性作用。     

乡村劳动力迁移的“双拉力”模型及其就地城镇化效应——基于中国东南沿海三个地区的实证研究

针对中国东南沿海部分地区未通过大规模人口迁移而实现转型的就地城镇化现象,选择3个就地城镇化发达地区,在问卷调查数据的支撑下,构建了“乡村拉力一城市拉力”（“双拉力”）概念模型,探讨乡村劳动力迁移行为、迁移意愿及其城镇化效应。结果显示,居民迁移行为不太频繁,且多数为就地就近的近距离迁移;同时迁移意愿不够强烈,并且倾向于近...