Australian cities: the challenge of the 1980s

The growth of Australian cities was the most prominent aspect of Australia's development during the boom years from the end of World War Two. As the nation pursued a policy of import substitution, the economies of the cities became firmly based on manufacturing. Mass production methods and mass consumption dictated the pattern of urban development. Such growth was premissed on very special conditions that enabled the system to accommodate the fluctuations that inevitably occur within the capitalist mode of production in general, and mass production methods in particular. A nation which had always been highly urbanised and open to international influences became even more deeply enmeshed in the fluctuating fortunes of the global economy. As the special factors supporting the postwar prosperity broke down through the 1970s and 1980s, Australian cities have faced a number of critical problems of adapting to the new environment.     

Process and response in contemporary Urban development: Melbourne in the 1980s

In the current climate of economic restructuring, technological change and demographic transition, cities such as Melbourne are experiencing new and different pressures. That these pressures are exerted upon an already developed urban structure, and within a particular planning and administrative structure, means that outcomes vary from city to city. However, Melbourne, in common with a number of cities, is facing substantial changes in many aspects including the nature and location of economic enterprise, the structure and composition of the population, and the relative competitive strength of the region. The result is that Melbourne has experienced problems both in its ability to hold and continue to attract activities which provide a basis for further growth and development, and in the exacerbation of internal variations in the level of opportunity and quality of life available to different groups in the population.

The role of government has traditionally been relatively minor in guiding the process of urban development in Australia. However, since 1982 the state government in Victoria has made a concerted effort to reorganise and coordinate urban management and planning, integrating these with other strategic initiatives relating to economic development and social justice. While there is evidence that many of the initiatives are proving effective, there are still a number of problem areas. Some of these, such as global economic trends, are beyond the scope of government to control. Others, such as measures to facilitate the development of new economic activities, are within the power of government, but require careful formulation and management. The extent to which such measures are successful depends upon both the correct identification of problems and solutions, and the ability of government to gain a wide degree of acceptance of its goals. It is these that will prove the most difficult to achieve in the long run.     

Vertical Integration in American Manufacturing: Evidence for the 1980s

Many scholars have argued that the ownership of sequential stages in goods production fragmented in the 1980s, although few scholars have produced concrete evidence substantiating vertical disintegration. In this study, two measures are used to estimate vertical integration in U.S. manufacturing sectors in 1977 and 1987. Total vertical integration is the proportion of all shipments in a manufacturing sector dispatched by establishments to all other establishments belonging to the same companies. Manufacturing vertical integration estimates the proportion of manufacturing shipments that firms internalize. Both measures are calculated for aggregate manufacturing and all two-digit manufacturing sectors. Manufacturing vertical integration is also calculated for 79 four-digit producer goods sectors. Results show that the level of vertical integration in aggregate manufacturing was modest in 1977 and that a small decline occurred in the following decade. Individual manufacturing sectors underwent both vertical integration and disintegration in the period. The findings cast doubt on the claim in the flexible specialization thesis that ownership in production chains generally splintered in the 1980s.     

Australian state government road funding policies in the 1970s and 1980s

Australian road funding in the 1970s and 1980s has been characterised by conflict between federal and state governments over control of spending. This has influenced both total funds made available and spending priorities between national, arterial and local roads. Having the constitutional responsibility for roads, state governments have refused to discuss priorities with the Commonwealth, have not stated policies, have given the Australian government as little public acknowledgement as possible, have spent money on markedly different priorities, and yet are changing their means of determining priorities to reflect changing community wishes. Interestingly, at neither state nor federal level is there evidence of pursuance of a single, dominant policy objective.     

Regional Comparisons of Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Migration in the 1970s and 1980s: Age and Place Implications*

Over the last thirty years, nonmetropolitan regions across the United States have experienced volatile population shifts ranging from rapid growth to persistent decline. Several authors have suggested that the age structure of the population may contribute to these population trends. In the 1970s, the older baby boomers were entering labor and housing markets, while the younger boomers were enrolling in nonmetropolitan colleges and universities. By the 1980s, this large cohort was aging into a different stage in the life course. This article examines metropolitan and nonmetropolitan population shifts during the 1970s and 1980s within an age‐cohort framework. Using Public Use Microsample data from 1980 and 1990, the analysis explores relationships between housing market, labor market, place characteristics, and the migration flows of different age cohorts. The analysis focuses on cohort‐specific in‐migration to two regions: New England and the Four Corners states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The results are consistent with a life‐course understanding of migration behavior, especially during the late 1970s, with older cohort shifts directed towards nonmetropolitan destinations and younger cohort shifts more influenced by labor and housing‐market variables. The results further demonstrate a large potential for future nonmetropolitan population growth, yet these growth experiences are likely to be regionally differentiated. These results have important policy implications for nonmetropolitan regions.     

British fluvial geomorphology in the 1980s: a review of recent reviews

FLUVIAL FORMS AND PROCESSES by D. Knighton. 218pp. Edward Arnold: London 1984 (ISBN 0 7131 6405 0) $A32.50 (limp).

BRITISH RIVERS edited by J. Lewin. 216pp. George Allen and Unwin: London 1981 (ISBN 0 04 551079 2) $A29.95 (limp).

RIVERS, FORM AND PROCESS IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS by K. Richards. 358pp. Methuen: London 1982 (ISBN 0 416 74910 0) $A41.95 (limp).     

Regional development in the United States during the 1980s: population redistribution and economic restructuring

The reduction of the rate of growth of the Brazilian population from 3% in the 1960s to 2% by 1993 resulted from a significant reduction of fertility. According to the 1986 national maternal-child health and family planning survey (PNSMIPF) results, 43.3% of women were using some type of contraception: 65.6% of married or cohabiting women. Women relied most on sterilization (17.2%), followed by oral contraceptives (OCs) (17%), the rhythm method (2.8%), the condom (1.1%), and others (5.2%). Only in the south was OC use more prevalent (28.5%) than sterilization (12.2%). The proportion of sterilization reached 27.8% in the north/center-east urban regions. In urban areas sterilization averaged 18.7% vs. 12.7% in rural areas. 26.9% of currently married women in the age range of 15-44 years had been sterilized. A 1990 international estimation indicated that the proportion of sterilization amounted to 36.9% in China, 30.95 in India, 29.7% in Brazil, 47.6% in South Korea, 30.4% in Thailand, and 36.5% in the Dominican Republic. The 1986 PNSMIPF survey also indicated that sterilized women were better informed than other women about contraception. 75% of the former had used OCs, 5% had used the diaphragm, 3% the IUD, 30% the condom, and 35% coitus interruptus at one time or other. The sterilized women had an average of 1.7 more children than those who were using other methods of contraception. 48.6% of women were sterilized before the age of 30, when they had had an average of 3.6 children. 66.6% of the sterilized women who had given birth before the age of 20 had 4 or more live births as compared to 5.9% of sterilized women aged 30 with the same number of children. 47% of women without any schooling were using some kind of contraception vs. 77% of those who had completed secondary school. A multivariate analysis also showed that the age of the mother, the number of live births, the educational status of the mother, and family income were positively correlated with sterilization.     

批判转向以来地名学研究回顾与展望

20世纪80年代开始,包括人文地理学在内的国外学术界对传统地名学进行了批判转向,重视剖析地方命名与更名背后的社会关系与权力斗争。本文首先评述了批判转向以来,国外地名研究在政治、经济、社会与管理维度上的相关进展;其次,评述了目前国内的政区更名、地名商品化、地名争夺、地名与文化认同等可归为批判地名学范畴的研究进展;最后指出批判转向给国内地名学研究的启示,并结合社会主义市场经济与快速城镇化背景对地名研究进行展望。     

Union republic migration trends in the USSR during the 1980s

"This article examines union republic migration trends in the USSR between 1979 and 1987 and prospects for indigenous out-migration from rural areas in Central Asia. The study is based on migration data derived by the residual technique and migration data from the 1985 microcensus. Results indicate that a south-to-north and probably Russian-dominated migration trend emerged in the 1980s, one which marks an almost complete reversal from earlier periods, especially 1959-70. Although Central Asia continues to have low levels of indigenous out-migration, labor surpluses and relatively waning capital investment in Central Asia may change this situation."     

武汉城市圈产业发展的生态转型与空间优化

借鉴生态学原理,视区域产业部门为种群,产业结构为群落,提出区域产业生态的概念体系;借鉴生态位方法,构建基于区域的市场生态位和基于区位的空间生态位,揭示区域不同产业种群之间及其与环境之间的相互作用和空间分布;据此,对武汉城市圈的产业生态演化与优化进行了系统分析。结果表明:区域产业生态演化经历了形成、强化、退化和调整4个阶段。十一五期间,钢铁、石油等传统重化型行业市场生态位偏大,汽车、光电子等先进制造业偏小;空间生态位总体较为平均,黄冈、孝感和咸宁等周边城市初步形成适宜多种制造业发展的空间基础。建设区域创新环境、培育区域创新文化,有助于区域产业发展的生态转型;构建复合集群网络、发展区域特色产业,有利于区域产业发展的空间优化。     

1978年以来中国城市地理研究进展

以国内出版的专著和重要学术期刊发表的学术论文为资料基础,运用文献计量学方法,对1978年改革开放30多年来中国城市地理的研究进展进行了总结。研究发现：中国城市地理研究总体上日益繁荣,研究内容不断拓展和深化,研究方法逐步走向“科学化”和“规范化”,研究的空间尺度总体上“由大向小”转变,研究视角向多样化转变;国家政策和城市热点问题对研究内容具有重要影响,西方理论和流派对研究视角具有重要影响;基础研究与应用研究并重是重要特色,城市化与城市体系是重要的研究主题。建议在未来的研究中培养全球化视野,批判性地引进西方理论,加强理论创新、科学规范、跨学科交叉与新方法引进。     

改革开放以来河南地理学发展与未来展望

河南是我国最重要的地理学研究基地之一。基于中国学术期刊网和国家自然科学基金委员会网的相关数据,对改革开放以来河南地理学的发展进行了研究。认为30多年来河南地理学研究事业得到快速发展,主要表现在研究队伍扩充、研究思想转变、研究方法多样化、研究视野扩展、研究水平提高。目前,公司地理与产业集群、农户地理与农区发展、城市地理与城市群发展、区域规划与发展战略、典型地域自然地理研究已成为河南地理学研究的优势领域。未来高层次成果将继续增长,研究将更加注重综合,自然地理研究更加侧重环境化和综合化,人文地理研究将侧重全球化和地域化,新方法将被进一步利用,农区发展、城市化、中部崛起和中原崛起、人地关系与可持续发展、自然地理的综合研究和应用研究等重点研究领域将进一步加强。     

80年代以来我国区域旅客生成特征分析

我国改革开放以来旅客运输迅速发展,空间分布格局发生了重要变化,与我国区域社会经济发展有着十分密切的关联.利用空间运输联系理论和实证分析方法,对于旅客生成特征、区域差异及其原因进行的分析表明:20世纪80年代以来全国以及各地区的旅客生成密度大幅度增长.同时,省级区域旅客生成密度分布格局发生了明显的变化;省级区域旅客生成密度的相对差距20世纪80年代上升、90年代有所下降;高客运密度区从相对均衡分布变为向南方区域倾斜.这种变化的主要影响因素有三:经济增长、人口流动和交通网发展.     

Population geography in China since the 1980s: Forging the links between population studies and human geography

This paper reviews the progress of population geography in China since the 1980s. The review results suggest that contrary to the common perception of its invisibility and marginalized status in the field, tremendous progress has been made in population geography in China since the 1980s. Population geographers have made significant contribution to the understanding of a wide range of population issues from geographical perspectives, including migration, urbanization, population distribution, the relationships between population, environment and resources, aging, marriage patterns, and migrants’ crimes, although such contribution often did not appear in the geographical circle. Furthermore, population geographers have played an indispensable role in revitalizing population studies in China and forging its links to human geography, occupying an important position in this multi-disciplinary field. Population geographers’ contribution to the areas of migration and urbanization research has been particularly significant, reflected in their leading roles in these areas’ research. The paper demonstrates that as latecomers in the field after more than 20 years of isolation, population geographers in China have gone through a process of catching up and increasing engagement with developments in social sciences and increasing interaction with social scientists since the 1980s, and have benefited greatly from it; however, there is a tendency for population geography to be increasingly alienated from the main stream human geography, a phenomenon similar to but not exactly the same as Anglo-American geography in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The paper argues that population geography is only half way in the course to forge the links between population studies and human geography, and it needs to return to geographical sciences to strike a healthy balance between the field of population studies and that of human geography, and promote its further development in a multi-disciplinary field.     

New Zealand's small town transition: The experience of demographic and economic change and place based responses

A significant percentage of the smaller urban centres around the world are losing people which raises questions regarding the appropriate responses to this challenge. Responses from the state have generally been muted, and as a result, concepts of new localism and new regionalism are useful for understanding the role played by place‐based leadership and partnerships between local businesses, community groups and individuals. Key within this space is the role of endogenous responses anchored on local social capital and resilience. This paper overviews key themes in the literature before examining statistical evidence of small town growth, stabilisation or decline in New Zealand. This leads into an examination of how three small towns in the country are responding to demographic and economic change. The cases illustrate the importance of local‐led responses to the debilitating effects of change and the degree to which place based development can be critical in the context of coping with change in small towns. The paper further argues that “right‐sizing” to a new economic and demographic reality may be the appropriate focus of local attention.     

Increased soil organic carbon storage in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems from the 1980s to the 2010s

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Soil stores a large amount of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) and plays an important role in maintaining global C balance. However, very few studies have...     

1980s-2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量及其变化

以我国内蒙古草原为研究区域,结合1982-1988年第二次土壤普查资料以及2011-2012年实地考察数据,构建了基于遥感数据和土壤数据的区域表层土壤有机碳储量估算方法,对研究区1980s和2010s表层土壤有机碳储量、空间分布特征及其变化进行研究,结果表明：(1) 1980s、2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤 (0~20 cm) 有机碳储量分别为2.05 Pg C、2.17 Pg C,土壤有机碳密度约为3.48 kg C·m^-2、3.69 kg C·m^-2,其空间分布上呈现从草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原逐渐降低的特征;(2) 1982-2012年间,内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量略有增加,但增加幅度较小,其中草甸草原和典型草原表层土壤有机碳储量增加,荒漠草原则表现为减少。研究结果将为研究区因地制宜地采取固碳措施,实现草地可持续管理提供科学参考。     

20世纪80年代以来全球气温变化特征

The study of temperature change in major countries of the world since the 1980 s is a key scientific issue given that such data give insights into the spatial differences of global temperature change and can assist in combating climate change. Based on the reanalysis of seven widely accepted datasets, which include trends in climate change and spatial interpolation of the land air temperature data, the changes in the temperature of major countries from 1981 to 2019 and the spatial-temporal characteristics of global temperature change have been assessed. The results revealed that the global land air temperature from the 1980 s to 2019 varied at a rate of 0.320℃/10 a, and exhibited a significantly increasing trend, with a cumulative increase of 0.835℃. The mean annual land air temperature in the northern and southern hemispheres varied at rates of 0.362℃/10 a and 0.147℃/10 a, respectively, displaying significantly increasing trends with cumulative increases of 0.828℃ and 0.874℃, respectively. Across the globe, the rates of change of the mean annual temperature were higher at high latitudes than at middle and low latitudes, with the highest rates of change occurring in regions at latitudes of 80°–90°N, followed by regions from 70°–80°N, then from 60°–70°N. The global land surface air temperature displayed an increasing trend, with more than 80% of the land surface showing a significant increase. Greenland, Ukraine, and Russia had the highest rates of increase in the mean annual temperature;in particular, Greenland experienced a rate of 0.654℃/10 a. The regions with the lowest rates of increase of mean annual temperature were mainly in New Zealand and the equatorial regions of South America, Southeast Asia, and Southern Africa, where the rates were <0.15℃/10 a. Overall, 136 countries(93%), out of the 146 countries surveyed, exhibited a significant warming, while 10 countries(6.849%) exhibited no significant change in temperature, of which 3 exhibited a downward trend. Since the 1980 s, there have been 4, 34 and 68 countries with levels of global warming above 2.0℃, 1.5℃ and 1.0℃, respectively, accounting statistically for 2.740%, 23.288% and 46.575% of the countries examined. This paper takes the view that there was no global warming hiatus over the period 1998–2019.