贵州第四纪非金属矿床成因类型探讨

本文汇集贵州第四纪风化系列23个非金属矿种,大致划分12种含矿建造,归纳为风化残积、残坡积、坡冲积、风化淋积、湖盆沉积5个成因类型。     

中国新生代碱性玄武岩型宝石矿床

中国东部分布着大量的新生代玄武岩,其中第三纪的中新世和上新世的碱性玄武岩是蓝宝石、红宝石、红色锆石、橄榄石、镁铝榴石、月光石和辉石类宝石的寄主岩石,已在其内发现了多种宝石的原生矿床和矿化点。今后应重视碱性玄武岩型宝石矿床的研究和找矿评价工作。     

论铝土矿床成因及矿床类型

铝土矿全部是风化作用形成的，无一例外。地球上含铝（含少量铝质也可以）岩石在适宜的气候和地形条件下，风化成红土矿物，包括铝土矿物及少量粘土矿物、含铁矿物及少量含钛矿物等风化壳铝土物质（红土铝土物质）。第四纪以前的古风化作用形成的是古风化壳铝土物质（古红土铝土物质），迁移就位以后便形成风化壳铝土矿床（红土铝土矿床）。深埋地下经过成岩变化，再随地壳抬升进入地壳浅部，或地表的叫古风化壳铝土矿床。我国９８％是古风化壳铝土矿床，即国外所称的喀斯特铝土矿床。由于其迁移就位方式不同，便形成了不同的风化壳和古风化壳（亚型）矿床     

玄武岩及其有关的非金属矿床

玄武岩及其有关的非金属矿床是重要的矿床系列之一,玄武岩本身就是有用的非金属矿产,与其有关的非金属矿产有宝玉石、硅藻土、坡缕石粘土等.根据成矿作用分为五种成因类型.本文系统总结了玄武岩及其有关的非金属矿床的特点.     

湖南膨润土矿床成因类型及矿床实例

根据成矿地质条件及矿床特征,笔者将湖南省膨润土矿床归纳为四种成因类型:即滨海火山碎屑沉积矿床、内陆湖泊沉积矿床、浅海沉积矿床及风化残余矿床。文中对不同成因的矿床特征进行了简要介绍,并对湖南膨润土矿找矿标志进行了初步归纳。最后在全省范围内划分出六个找矿远景区,以期引起同行们的注意。     

我国海泡石矿床成矿条件及成因类型初探

本文着重探讨了海泡石矿床的形成条件、地质特征，并初步总结了海泡石矿床的成因类型。     

川滇黔地区与峨眉山玄武岩有关的自然铜矿床成因实验研究

在室温和pH值为中性的开放体系下,选用川滇黔地区与峨眉山玄武岩自然铜矿床相关的不同类型矿物,对配制的铜胶体溶液和cu^2＋溶液进行吸附试验,结果表明,矿物对铜胶体和cu^2＋的吸附率从高到低分别为硫化物、有机质（沥青）、粘土矿物、硅酸盐矿物。这一实验结果与川滇黔地区自然铜矿的赋矿围岩为玄武质角砾岩、铝土一粘土质沉积岩,自然铜与有机质伴生等地质现象一致,并表明有机质在自然铜成矿作用中不仅提供了还原条件,而且是很好的吸附剂。文章还探讨了与峨眉山玄武岩有关的自然铜矿床中铜的迁移形式：认为铜不仅能以离子或络合物的形式迁移,还可能以纳米粒级单质铜的形式迁移。     

中国重晶石矿床的成因类型

根据已知的矿床实例,依据矿床的成矿机理、产状、矿体与围岩的相互关系等,将中国重晶石矿床分为五个成因类型:①沉积型重晶石矿床;②层控脉状型重晶石矿床;③脉状热液型重晶石矿床;④火山沉积型重晶石矿床;⑤残坡积堆积型重晶石矿床。     

峨眉山玄武岩母岩浆的性质及其成因类型

作者通过对峨眉山玄武岩的研究工作，对峨眉山玄岩浆提出新的看法，认为它是一种过渡类型的临界面岩浆。     

Minerogenic System of Magnesian Nonmetallic Deposits in Early Proterozoic Mg-rich Carbonate Formations in Eastern Liaoning Province

In the early Proterozoic the Li'eryu Formation and Dashiqiao Formation of eastern Liaoning province, China, there are distributed Mg-rich carbonate rock formations, in which large to superlarge deposits of boron, mag-nesite, talc, Xiuyan jade etc. occur. The formation of these magnesian nonmetallic deposits was related to early Proterozoic evaporates; then these deposits underwent reworking of regional metamorphism and hydrothermal metasomatism during the Luliang orogeny and tectono-magmatism during the Indosinian-Yanshanian. Among other things, the Mg-rich carbonates formations, minerogenetic structures and ore-forming fluids played a controlling role in the formation of the mineral deposits. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mineral deposits are products of combined processes of the coupling of ore source field, fluid field, thermal field (energy field) and stress field under certain time-space conditions in the early Proterozoic and the late-stage superimposed reworking of tectono-magmatism.     

金矿床复式矿化类型与动力学

根据研究提出矿化迭代及其与矿化叠加的区别。金矿化分为基本矿化类型和复式矿化类型两大类,后者分为3类9亚类。最后论述了矿化类型的构造动力学和流体动力学。     

沉积盆地中的流体活动及其成矿作用

盆地流体是指在沉积盆地演化过程中活动并参与了沉积物的各种成岩－后生变化的复杂流体相，包括来自盆地内部沉积物压实和相变所释放出的流体，以及主要由盆地边缘大陆隆起区补给的下渗大气降水。流体的流动机制主要有重力驱动流和压实驱动流两种。各种沉积有机质的广泛参与，乃是盆地流体区别于其它地壳流体的最基本特征。这对流－岩反应、对盆地流体及其周围环境的物理化学参数、对成矿金属迁移的形式和能力以及对成矿金属的沉淀就位等过程都有着十分重要的影响。盆地流体具典型的低温热液地球化学特性，流体的同位素组成和流体中的溶解组份与沉积物的特征以及沉积体系的空间分布密切相关。盆地流体广泛参与了沉积物的成岩、后生、成油、成气和成矿过程。沉积体系的空间分布（不均匀介质）、同沉积断裂体系、欠压实异常高压地层以及古地形联合控制着盆地流体的流动迁移和汇聚成矿。有关的矿床类型主要包括：沉积喷流型（ｓｅｄｅｘ型）矿床、密西西比式（ＭＶＴ）铅锌矿床、大陆砂页岩型矿床以及沉积岩容矿的微细浸染型金矿床等。我国南秦岭泥盆纪地层中的沉积喷流型铅锌矿床和滇黔桂金三角二叠纪－三叠纪地层中的微细浸染型金矿床都是盆地流体成矿的典型实例     

The Characteristics of Spinels in Mantle-derivedXenoliths in Cenozoic Basalts from Eastern Chinaand Their Thermal States

The colours and chemical composition variations of 160 spinels in peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts in eastern China and their petrogeneses have been studied in detail. The relationships between major elements of spinels are discussed. The equilibrium temperatures, pressures and oxygen fugacities of spinels and their coexisting olivines, orthopyroxenes and clinopyroxenes have been determined using the Brey-kohler' s T-P calculation methods (1990) and Ballhaus' fo2 calculation method (1991). The relationships betweenthe composition and the equilibrium temperatures, pressures or oxygen fugacities of spinels in peridotite xenoliths from the basalts and the stable field of the spinels in the upper mantle have been shown.     

Minerogenic Model of Chrysotile Deposits in Ultramafic Rocks

Most chrysotile deposits occur in ultramafic rocks of the ophiolite suite. The chrysotile deposits dis-cussed in the present paper were formed through metasomatism and infilling-crystallization in a continentalserpentinization environment after plate convergence, where ultramafic rocks were replaced byhydrothermal solutions consisting mainly of deep-circulating heated water derived from atmospheric precip-itation. The critical state for the formation of asbestos in ultramafic rock bodies might be reached bysuperposition of multiple stages of serpentinization. Favourable fracture systems and relatively stable geo-logical environment are important conditions for forming chrysotile deposits. Three subtypes of chrysotiledeposits could be formed in different tectonic settings and under different minerogenic geochemical condi-tions.     

The Minerogenetic Series of Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits of China

Owing to the internal relationship between material sources or mineralization ways and the difference ofmineralization micro-environments or the change of constraints. certain types of nonmetallic mineral depositsare regularly formed either simultaneously or in successive order under the control of certain association ofmineralization processes in a certain geotectonic environment, thus forming a minerogenetic series ofnonmetallic mineral deposits. The geological setting that controls the formation of minerogenetic series is mosttruly recorded in ore-bearing formations. while the mineralization processes which are associated or surely suc-cessive are the indispensable prerequisite for the formation of the various mineral deposits of a minerogeneticseries. Therefore, the minerogenetic series of nonmetallic mineral deposits can be classified according tomineral-bearing formations and mineralization processes. Based on available data. 13 minerogenetic series aredistinguished in China. The study of minerogenetic series may not only result in the enrichment of the theory ofmineral deposits but also help direct mineral prospecting and give guidance in the integrated development andutillization of mineral resources.     

Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits of China and Plate Tectonics

The Chinese continent is a component part of the present Eurasian plate. The history of its geologicaldevelopment is a process of the convergence of palaeo-plates. the oceanward migration of volcanic belts andvolcanic island-arcs, and the accompanying growth of the intracontinental rifts in the later stage. So theChinese continent abounds in nonmetal resources. Based on the plate-tectonic settings in which those depos-its were formed, the nonmetallic deposits can be generally classified into those related to the sutures andophiolites. those related to the volcanic island-arcs. those related to the back-arc epicontinental sea. those re-lated to the intracontinental rifts and those within the plate interior. They all show certain characteristicregularities of distribution. The evolutionary process of the Chinese continent is so complicated that somenonmetallic deposits have various origins and are characterized by multi-stage mineralization. multiplicityof types and superimposition of mineralization. All these are of great significance in deepening the under-standing of the formation and modes of occurrence of the nonmetallic deposits and in prospecting for min-eral resources.     

Continental Collision-related Pb-Zn Deposits and Their Metallogenic Mechanism

笔者等通过对不同类型大陆碰撞造山带环境下铅锌矿床进行归纳总结,并进行对比分析,认为在陆陆碰撞的主碰撞阶段,由于板块的汇聚挤压,在碰撞造山带两侧或一侧形成的前陆盆地中发育碳酸盐岩台地,碳酸盐岩未变形或弱变形,来自盆地的卤水在造山带隆升造成的重力势的驱动下,向盆地边缘汇聚,萃取盆地中的成矿元素,在碳酸盐岩的岩溶或断裂中形成MVT型铅锌矿床.在晚碰撞走滑转换阶段,盆地卤水和地层水萃取盆地地层或基底内的成矿物质形成成矿流体,陆陆碰撞持续挤压力使盆地强烈变形,同时在盆地内发育一系列逆冲推覆系统,并驱动成矿流体发生侧向迁移;在挤压后的短暂松弛阶段,成矿流体灌入逆冲断裂及其伴生的次级走滑断裂或张裂隙中形成独具特色的沉积岩容矿铅锌多金属矿床.大陆碰撞造山带挤压至伸展这一应力转换阶段,成矿流体灌入张性构造中,形成类似秦岭碰撞造山带环境产出的脉状铅锌矿床.     

鲁西地区新生代周村玄武岩的成因研究

山东地区新生代玄武岩主要分布在郯庐断裂带及其以东地区,在鲁西地区分布较少。本文报道了鲁西地区周村玄武岩的全岩主、微量元素组成、橄榄石斑晶及其熔体包裹体Pb同位素组成。结果表明,周村玄武岩为弱碱性玄武岩,其主量元素具有较高SiO_2和Al_2O_3,较低碱(Na_2O+K_2O)、CaO/Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3~T(Fe_2O_3~T=Fe O/0.8998+Fe_2O_3)的特征;微量元素在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上与EMI洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似,表现为明显的Ba、K和Sr正异常,Th和Pb负异常,无Nb、Ta和Ti异常;熔体包裹体~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(206)Pb分别为0.894~0.921和2.166~2.213,略高于EMI-OIB。这些特征和鲁西地区无棣大山玄武岩有明显区别,但与山东其它地区的弱碱性-拉斑玄武岩相似。周村玄武岩的橄榄石斑晶Ni、Fe/Mn和Ca分别为1403~2611μg/g,70~93和824~2003μg/g。与橄榄岩熔体结晶的橄榄石成分相比,给定橄榄石Fo值,周村玄武岩橄榄石斑晶具有高Ni和Fe/Mn比值,低Ca的特征。结合全岩低CaO和高FeO/MnO比值,橄榄石成分指示周村玄武岩的源区岩性为辉石岩,其形成需要高比例的来自再循环地壳的英安质熔体交代地幔橄榄岩。高比例的英安质熔体和周村玄武岩的微量元素特征,进一步说明该再循环地壳为含辉长岩洋壳。本文的研究结果暗示山东地区弱碱性-拉斑玄武岩的源区辉石岩,主要与再循环洋壳有关。     

Mineral Chemistry of Clinopyroxenes in Mantle-Derived Inclusions in Cenozoic Basalts from Eastern China and Their Geological Significance

In this paper, 183 chemical analyses of clinopyroxenes are collected from mantle-derived inclusions inCenozoic basalts of eastern China. Through synthetic studies of the relevant data, their mineral chemistry andgeological significance are discussed. Based on the composition fo clinopyroxenes the authors conclude that theCenozoic upper mantle in eastern China is of the continental, primitive, metasomatic and high-temperaturetypes and is related to rift structural environment and variation in composition of basalts. The geobarometry ofclinopyroxenes indicates that Cenozoic basalts of eastern China are derived from the asthenosphere and thatthe average depth of faults progressively increases from south to north and from east to west.