厦门湾红树林生境适宜性评估及修复潜力分析

为定量评估多元环境因子对红树林分布的影响,探索区域红树林生境适宜性和修复潜力的空间分布格局,本研究应用最大熵模型评估厦门湾红树林生境适宜性,叠加土地利用/覆被数据分析红树林修复潜力。结果表明,在生物气候、地形、水质、沉积物、水文等5组环境变量中,影响厦门湾研究区内红树林分布的主要环境变量类型为温度、地形和水质。在单项环境因子中,离岸线距离、营养盐浓度、盐度等对厦门湾红树林生境适宜性的贡献度最大。适宜性和修复潜力较高的区域主要分布于九龙江河口、翔安下潭尾、海沧东屿等区域。与现存红树林的分布相对照,理论上还有约406.4 hm^2的高修复潜力区和1001.2 hm^2的中修复潜力区可考虑用于未来红树林修复。现有的保护区和修复工程已基本覆盖了上述大部分区域,未来厦门湾内的红树林修复选址可考虑泉州市安海湾沿岸、龙海市九龙江河口、漳州港沿岸和附近岛屿。本研究尝试采用新兴模型方法判断红树林的综合适生条件,并实现空间化、定量化的评估,其结果可为红树林修复选址提供重要的科学依据,并为区域红树林保护与修复管理提供决策支持。     

海州湾及邻近海域口虾蛄栖息地适宜性建模的环境变量优化

Habitat suitability index(HSI) models have been widely used to analyze the relationship between species abundance and environmental factors, and ultimately inform management of marine species. The response of species abundance to each environmental variable is different and habitat requirements may change over life history stages and seasons. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal combination of environmental variables in HSI modelling. In this study, generalized additive models(GAMs) were used to determine which environmental variables to be included in the HSI models. Significant variables were retained and weighted in the HSI model according to their relative contribution(%) to the total deviation explained by the boosted regression tree(BRT). The HSI models were applied to evaluate the habitat suitability of mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent areas in 2011 and 2013–2017. Ontogenetic and seasonal variations in HSI models of mantis shrimp were also examined. Among the four models(non-optimized model, BRT informed HSI model,GAM informed HSI model, and both BRT and GAM informed HSI model), both BRT and GAM informed HSI model showed the best performance. Four environmental variables(bottom temperature, depth, distance offshore and sediment type) were selected in the HSI models for four groups(spring-juvenile, spring-adult, falljuvenile and fall-adult) of mantis shrimp. The distribution of habitat suitability showed similar patterns between juveniles and adults, but obvious seasonal variations were observed. This study suggests that the process of optimizing environmental variables in HSI models improves the performance of HSI models, and this optimization strategy could be extended to other marine organisms to enhance the understanding of the habitat suitability of target species.     

海州湾春季皮氏叫姑鱼栖息地适宜性研究

根据2011年及2013-2015年春季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层水温、底层盐度、水深以及资源密度等数据,开展皮氏叫姑鱼（Johnius belangerii）栖息地适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树（boosted regression tree,BRT）模型确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用算术平均法（AMM）和几何平均法（GMM）建立栖息地适宜性指数（habitat suitability index,HSI）模型,并通过交叉验证确定最优模型。结果表明,皮氏叫姑鱼幼体最适栖息的底层水温为17.4~18.0℃,底层盐度为29.2~30.8,水深为7 m以浅;成体最适栖息的底层水温为17.3~18.0℃,底层盐度为28.8~30.8,水深为12 m以浅。根据BRT模型的输出结果显示,对皮氏叫姑鱼幼体总偏差贡献率最大的是水深,其次是底层盐度和底层水温;对成体总偏差贡献率最大的是底层水温,其次是水深和底层盐度。通过交叉验证发现,无论幼体还是成体,运用GMM算法,且赋予权重的HSI模型具有较低的赤池信息准则值（akaike information criterion,AIC）。海州湾春季皮氏叫姑鱼的最适栖息地随生长阶段而变化,幼体的最适栖息地（HSI ≥ 0.7）主要分布在7 m等深线以浅的山东、江苏沿岸海域;成体的最适栖息主要分布于12 m等深线以浅的海域。海州湾春季皮氏叫姑鱼幼体和成体最适栖息地的空间分布与其自身的生态习性、外界环境因子以及黄海冷水团、近岸沿岸流等因素密切相关。     

生物和非生物因子对秋季海州湾长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响

根据2011年和2013−2018年秋季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层水温、底层盐度、水深、资源密度、饵料生物等生物和非生物因子数据,开展长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)栖息地适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树(Boosted Regression Tree, BRT)模型确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index, HSI)模型,并通过交叉验证确定最优模型。结果表明：海州湾长蛇鲻在秋季最适宜栖息的底层水温范围为17.5～18℃,最适底层盐度范围为31.3～32.0,最适水深范围为24～37 m;选择其3种主要饵料生物作为生物因子,即枪乌贼(Loligo spp.)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)和六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema),与底层水温、底层盐度和水深共同作为影响因子建立HSI模型。结果显示,对长蛇鲻空间分布总偏差贡献率最高的是饵料因子,其次是水深和底层水温。通过交叉验证发现,运用算术平均算法,且赋予权重的HSI模型具有较低的赤池信息准则值(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)。研究发现,海州湾秋季长蛇鲻的最适栖息地(HSI≥0.7)主要分布在34.5°～36°N,119°～121°E之间,其中35°～36°N海域的最适栖息地分布范围大,而且从近岸至远海,HSI指数有增加的趋势。     

基于最大熵和栖息地指数模型预测东、黄海日本鲭渔场分布

最大熵模型（Maximum Entropy Model,Maxent）和栖息地指数（Habitat Suitability Index,HSI）模型均广泛应用于渔情预报研究中。为比较两模型渔情预报效果以提升日本鲭（Scomber japonicus）资源的科学管理水平,本研究利用2003−2012年东、黄海日本鲭的渔业数据以及海表温度、海面高度、海表盐度、海表温度梯度等海洋环境数据,构建最大熵模型和HSI模型,以分析、比较两模型对东、黄海日本鲭栖息地的预测效果,并利用受试者工作特征（Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC）曲线下面积（Area Under Curve,AUC）、模型预测的渔场概率与实际渔获量百分比之间的对应关系对两模型渔情预报效果进行了定量评价。结果表明：（1）最大熵模型预测的渔场发生高概率位置与捕捞位置基本重合,在无历史捕捞数据海域预测渔场发生的概率较低;HSI模型预测的高栖息地指数位置与捕捞位置部分重合,在无历史捕捞数据海域也可获得较高的栖息地指数,将非渔场预测为渔场的概率较高;（2）最大熵模型和HSI模型的月平均AUC值分别为0.95和0.66,故最大熵模型的预测结果相对较好;（3）使用HSI模型时,应在模型中加入非渔场数据,并加强对此类数据的收集,否则该类模型预报渔场时有扩大化的可能;使用最大熵模型时,必须提高渔业数据的空间覆盖率,否则无法全面反映渔场时空分布动态。本文研究结果可为提升东、黄海日本鲭渔情预报精度提供参考。     

Predictive habitat modelling of humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and Antarctic minke (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) whales in the Southern Ocean as a planning tool for seismic surveys

Seismic surveys are frequently a matter of concern regarding their potentially negative impacts on marine mammals. In the Southern Ocean, which provides a critical habitat for several endangered cetacean species, seismic research activities are undertaken at a circumpolar scale. In order to minimize impacts of these surveys, pre-cruise planning requires detailed, spatio-temporally resolved knowledge on the likelihood of encountering these species in the survey area. In this publication we present predictive habitat modelling as a potential tool to support decisions for survey planning. We associated opportunistic sightings (2005–2011) of humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae, N=93) and Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis, N=139) with a range of static and dynamic environmental variables. A maximum entropy algorithm (Maxent) was used to develop habitat models and to calculate daily basinwide/circumpolar prediction maps to evaluate how species-specific habitat conditions evolved throughout the spring and summer months. For both species, prediction maps revealed considerable changes in habitat suitability throughout the season. Suitable humpback whale habitat occurred predominantly in ice-free areas, expanding southwards with the retreating sea ice edge, whereas suitable Antarctic minke whale habitat was consistently predicted within sea ice covered areas. Daily, large-scale prediction maps provide a valuable tool to design layout and timing of seismic surveys as they allow the identification and consideration of potential spatio-temporal hotspots to minimize potential impacts of seismic surveys on Antarctic cetacean species.     

基于表层及温跃层环境变量的南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼栖息地适应性指数模型比较

为了量化比较海表层环境及温跃层环境对南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场分布的影响程度;本研究采用2010-2012年南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔船实际生产统计数据;结合卫星遥感所获取的海表面温度（sea surface temperature;SST）和海表面高度（sea surface height;SSH）数据以及Argo浮标所获取的温跃层上、下界水温和深度数据;运用外包络法分别构建了基于海表层环境变量、温跃层上界环境变量以及温跃层下界环境变量的3种栖息地适应性指数（habitat suitability index;HSI）模型。模型验证结果显示;基于海表层环境变量的HSI模型;HSI>0.6时所占产量比重为70.04%;投钩数量比重为70.86%;HSI>0.8时所占产量比重为24.92%;投钩数量比重为25.79%;基于温跃层上界环境变量的HSI模型;HSI>0.6时所占产量比重为82.17%;投钩数量比重为80.95%;HSI>0.8时所占产量比重为33.24%;投钩数量比重为32.69%;基于温跃层下界环境变量的HSI模型;HSI>0.6时所占产量比重为81.01%;投钩数量比重为81.54%;HSI>0.8时所占产量比重为43.51%;投钩数量比重为43.73%。研究发现;基于温跃层上界和下界环境变量的两个HSI模型预报精度明显高于基于表层环境变量的HSI模型;且基于温跃层下界环境变量的HSI模型预报精度高于基于温跃层上界环境变量的HSI模型。研究结果表明;相较于海表层环境;温跃层环境;尤其是温跃层下界环境特征对南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼资源分布的影响更为显著。     

Exploring ecological changes in Cook Inlet beluga whale habitat though traditional and local ecological knowledge of contributing factors for population decline

The Cook Inlet beluga whale, one of five Alaskan stocks, is genetically distinct and geographically isolated from other populations. Historically, Cook Inlet whales were hunted commercially, for sport, and for subsistence uses. The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 ended commercial and sport hunting; in 1999, subsistence hunting voluntarily ended. In 2008, Cook Inlet beluga whales were listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act after annual aerial surveys indicated the population was not recovering as expected. A combination of natural and anthropogenic factors may be affecting this population’s recovery. This study documented traditional and local ecological knowledge of Alaska Native subsistence hunters and fishers and commercial fishers through participatory research to explore ecological changes in Cook Inlet over time and to identify potential factors impacting this beluga whale population. Study results identified potential environmental and climate change factors including prey competition, health of beluga and their prey, and the presence of killer whales, the majority of which may indicate an ecosystem regime shift in the Cook Inlet region. Human-related factors included fisheries management and related prey reduction, water contamination, and anthropogenic-related noise. These results corroborate identified threats to beluga whales and also identify potential new areas of scientific investigation and management. As such this study demonstrates the value of incorporating traditional and local ecological knowledge into ongoing science and management.     

An annual cycle of recruitment,growth and production in a Malaysian population of the trochacean gastropod Umbonium vestiarium (L.)

From July 1981 to July 1982 Umbonium vestiarium (L.) on a north Penang sand shore numbered 573–11 077 m^?2 (mean 4126 or 53·1 g dry tissue) near MLWN and 2164–12 414 m^?2 (mean 6500 or 59·8 g dry tissue) further downshore. Heavy recruitment of young became evident in June and July 1982 and a closely corresponding cohort of young was present in July 1981. Progression of this cohort indicated that young settling in May–June grew to full size (11–13 mm diameter) by January–March the following year and that virtually all died during their second year, presumably having spawned in March–May. Recruitment of young was chiefly on the lower shore but adults came to be more abundant and predominant on the upper shore. There is some evidence of migration upshore during growth.Production is estimated at 105·4 g dry tissue m^?2 y^?1 (2118 kj) at the lower shore level and this is almost double the 58·8 g m^?2 y^?1 (1176·6 kj) at the higher level. These values represent almost the entire secondary production across much of the sand flats.Possible causes of such a marked annual cycle in the very weakly seasonal tropics of the Malacca Strait are considered and it is suggested that monsoonal changes in wind, wave action and salinity might be involved.     

Reproductive biology and seasonality of the Indo-Australasian mysid Mesopodopsis orientalis (Crustacea: Mysida) in a tropical mangrove estuary,Malaysia

A year-round survey of the tropical shallow-water mysid Mesopodopsis orientalis (Tattersall, 1908) (Crustacea, Mysidacea) was conducted in the Merbok mangrove estuary, northwestern Peninsular Malaysia. The mysid formed dense aggregations at the river's edge close to the mangrove forest during the daytime, but very few were captured elsewhere in the estuary system. The sampled population was found in a wide range of salinities from 16 to 32, demonstrating broad euryhalinity, and the number of the catch at the littoral zone ranged from 11.8 to 2273 ind m⁻². The overall annual mean was 709.2 ind m⁻². Females predominated over males in the entire population, and brooding females were present at every monthly sample, indicating that reproduction is continuous year round. The clutch size positively correlated with female body length. The diameter of eggs (Stage I embryos) was unaffected by the seasonality and independent of the maternal size within an observed size range. The life history pattern of the estuarine population of M. orientalis showed close similarity to that of the coastal counterpart. However, the former was found to produce fewer but larger eggs, and the specimens in this population were larger than those in the coastal population at the embryo, juvenile, and adult stages. This evidence indicates that the life history features of the estuarine population would differ to some degree from those of the coastal counterpart.     

同安湾表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

对厦门同安湾表层沉积物7种重金属（Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn和Cr）、有机碳和硫化物含量进行了相关性分析和因子分析,并应用沉积物质量评价标准及潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果表明：Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As含量范围和均值分别为6.49～46.20,16.95;6.68～46.90,23.93;45.4～162.0,87.4;0.028 9～0.402 0,0.147 6;8.50～33.20,15.95;0.013～0.117,0.047和1.5～6.8,4.8mg/kg.除As之外,各重金属含量之间有显著的相关性（相关系数为0.666～0.970）,且与有机碳含量的相关系数较高（相关系数为0.674～0.980）.重金属元素及有机碳与硫化物含量的相关系数较低.潜在生态风险评价显示：该海区沉积物中重金属生物毒性效应频繁发生的几率相对较小,生态危害程度也较低,尚属轻微生态危害.7种重金属潜在生物毒性风险大小依次为：Hg〉Cd〉Pb〉As〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr.     

胶州湾表层海水中6类抗菌药物的分布、来源与生态风险

人畜大量使用的抗菌药物随入海径流和点源排放进入到海洋环境中,其分布迁移特征和生态环境风险备受关注,研究探讨抗菌药物的海洋生物地球化学行为对持续利用海洋资源环境意义重大。本文采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-多反应监测扫描模式-质谱法（SPE-HPLC-MRM-MS）,研究了胶州湾2017年8月表层海水中6类20种典型抗菌药物的分布与组成特征,并在此基础上探讨了其来源和生态风险。结果表明,表层海水中6类抗菌药物总浓度为12.59~147.69 ng/L,平均浓度为54.82 ng/L,就6大类抗菌药物的平均浓度而言,胶州湾表层海水中四环素类浓度最高,均值达41.32 ng/L,其次是林可霉素类8.56 ng/L,喹诺酮类2.62 ng/L,磺胺类1.15 ng/L,大环内酯类0.82 ng/L,头孢类浓度水平最低为0.35 ng/L;头孢类和林可霉素类在我国海洋环境中被检测到系首次报道,其中林可霉素最高值为96.40 ng/L;表层水抗菌药物湾内高于湾外,湾内分布呈现近岸高于远岸,湾东高于湾西,湾东近岸海区（站点S5）有最高浓度。人用、兽用和人畜共用抗菌药物所占比例分别为52.0%、30.2%和17.8%,人用药物为其主要来源。生态风险评价结果显示,胶州湾表层水体中氧氟沙星和林可霉素对相应的敏感物种存在高生态风险,S5站邻近为高风险区域,应加强排放监控,减少其危害。     

广西铁山港海域沉积物重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险评价

对广西铁山港海域表层沉积物进行采集,对沉积物中重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg）含量进行测定,并采用单因子指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法进行了评价。结果表明：六种重金属平均含量（×10-6）依次为Zn（61.1）>Pb（15.9）> Cu（13.1）>As（10.1）>Cd（0.27）>Hg（0.068）,均低于国家海洋沉积物一类标准;铁山港表层沉积物重金属单因子污染程度总体较轻,属于低污染水平,污染程度排序为Cu＞Zn ＞Hg＞As＞Cd＞Pb;铁山港海域沉积物重金属潜在生态风险排序为Hg＞Cd＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn,所有站位潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为 63.11,潜在生态风险总体处于较低水平,潜在风险高值区出现在铁山港北部海域,主要受Hg的高潜在风险水平影响。     

黄河尾闾及近岸沉积物中重金属的含量分布及生态风险评价

为了解黄河尾闾及近岸沉积物中重金属的污染特征,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了黄河河道和河口48个样品中Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和As等6种重金属的含量,并对其分布和生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,黄河尾闾及近岸重金属的总含量沿河道至河口方向呈现先增加后降低再增加的趋势,至近岸B断面,As、Pb、Cd和Zn含量呈明显增加趋势,Cu和Cr含量增加幅度较小;黄河河口沉积物中重金属浓度明显高于河道沉积物中重金属的浓度。与我国其他流域相比,研究区域重金属含量处于较低水平。潜在生态风险评价结果表明,黄河尾闾及近岸沉积物6种重金属潜在生态风险系数从高到低依次为:CdAsPbZnCuCr,黄河尾闾及近岸沉积物的潜在生态风险主要由Cd和As引起,两者的贡献率分别为55.90%和29.54%,研究区域生态风险低,污染轻。研究结果将为黄河尾闾及近岸生态保护、环境管理和污染治理提供一定基础数据。     

甬江口海洋倾倒区沉积物中多氯联苯分布特征和生态风险评价

为了探讨甬江口海洋倾倒区附近海域表层沉积物中多氯联苯的污染水平及生态环境影响,对2014年1月在甬江口倾倒区及附近海域采集的8个沉积物样品用气相色谱法测定PCBs残留量,并且进行环境生态风险评价。结果显示:甬江口海洋倾倒区表层沉积物中PCBs含量为1.310~6.538 μg·kg^-1,平均值为3.413 μg·kg^-1,其分布表现为西北和东南向PCBs含量高于倾倒区;10种指示性PCBs中,主要以低氯代的PCB28、PCB118和PCB155为主,其中PCB118和PCB155在表层沉积物中的含量相对较高,其含量在各采样站位中占PCBs总量的26.1%~93.1%。甬江口海洋倾倒区沉积物中PCBs污染水平低于长江口、闽江口及珠江口,高于鸭绿江口、辽河口及黄河口。采用潜在生态危害指数法、加拿大环境质量标准ISQG法、生态风险值(EPA)法及毒性当量因子法进行评价,结果基本一致:甬江口海洋倾倒区属于较低生态风险,一般不会引起生物的负效应。     

浙江三门湾表层沉积物重金属含量分布、赋存形态及生态风险评价

以三门湾表层沉积物为研究对象,对5种重金属(Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb)的含量分布、赋存形态进行分析,并运用潜在生态危害指数法、Risk Assessment Code(RAC)法、次生相与原生相比值法对重金属生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:三门湾表层沉积物重金属的含量分布整体表现为湾内高于湾外海域,人类活动是主要影响因素。运用BCR法对沉积物中重金属进行分级提取,结果显示 Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu均以残渣态为主要赋存形态(Zn:79.20%~84.25%、Cr:93.24%~96.16%、Cd:34.71%~57.58%、Cu:66.06%~79.51%),而Pb以可还原态为主(56.58%~76.44%)。评价结果中,潜在生态危害指数法和次生相与原生相比值法均显示湾内的重金属污染比湾外严重,而RAC法指出Pb污染为湾外高于湾内海域;潜在生态危害指数法和RAC均指出Cd是主要污染元素;在次生相与原生相比值法中Pb则是主要危害元素,Cd次之。     

福建宁德晴川湾海域水母群落特征及其潜在生态风险分析

根据2018年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、7月(夏季)和11月(秋季)在宁德晴川湾海域浮游动物调查的4个航次数据,分析该海域水母群落结构和季节变化特征,讨论了水母对宁德晴川湾核电站安全生产潜在的风险。结果表明:宁德晴川湾海域水母类种类组成、丰度分布和优势种演替均存在季节变化,春、夏、秋、冬该海域水母种数分别为7种、16种、9种和3种,丰度均值分别为(45.48±8.24)个/m³、(50.26±12.13)个/m³、(3.68±1.91)个/m³和(0.18±0.07)个/m³,首要优势种分别为印度感棒水母(Laodicea indica)、球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa)、双生水母(Diphyes chamissonis)和耳状囊水母(Euphysa aurata),优势种类组成季节演替明显。春季和夏季水母的丰度与浮游动物的总丰度呈极显著相关,在夏季其数量与浮游动物中的桡足类数量呈显著相关(p<0.05,R=0.363),秋季和冬季水母群落的丰度主要受盐度的影响。秋...     

洋山深水港区海域秋、冬季沉积物中重金属来源分析及生态风险评价(英文)

通过测定洋山深水港区海域2010~2013年6个航次秋、冬季沉积物中重金属含量,分析其时空差异,结果表明该海域沉积物重金属总体含量较低,空间分布较为均匀,Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd含量秋季明显高于冬季,As、Cu含量的季节性波动较小,用因子分析法研究该海域重金属来源,发现陆源工业、船舶航运排污以及有机质降解是研究海域Pb、Cd、Zn的主要来源;农业污染、码头货物装卸残留及建筑垃圾支配着Cu、As、Hg的来源。SQG-Q生态风险评价表明研究海域沉积物中重金属均存在中、低度的生态风险,秋季的生态风险高于冬季,Hg和Cu是主要生态风险因子;地累积指数法评价结果显示研究海域基本不受Hg、As、Zn、Pb的污染;Cd、Cu以轻度污染为主,部分站位属于偏中度污染,6种重金属污染程度依次为:CdCuPbZnHgAs。因子综合得分评价表明,重金属污染相对严重的站位依次为5号、4号及3号站位。但总体看来洋山深水港区附近海域沉积物中重金属污染状况属于轻度污染。