Defining and quantifying China's ocean economy

In recent years, the Chinese government has been increasingly supportive of the development of the ocean economy, implementing several national ocean-related strategies. For the first time, China's 12th five-year Plan for National and Social Development (2011—2015) includes “developing the ocean economy” as a key national development strategy for the country. Because of this, the demand for ocean economic statistics and indicators is growing rapidly. The aim of this paper is to define and quantify the value of the major ocean industries in China and to examine the growth in the major Chinese ocean industries in the period 2001 to 2010. The paper also outlines a methodology that provides a robust quantification of the marine sector over time. It finds that in 2010 the major ocean industries in China contributed $239.09 billion to the national economy and employed over 9 million individuals.     

The Irish marine economy and regional development

The economic impact of the marine economy is poorly understood at both national and regional levels in Ireland. A recent paper estimated the national level economic value of the sector for Ireland. This paper presents a follow up analysis of the Irish marine sector at the regional level for 2007. The paper examines the impact of the marine sector in addressing regional disparities in Ireland, and the key marine sectors that drive regional economic performance within the marine sector. The analysis finds that in absolute values Dublin and the South West provide the highest levels of marine GVA; however, as a percentage of regional GVA, the marine sector is more important in the West and South West region. In terms of employment, the West and South-West provide the highest levels of marine employment, and this relationship is maintained when one examines marine employment as a percentage of regional employment. Finally, productivity rates for the sector were highest in the Dublin region. However, productivity in the marine-based sector was higher than the overall regional rate for five of the eight Irish regions.     

Challenges in developing China's marine protected area system

Since the 1980s, there have been continuous increases in the coverage of marine protected areas (MPAs) in China, and a total of 158 MPAs have been declared. The MPA system in China is characterized by (1) decentralised designation and management with reduced control from the central government; (2) a dominance of de jure fully protected MPAs that are often implemented as de facto multiple-use areas; and (3) a lack of objective evaluation processes. To improve China's MPA system requires an appropriate integration of fully protected and multiple-use MPAs, and an approach that balances the advantages of top-down and bottom-up approaches.     

我国海洋经济劳动生产率区域差异与演变分析

劳动生产率差异是导致区域经济发展差异的重要原因,提高劳动生产率是促进经济增长的有效手段。分析我国海洋经济的劳动生产率的区域差异与演变对发展我国海洋经济具有积极意义。在分析我国海洋经济劳动生产率的特点基础上,文章运用基尼系数和泰尔指数计算我国沿海地区1997—2014年海洋经济劳动生产率区域差异,并进行σ-收敛性检验,结果表明区域差异呈现倒V字形走势,1997—2005年呈现σ-发散,2005—2014年呈现σ-收敛。采用泰尔指数分解方法测度表明,环渤海、长三角、泛珠三角三大经济区海洋经济劳动生产率地区内差异占总体差异的比重达80%以上,而地区间差异比重较小,环渤海经济区地区内差异最大。分阶段对我国各沿海地区海洋经济的劳动生产率进行排名并观察演变过程。提出提高我国海洋经济劳动生产率的相关建议:一是努力提高海洋经济全要素生产率;二是促进海洋产业合理布局,努力提高传统海洋产业劳动生产率;三是统筹区域海洋经济发展。     

南太平洋岛国经济差异的时空变化分析

文章采用文化和地理特征将南太平洋地区划分为美拉尼西亚、密克罗尼西亚、波利尼西亚三大区域,选取人均GDP作为测评指标,用泰尔指数对2004—2015年的南太平洋岛国差异水平进行分解分析,发现:(1)泰尔指数处于下降态势,年际变化呈现出"减-增—减-增—减"的波动;(2)区际差异是影响区域总体差异的主导因素;(3)内部差异主要受到波利尼西亚和密克罗尼西亚区影响。经济基础、资源禀赋和政治环境等因素是造成南太平洋岛国经济差异的主要原因,未来我国应在"一带一路"框架下与南太平洋国家建立合作关系,展开"全方位、多层次、宽领域"的合作。     

海洋科技创新与海洋经济发展的协调关系及其影响机理研究

为深入揭示海洋科技创新与海洋经济发展的协调关系及其影响机理,促进我国海洋科技和海洋经济的高质量和可持续发展,文章构建海洋科技创新和海洋经济发展2个系统的评价指标体系,以辽宁为实例,利用协调度模型分析二者的协调度及其演化趋势,进一步利用结构方程模型构建海洋科技创新影响海洋经济发展的驱动路径,以此分析其影响因素和影响效应,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明:1997-2016年辽宁海洋科技创新与海洋经济发展的协调关系分为中度失调衰退、严重失调衰退、中度协调发展和良好协调发展4个主要阶段;海洋科技创新通过海洋资源水平、海洋经济规模和海洋经济结构对海洋经济发展产生直接效应,同时通过海洋经济规模对地区经济发展产生间接效应,即海洋科技创新对海洋经济发展和地区经济发展均产生显著的促进作用;未来应统筹海洋科技与海洋经济的协调发展,扩大海洋科技的投入和产出,积极培育海洋科研人才和新兴海洋产业,注重提高对外开放程度和发展港口经济。     

The economic impacts of marine energy developments: A case study from Scotland

Delivering the ambitious renewable energy targets set by the Scottish Government will require significant expenditures. Plans have been set out to develop 1.6 GW of marine (wave and tidal) energy capacity between 2010 and 2020 in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters area (off the north coast of Scotland) with construction costs estimated at £6 billion. This paper uses multi-sectoral economic models to explore the impact that these (temporary) expenditures could have on the Scottish economy. It is shown that the standard Input–Output (IO) modelling approach significantly overstates the employment and value added impacts compared to Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) methods—in which short-run scarcity of factors of production are explicitly modelled. CGE results (under myopic and forward-looking model specifications) produce smaller impacts during the timespan of expenditures but, unlike IO methods, identify non-trivial “legacy effects” after the expenditures cease.     

沿海地区海洋第三产业与区域经济发展关系实证研究

文章根据2006—2016年我国11个沿海省、市、自治区海洋第三产业产值和GDP相关数据,采用变系数模型定量分析了沿海地区海洋第三产业与区域经济发展之间的关系,结果表明:①我国沿海地区海洋经济发展势头良好,并开始由量的增加转变为质的提高,总体海洋产业结构模式表现为三二一模式,海洋主导产业为第三产业。②沿海11个省 、市、自治区海洋第三产业发展对区域经济增长存在促进作用。因此提出优化升级海洋产业结构,积极发展海洋第三产业、提升海洋科技创新水平、构建多元化融资机制等针对性的建议。     

An index to assess maritime importance in the European Atlantic economy

Successive marine policies set by the European Union identify the maritime sectors as crucial drivers for growth and jobs in the EU economy. The design of marine policies and the assessment of the importance of the maritime economy need empirical support that provides the basic data to help the decision-making process. This paper proposes a metric, in the form of a synthetic index, to measure and compare the importance of the maritime sectors in the European Atlantic area. The index scores can be used to assess the position of each Atlantic region so that it is possible to compare its performance to the rest of the area. The results show the relative weight of the maritime sectors in the European Atlantic regions and the high heterogeneity among them. Analyzing the maritime economy with this index can provide guidance for the design of economic policies to identify and revitalize the regions with greater potential for Blue Growth in the Atlantic area. This may help to put into perspective the importance of the maritime economy and can serve to improve the socio-economic dimension of the use of marine waters.     

基于偏离-份额分析法的江苏海洋产业结构分析

一个地区的经济增速很大程度上取决于当地的产业结构,同理海洋产业的增值原动力也来源于海洋支柱产业。支柱产业是一个区域的发展根本,对相应产业进行结构调整,使其更加合理,才能保持海洋经济的持续增长。因此,文章的研究目的在于分析江苏省近几年的四大海洋支柱产业结构,在此基础上根据江苏省独特的海洋经济状况,为江苏的海洋支柱产业发展提供一些建议,将滨海旅游业、海洋船舶业、海洋交通业、海洋渔业这4个支柱产业继续深挖潜力,提升竞争力,让良好的产业基础发挥优势。     

海洋、海洋经济与人类未来

正确认识和理解海洋,对规划海洋经济是有参考价值的。从海洋资源的分类、储量与合理开发利用,海洋环境与可持续性发展的辩证关系,阐述了海洋、海洋经济与人类未来的关系。合理开发海洋资源与保护海洋环境是维护人类生存的需要,是全人类共同的义务与责任。     

技术进步偏向视角下中国海洋经济绿色增长效率研究进展

近年来关于海洋经济增长效率的研究层出不穷,但是目前尚未有文献对其进行过系统的综述.本文从技术进步中性与海洋经济传统全要素生产率、技术进步中性与海洋经济绿色全要素生产率、技术进步偏向与传统全要素生产率、技术进步偏向与绿色全要素生产率四方面对海洋经济增长理论进行了文献梳理,分析总结了近年来学者们在海洋经济增长效率领域的主要...     

“Blue competition” in China: Current situation and challenges

The current study analyzes the competitiveness of marine economies in provinces/districts along the eastern coast of China. The current work reviewed the development of marine economy in China over the past decade, and analyzed strategies of each regional economy regarding natural resource endowment and policy priorities in five major coastal provinces of China. Through comparative study of local marine policies and industrial priorities, it is found that the Chinese marine economy is largely oriented towards heavy industry. Local governments focus on land reclamation and often neglect environment protection, which resulted in similar dysfunctional structures of regional industrial policies in these provinces. Based on these findings several policy suggestions are proposed.     

The Spanish approach to marine spatial planning. Marine Strategy Framework Directive vs. EU Integrated Maritime Policy

The coming into effect of the Directive 2008/56/EC (Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)) will induce European Union member States to create mechanisms for managing maritime space in order to comply with the goals set out in this binding legislation. This leads one to think that marine spatial planning in various countries in the EU will be directed at complying with the Directive's environmental goals, as is the case in Spain, rather than undertaking proactive planning for developing the maritime sectors. To put the case of Spain into perspective, a review is conducted of the initiatives taken, especially in Europe and the European Union, exploring the correlations between the main focuses of the maritime sectors and the planning systems. The analysis of the Spanish initiative demonstrates how the maritime economy model and geopolitical factors explain the planning options for the marine environment. In other respects, with the coming into effect of the MSFD, a dual institutional course for marine spatial planning seems to be opening up in the EU: Integrated Maritime Policy vs. the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.     

Regional cooperation for European seas: Governance models in support of the implementation of the MSFD

During the implementation process of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), Member States are expected to cooperate and coordinate at the regional sea level as wells as arrange stakeholder involvement. However, the MSFD does not specify any governing structures to do so. The aim of this paper is to address these key challenges of the MSFD by developing four governance models for regional cooperation and assess their impact on governance performance. The four models are based on the building blocks of stakeholder involvement (low or high) and decision-making power (binding or non-binding decisions): (1) Cross-border platforms; (2) Regional Sea Convention-PLUS; (3) Advisory Alliance and (4) Regional Sea Assembly. Secondly, the paper will do an ex ante assessment on how the alternative models will have an impact on governance performance. The assessment criteria for governance performance are: (a) costs to set up and run a model; (b) capacity to cooperate; (c) policy coordination; (d) institutional ambiguity; and (e) implementation drift. In addition to this assessment of the performance based on expert judgement (i.e. scientists of WP7 of the ODEMM project), 4 roundtable discussions have been undertaken in which stakeholders from the four regional seas did an assessment of the four models. The main conclusion is that increasing stakeholder participation, a much desired development in regional organisation of marine management as expressed by the stakeholder community, will increase the costs of the policy making process. If stakeholder participation is not embedded in a wider institutional setting in which the participation of stakeholders is directly related to the policy process and the degree to which decisions taken are binding, the increase of costs does not lead to a more smoothly running model.     

山东省海洋产业结构水平综合评价研究

文章从山东省海洋产业结构的静态和动态基本情况入手,分别运用偏离份额分析法和相似判别法对山东省海洋产业结构的合理化和高度化水平进行评测;通过建立区域海洋产业结构水平综合评价指标体系,运用基于熵权法的模糊综合评价方法,综合评价山东省海洋产业结构水平。结果表明,山东省海洋产业结构较为稳定,合理化和高级化水平有待提高,综合水平优势不显著,应加快海洋产业结构的优化升级。     

Fishing for opinions: Stakeholder views on MSFD implementation in European Seas

Stakeholder participation is vital when introducing and implementing ecosystem-based management (EBM) at any scale. This paper presents the results of a survey covering four European Regional Seas (Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and North-East Atlantic Ocean) aimed to collect stakeholders׳ perspectives on their Regional Sea governance to implement the European Union (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In this survey, drivers of good governance including stakeholder involvement, willingness and capacity to cooperate, efficiency, institutional ambiguity and decision-making were explored. The results indicate a clear gap in perception between the current, the ideal and the foreseen situation regarding the implementation of the MSFD. The preferences for the future governance structures vary between stakeholders and across seas although some similarities can be found. Based on the results of the survey, this paper concludes that tailor-made rather than off-the-shelf solutions will be needed to accommodate regional cooperation in the European marine environment for implementing ecosystem-based management under the MSFD.     

Prospects for satellite imagery of insular features and surrounding marine habitats in the South China Sea

This paper investigates the extent to which remote sensing data can contribute to the management of two parallel crises in the South China Sea (SCS); first the ongoing disputes related to islands and related maritime boundaries and second the degradation of the marine environment and the decrease in fish stocks. It demonstrates that remote sensing surveys are the only means to lawfully collect independent and verifiable geographic data on the disputed features without the need to consult all the claimants and thereby add to regional frictions and tensions. These surveys can contribute to the determination of whether these features are submerged or above water at high tide and what their physical characteristics are. This would inform the application of the Law of the Sea and help determine entitlements to maritime zones and thus access to resources. The other category of uses for remote sensing surveys which is explored is the identification and classification of marine habitats and the building of a biogeographic platform. This paper shows the limits created by unavoidable uncertainties in the interpretation of satellite imagery. However, many benefits outweigh the downsides: the potential for national and regional marine spatial planning, for the prioritization of marine environments in need of management, for the implementation by the States bordering the SCS of the international treaties which they have ratified and for ecological monitoring.     

高质量发展目标下海洋经济复合系统协调发展研究——以辽宁省为例

海洋经济复合系统的协调对于实现海洋经济高质量发展具有重要意义。在高质量发展目标和要求下,构建海洋经济复合系统协调发展评价指标体系,文章采用距离型协调度评价模型,以辽宁省为例,计算其2006—2016年海洋经济复合系统的协调度及各子系统之间的协调度,分析影响协调的因素,并利用基尼系数模型对其协调发展进行预警研究。结果表明：①海洋生态子系统仍是实现海洋经济复合系统协调发展的关键环节;②2006-2016年,辽宁省海洋经济复合系统实现了从严重失调到中度协调的转变,这期间复合系统协调度未超出基尼系数警戒值。