浅析海洋保护区在渔业管理上的应用

对海洋渔业资源的过渡捕捞,不仅直接使经济种鱼类濒临灭绝,同时还导致了海洋生物多样性降低、海洋生境丧失等各种海洋环境危机,对于传统渔业管理的尴尬处境,海洋保护区作为一种新型的管理手段正逐渐被人们所重视。文章阐述了传统管理体制所存在的缺陷,系统地说明了海洋保护区在渔业管理上的作用机制,并对存在的一些限制因素提出了相关对策。     

Classifying levels of protection in Marine Protected Areas

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an important tool for the conservation of marine species and ecosystems. Yet despite the significant differences between marine and terrestrial systems in terms of their critical ecological processes, stresses, and relationships with cultural systems, methods used to characterize levels of protection for biological diversity in MPAs are all derived from schemes developed for terrestrial systems. A new system designed to classify levels of protection in MPAs is proposed, based on criteria specifically relevant to marine systems. MPAs are characterized by each of the seven criteria: designated use, quality of natural character, extent of protection throughout the year, extent of zoning into sub-areas for multiple uses, public access, extraction of resources, and size with respect to supporting critical ecological processes. Five levels of protection are defined, labeled I-V: Wilderness Management Area (Level I), Research Management Area, Ecological Management Area, Human Recreation Management Area, and Sustainable Resource Management Area (V). A level is assigned to an MPA based on the level that matches the largest number of categories across all seven criteria. The uses and benefits of this system of classification relative to existing systems are discussed and examples of its application are illustrated using data on 83 MPAs in California (USA) and 10 globally.     

Evaluating the social acceptability of Marine Protected Areas

Q methodology provides a novel, quantitative approach to reveal stakeholder perspectives and was used to assess social acceptance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) with fisheries and conservation management goals using the Devon & Severn region, UK as a case study site. Participants sorted a set of statements (n=42) into a forced-choice frequency distribution and centroid analysis revealed three factors for interpretation: (1) ‘pro-conservation’, characterised by views that conservation should be prioritised over commercial and economic interests; (2) ‘pro-fisheries’ who saw fishing as the priority and expressed concerns over the uncertainty of management measures and the number of planned MPAs; and (3) ‘win–win’ who felt that the current approach to marine management using MPAs would allow both fisheries and conservation goals to be met. Despite some differences in opinion, social acceptability of MPAs was identified across all three discourses, but was limited by the knock-on effects of the exclusion of stakeholders from the implementation of MPAs and the development of management measures. This resulted in disenfranchisement and uncertainty over the future of their activities. The results suggest that social acceptability of MPAs is generated by effective and ongoing stakeholder engagement, transparency and honesty relating to the costs and benefits of designations and a certainty that once sites are in place the resources exist for their effective management. Understanding social acceptability will guide adaptive management and increase the chances of MPA success and the meeting of global targets.     

A regulation-based classification system for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a global conservation and management tool to enhance the resilience of linked social-ecological systems with the aim of conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services for sustainable use. However, MPAs implemented worldwide include a large variety of zoning and management schemes from single to multiple-zoning and from no-take to multiple-use areas. The current IUCN categorisation of MPAs is based on management objectives which many times have a significant mismatch to regulations causing a strong uncertainty when evaluating global MPAs effectiveness. A novel global classification system for MPAs based on regulations of uses as an alternative or complementing the current IUCN system of categories is presented. Scores for uses weighted by their potential impact on biodiversity were built. Each zone within a MPA was scored and an MPA index integrates the zone scores. This system classifies MPAs as well as each MPA zone individually, is globally applicable and unambiguously discriminates the impacts of uses.     

东南亚国家海洋保护区发展探析

为促进区域海洋生态环境和海洋生物多样性保护,文章分析东南亚9个沿海国家海洋保护区的发展状况,提出其发展特点和困境,并针对我国开展相关合作提出建议。研究结果表明：越南、马来西亚、柬埔寨、菲律宾、缅甸、文莱、印度尼西亚、新加坡和泰国海洋保护区的法律框架、管理方式和发展现状各有不同;新冠肺炎疫情和国家政治局势在不同程度上影响东南亚海洋保护区的发展;我国可在已有框架基础上,加强与东南亚国家开展海洋生物多样性保护合作。     

我国海洋特别保护区制度变迁研究

贯穿我国海洋特别保护区制度建设过程的主题是基于保护的开发以及与开发相协调的保护，但实践中这一主题在保护与开发2个端点之间游移，未实现制度设计的初衷，又因体制机制改革而发生制度变迁。新时代海洋自然公园制度、海洋自然保护区制度替代海洋特别保护区制度，并与海洋生态保护红线制度等相关制度相互配合，协同推进海洋自然保护地的分类分区管控。     

基于CiteSpace的养殖活动对海洋保护地生态环境影响分析

为促进我国海水养殖和海洋生态环境保护的协调可持续发展,文章选取国内外权威数据库的中英文文献数据,基于CiteSpace工具系统梳理和分析海洋保护地养殖活动研究进展,并结合实际情况进行讨论。研究结果表明：海洋保护地养殖活动研究文献的发文量较少,但呈现逐渐增加的趋势,近期英文文献的发文量超过中文文献;中英文文献的高频关键词...     

超大海洋保护区建设利弊分析

近年来,海洋保护区被不断的"巨型化",这一方面显示了国际社会对海洋保护的重视;另一方面,这股建设超大海洋保护区的浪潮也受到了很多科学工作者的质疑和批判。文章通过分析整理国内外相关文献,结合目前全球几个著名的超大海洋保护区案例,评价建设超大海洋保护区的利弊,并总结出我国海洋保护区建设可借鉴的经验。     

Marine aquarium trade in India: Challenges and opportunities for conservation and policy

The collection of marine taxa for the aquarium trade continues to demand live animals be extracted from reefs, but in doing so, offers economic benefits for local communities. To improve our understanding of the status of marine aquariumtrade in India, information on harvested species and their volume was gathered at the major collection hubs (Tuticorin, Kilakarai and Mandapam) in the Gulf of Mannar region, and compared to the export data. During one year, 87 species of fish (51% belonging to the family Pomacentridae) and 21 species of invertebrates were harvested for the trade. The conservation status of exploited species revealed that nearly 50% (n=43) have not been assessed for their extinction risk by the IUCN, while of the 44 species assessed, 41 were Least Concern (LC), and one each was in the Data Deficient (DD), Near Threatened (NT) and Endangered (EN) categories. While many fish were collected, only a few were exported from India. The sea anemones were the major export as they were of a higher value in the international markets, largely attributed to their color patterns. Price discrepancies within the trade value of marine fishes and invertebrates used for the aquarium trade indicated that price increased approximately 200% at each transition in the value chain (collectors to wholesalers, wholesalers to retailers). Management strategies and conservation plans for India's marine ornamental taxa subjected to exploitation are provided so as to ensure long-term sustainability of the coral reef ecosystems, as well as the livelihood that are dependent on them.     

Securing the benefits: Linking ecology with marine planning policy to examine the potential of a network of Marine Protected Areas to support human wellbeing

In line with international commitments to secure human wellbeing via conservation, many nations have set deadlines to implement ecologically coherent networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). However, progress towards achieving these targets is slow. To influence the discourse on the societal need for MPA networks a matrix approach is used to determine the potential for conservation features within the UK proposed network of 127 MPAs to deliver beneficial ecosystem processes and services. The results suggest a non-uniform distribution of ecosystem services across the network, with the majority of MPAs containing conservation features with the potential to deliver ecosystem processes. Designation of the full recommended network of MPAs may provide a form of ecological insurance against further decline in the delivery of beneficial ecosystem services and may also contribute to wider ecological health by supporting broadscale ecological processes. Non designation of MPAs that contain low frequency of occurrence beneficial ecosystem processes or services could result in their loss. Given the uncertainty about the connections between ecological function and the delivery of beneficial ecosystem processes, conservation policy and management must consider an ecologically coherent MPA network to be a minimum spatial requirement to secure the future delivery of ecosystem services.     

Fishers' perceptions as indicators of the performance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

How users perceive the performance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is fundamental for the social acceptance of these zones. Moreover, their perceptions may be relevant for monitoring the effects of MPAs on extractive activities. This study analyzes artisanal fishers' perceptions of the performance of a north-western Mediterranean coastal MPA, which encompasses two no-take zones (NTZs). Three viewpoints have been considered: the effect on the personal activity of fishers, the effect on the local fishery and the effect on the ecosystem. In order to test the hypothesis that biomass export (spillover) - which had previously been evidenced from the two NTZs - may influence fishers' perceptions of NTZ effects, fishers' perceptions were compared with both declared and observed fishing activity over an one-year period.The results show that negative perceptions of NTZs are either nil or are negligible. Most fishers are aware of the beneficial effects of NTZs on ecosystems and fisheries. However, they remain to be convinced of the beneficial effects of the NTZs on their own activity. For instance, the proximity of a NTZ appears never to be involved in the choice of a fishing spot. This partial lack of correspondence between scientific expectation and fishers' perceptions is discussed in the light of fishing habits in the zone adjacent to NTZs, and takes into account fishing grounds, targeted species and seniority (defined as the number of years the fisher has been fishing within the MPA). All three factors appear to influence fishers' perceptions. For example, having a positive perception about a NTZ and spending more time fishing in the adjacent zone are habits that can be associated with fishers with less seniority. Fishers' perceptions obviously indicate the social acceptance of the MPA and are an essential monitoring tool for MPA managers. However, perceptions cannot be seen as a substitute for scientific monitoring, as both approaches are clearly complementary.     

美国海洋保护区的建设和管理及中美交流合作研究

文章以美国海洋保护区的主要类别即海洋庇护区和海洋保护工作开展较为成功的加州为例,介绍美国海洋保护区在制度框架、选址规划和监测评估等方面的管理模式。基于我国海洋保护区的现实情况以及中美双方共同的利益和诉求,从建立全国性的制度框架、完善海洋保护区的科学选址和合理规划、完善海洋保护区的监测评估体系以及建立中美海洋保护区对话机制等方面,探讨中美在海洋保护区领域开展交流合作的潜在机会,从而促进我国海洋保护区建设和管理的发展。     

美国海洋保护区国家管理体系及其对我国的启示

从美国海洋保护区的立法基础、管理机构和职能分工、纳入国家管理体系的资质要求和流程等方面探析美国海洋保护区的国家管理体系。结合我国海洋保护区管理工作中存在的问题,提出完善我国海洋保护区的法律法规、建立健全海洋保护区综合管理网络体系、完善海洋保护区监督协调机制等对策建议,以期进一步提升我国海洋保护区管理的系统性和规范性,完善我国海洋保护区的管理体系,从而更好地保护我国的海洋生态,实现海洋资源的更有效利用,推进我国海洋生态文明建设的发展。     

关于浙江大陈海洋生态特别保护区开发与管理研究

文章针对大陈海洋生态特别保护区目前存在的问题,提出了积极推进综合管理体制和机制建设,实施开发利用许可制度、优化管理模式、注重环境保护和加快休闲渔业产品的开发设计等方面对策.     

Effects of management strategies on the landscape ecology of a Marine Protected Area

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are important tools for the conservation of coral reefs and associated habitats. We utilized a Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the effect of marine park management in one of Mexico's most important MPAs by comparing benthic habitat structure between the MPA and an adjacent unmanaged region. Characters compared included measure of habitat β-diversity, total area and fragmentation of 15 different habitat classes, and size distributions of the patches of each of those classes. Habitat fragmentation distribution was similar between regions, but significantly higher β-diversity was seen in the managed area, and differences also occurred in the area and fragmentation of several substrate classes. The results suggest that management strategies which limit physical impact on benthic habitats are having a positive effect on the integrity of several important habitats in the MPA.