流动性视角下边界的空间实践及其意义——以云南省河口县中越边境地区X村为例

边界是不同的社会与政治实体接触和交流的场所,跨边界的日常生活流动是历久和普遍的社会事实。边民与边境管理者丰富的跨界流动性实践,包括了自下而上到自上而下的双向互动,促进了边界意义的生产与再生产。透过流动性的研究视角,基于Newman对边境的地理学问题研究论调,从边境管理者和边民两个方面的日常空间实践进行了展现,选取云南省河口县中越边境地区的典型边寨为案例地,通过质性研究方法分析跨界流动的空间实践及其意义,进一步为解读边界的空间意义提供中国案例,以期更全面地看待边界问题。研究发现：边境草根群体自下而上的跨界流动,促进边界成为衡量经济、社会关系、文化意义以及政治权力形成和变迁过程的一个重要变量和维度。跨界流动实用主义色彩之上,也作用于边境社会关系网络的建构,对边民民族文化认同、国家认同等的建构产生积极作用。权力机关在边境生存法则基础上的流动性实践深化了国家意志,边界即成为权力“物化”的工具,流动性形成治理的手段和方法之一,边境地区同时被不断地规划和塑造。     

The restructuring of London's labour force: migration and shifting opportunities, 1971–91

Summary The links between migration in and out of London and intergenerational social mobility are explored. Opportunities to enter high-grade jobs are greater in London, but so is the competition. The selectivity of migration explains the high social mobility associated with both in- and out-migration; those who stay in London are much less mobile, be they male or female. Black migrants to London do not share the fast escalator with white migrants, and London stayers come disproportionately from ethnic minority backgrounds. Socially mobile Londoners of both sexes leave far faster than the non-mobile, but women are less often 'creamed off'. Women with high-level jobs rarely leave; when they stay, they are less likely to leave the labour force. The selectivity of both types of migration concentrates 'under-achievement' on London stayers; racial discrimination may contribute to this outcome.     

地缘政治视角下的跨境移民和族裔社区研究

在全球-地方频繁互动的今天,跨国/跨地方逐渐成为超高速流动的社会现实,移民与流入流出地的多元互动模糊了国与国、地方与地方之间的边界,在目的地不断重塑社会结构和空间,在物质和符号维度赋予了地方不同的意义。族裔社区不仅仅反映了不同的移民群体复杂的日常生活实践及其在空间上的互动,也将对多元化族裔空间的关注转移到社区、空间、领土政治甚至流动地缘想象,同时也将族裔社区空间纳入一个关系性的视角下。而传统上地缘政治视角对移民和族裔空间的关注相对有限。因此,本专栏主要讨论地缘政治视角下的跨境移民和族裔社区。具体而言,专栏首先回顾了地缘政治研究及其对流动性的关注和移民研究中的地缘政治面向,其次通过8篇文章讨论了不同尺度下多元的跨境移民及族裔社区营造与建构的相关研究,希冀从理论、方法以及实证研究方面对现有知识进行补充,也尝试通过探索国内外相关研究的进展,为社会和国家治理的需求服务。     

影响移民流动性的地理门槛与移民政策①

本文旨在更好地解读国家政策与移民流动性之间的相互关系。基于门槛分析方法,我们建立了关于边界、流动性和移民的基础理论,并重点探讨了具有移民倾向的个体心理过程。人们往往根据以下3个地理门槛作出移民抉择：一是关注迁移、离开熟悉的地方、跨越国界的想法;二是关注目的地区位及其边界和“接壤”(Bordering);三是关注迁移路径或途径。本文的案例主要来自欧盟和东南亚国家,分别包括荷兰和德国之间的跨界现象,2008年经济危机后欧盟的人口流动,2015-2016年期间欧盟和土耳其间的难民流动,菲律宾劳工移民,以及印度尼西亚—马来西亚迁徙通道等。最后,本文讨论了流动性和边界政策及治理。     

试论云南民族地理

本文试图探讨云南特殊地理位置和自然条件所导致的民族源流的多元性、民族分布的复杂性、民族经济文化的多样性以及民族社会发展的差异性这些在民族地理学中至为重要的课题。     

Household income diversification and the production of local meat: the prospect of small-scale pig farming in Southern Yunnan, China

This paper assesses the viability of small scale, specialised livestock farming led by the local government, to alleviate rural household poverty. In so doing, it reflects upon the prospect of niche livestock farming in an age where, ironically, demand for meat is ever-rising. It also highlights the ambiguous role that local government plays in poverty alleviation. The specific case study is on the Jinuo ethnic minority in Xishuangbanna autonomous region, located in Southwestern province of Yunnan, China. It is argued that thus far the Jinuo minority have had modest success in rearing indigenous pigs due to a confluence of factors. Nonetheless, a growing market will likely result in some degree of intensification in the production process that goes beyond the means of the upland farmers but will be eagerly exploited by the local government. If the pig rearing scheme is to remain an effective income diversification strategy in select marginalised mountainous communities, the march towards commodification, expansion and intensification, as well as the unchecked ambition of the local government, have to be carefully moderated.     

浅析云南省生态旅游业的核心优势及其发展建议

云南省作为中国少数民族聚居种类最多的省份，拥有特色突出的人文旅游资源；同时由于特殊的地理环境，云南也有着特色鲜明的生态和自然旅游资源。丰富的文化旅游资源与自然旅游资源使云南成为中国西南重要的旅游目的地，是云南发展生态旅游业的核心竞争优势。在分析这些核心竞争优势的同时，指出了加强生态旅游建设，是促进云南旅游业可持续发展的必由之路。     

民族文化重构实践中的身份与地方认同——仡佬族祭祖活动案例

在文化转向思潮的引领下,新文化地理学从注重结果向注重过程转移,更强调地理事象所发生的空间过程及其内化在特殊地域系统中的社会关系。在这一过程中,景观的符号象征意义和表征作用得到重新解读。以民族文化为旅游吸引物的发展背景下,通过对贵州世居民族仡佬族官方祭祖活动的参与式观察和相关群体的深度访谈,发现民族精英为将务川树立为仡佬族族群的中心,重构了"九天天主"及其祭祖仪式和场所,地方意义由此发生了改变‘,小塘石笋’由自然景观变为仡佬族族群的文化中心景观。"仡佬之源"的地方中心性空间策略虽扩大了仡佬族的知名度,提升了地方影响力,但祭祀活动却呈现出精英的"台上"认同与民众"台下"认同的对立。这一分歧的根本原因是当地仡佬族模糊的身份记忆以及仡佬族作为散居族群的文化多元性所致。在仡佬族祭祖的文化实践中,精英通过各种社会关系和权力影响和重构了地方身份认同,而地方的民族身份认同又影响地方意义的重构。文章指出,没有民众的"自下而上"支持,悬置于族群之上的官方主导的文化重构实践具有很大的脆弱性。研究对完善地方感研究中主体性缺失及地方与认同研究中身份认同研究不足具有重要的理论意义。     

Rethinking The "Local" in Labour Markets: The Consequences of Cultural Embeddedness in a Philippine Growth Zone

This paper contributes to recent geographical studies of local labour markets in three ways. First, it highlights the distinctive labour market processes occurring in an industrialising setting in the Philippines to complement existing studies that have tended to focus on "restructuring" contexts in the west. Second, it shows how labour markets are embedded not just in processes of institutional and social regulation, but also in the transformation of the culture of work that accompanies industrialisation in an agricultural setting. Thus, while a significant feature of the local labour market in the municipality of Tanza (Province of Cavite) is a shortage of labour in the agricultural sector, this cannot be explained solely by the massive shift of a young workforce into non-agricultural activities. It must also be understood in the context of changes found in youth culture and conceptions of work. The result is that the availability of labour for agriculture dries up even if the supply of labour, in a literal sense, is adequate for its needs. Third, a significant process operating in this "local" labour market is the extraction of labour for temporary overseas work. This suggests that local labour markets should be conceived not just on the basis of geographical contiguity, but also in the "networked space" of households functioning across very large distances.     

The border as an engine for mobility and spatial integration: A study of commuting in a Swedish–Norwegian context

The purpose of the study was to analyse how cross-border commuting differed from intranational commuting in Sweden, and how cross-border mobilities affected spatial integration. The authors analysed patterns and spatial flows of cross-border commuting by comparing them with characteristics of intranational commuting. In the article, they explore the assumption that the border constitutes an ‘engine’ for work-related mobility, which affects processes of spatial integration in cross-border areas. The empirical material comprised data from surveys of commuting from the Swedish county of Värmland to Norway and commuting within Värmland. The findings showed that cross-border commuting shared common features with intranational commuting, including how the frequency of commuting was dependent on distance. The motives for commuting differed, and the reasons for working in Norway were economic rather than professional. In terms of spatial integration, cross-border commuting was mainly one-directional, from Sweden to Norway, while leisure mobility and migration tended to be in the opposite direction. The authors conclude that the border region is characterised by integration through specialisation, which involves a permanent state of ‘transient’ mobility. Thus, a win-win situation can be distinguished, in which the border serves as a resource and an ‘engine’ for cross-border integration, mobility and economic activities.     

Mapping the multiple geographies of mixed-ethnicity couples in Australia

Mixed-ethnicity partnerships are becoming increasingly common in Australia and other countries of high immigration. Formal and de facto marriages involving partners from different ethnic backgrounds are key indicators of decreasing social distance between groups. Yet mixed-ethnicity couples have received scant attention from Australian geographers. We use customised data from the 2011 Australian census to analyse the nation-wide distribution of several types of mixed-ethnicity couples. We focus on couples comprised of an Anglo-European (ethnic majority) partner, and a partner from a ‘visible’ ethnic minority group. Our analyses explore the residential geographies of mixed-ethnicity couples vis-à-vis ‘co-ethnic couples’ (where partners share the same ethnicity). We find that mixed-ethnicity couples are more widely dispersed across Australian cities and regions than comparative co-ethnic couples. However, each type of mixed-ethnicity couple has its own unique residential pattern: there are multiple geographies of mixed-ethnicity couples in Australia. These distinctive patterns reflect the migration and settlement histories of the couples’ constituent ethnic groups, but also hold great potential to shift seemingly entrenched ethnic residential geographies in the present and future.     

LAND USE CHANGE AND ITS DRIVING FORCES IN MINORITIES AREA

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印度尼西亚华人对该国社会经济进步的贡献

本文简要剖析了在荷兰殖民统治、经济民族化以及后民族化等各时时期印度尼西亚（以下简称印尼）华人经济的发展;论述了华人族群为当地社会进步及经济繁荣所作重大贡献。论文阐明华人自成为印尼公民,就已认同当地;强调华人经济是当地民族经济不可替代的组成部分;指出赋予印尼华人族群少数民族资格及民族平等权益,尊重和保护印尼华人合法地位对当地社会稳定和经济发展的重要性。     

Mobilocality

Based on the ethnographic research and in-depth interviews in Flushing, Queens, New York City, this paper proposes the concept of mobilocality. Mobilocality provides a conceptual framework to examine the urban ethnic communities through the lens of mobility from a multi-scalar perspective. Mobilocality is formed by the paradox of transnational mobility and local immobility that are simultaneously embedded in everyday life of (im)migrants. It is through mobilocality where individual is ethnic, ethnic is transnational, transnational is urban. This article also suggests a placed and contextual understanding of mobility by illustrating the interrelationships among the four spatialities: mobility, place, scale and distance. The making of mobilocality is an outcome of the dialectal process among these spatialities, which involves not only spatial-temporal dimensions, but also social and cultural context. Transnationalism is far from a celebration of cosmopolitanism and diversity. Rather, it is a divergent process that generates heterogeneity and boundaries, a product of time-space distortion instead of time-space compression.     

民族餐馆中的主客角色冲突 ——以丽江白沙村为例

文章以社会角色与角色冲突的相关理论为指导,以云南丽江白沙村的2个纳西族民族餐馆为研究对象,对当地居民与游客在互动过程中的角色冲突进行质性研究。研究发现,当地少数民族居民与汉族游客在互动过程中存在多种角色冲突。除东道主和游客各自存在角色内冲突现象外,双方之间还存在2种角色间冲突的现象。互动双方在处理这些角色冲突的过程中,既反映出当地居民对经济利益的诉求,也反映出当地居民与游客在互动过程中的地位与权力关系。     

The new Caribbean complexity: Mobility systems, tourism and spatial rescaling

The Caribbean region is being respatialized, rescaled and reterritorialized in the face of contemporary processes of neoliberal development, shifting mobilities and spatial restructuring. Drawing on the field of mobilities research, this paper argues that new transregional approaches to spatial dynamics are needed to describe the complex, polymorphic, and multiscalar geographies in the neoliberalizing Caribbean. It first analyzes how new spatializations of Caribbean mobilities are part of larger transnational processes of urban restructuring. It then examines how neoliberalizing policies have promoted the 'opening' of once publicly owned infrastructures such as ports, airports, and telecommunications, contributing to a rescaling of Caribbean territoriality. Finally it considers how tourism mobilities associated with the cruise ship industry and private luxury property developments facilitate interlocality competition and outside access to the region while circumscribing local access and mobility rights. The paper proposes a postcolonializing island studies that recognizes the complexity of contemporary Caribbean rescaling and the subtle ways in which modernized built environments and infrastructures of mobility and connectivity contribute to the weakening of island-state sovereignty, territorial integrity and democratic citizenship.     

云南农村贫困人口空间结构分析

贫困问题是制约云南省经济社会发展的重大问题,经过连年的扶贫努力,云南省贫困人口已经大幅下降,云南省的贫困人口分布呈现出以中心区向东西方向扩大,同时向南北方向加强的特征,同时不同的区域导致贫困的因子也存在差别,根据各区域不同致贫因子,来探寻扶贫对策,实施差别化政策将对解决贫困问题起到至关重要的作用。依据云南省各州市贫困发生率作为分类指标,利用GIS技术将云南省贫困人口的空间分布呈现出来,并进行空间分类,按照空间分类差异,寻找各区的主导致贫因子,最终按照不同致贫因子提供相应的扶贫对策。     

Community, difference and identity: the case of the Irish in Sheffield

There is a growing body of research in racial and ethnic studies on the processes of identity construction within minority ethnic populations. This article seeks to build on this work by analysing emerging collective identity formations in an ‘invisible’ minority ethnic group. Based upon focus groups and in-depth interviews with Irish people in Sheffield, the article aims to advance three key arguments. First, the concept of community is central to an Irish collective identity, but is negotiated in a multiplicity of ways. Second, Irish collective identity has been shaped not only by demographic differences but by shared experiences of non-recognition and stereotyping. Third, there is a simultaneous assertion of an Irish identity running parallel with a perception that the ‘traditional’ Irish community may have to re-invent itself in response to changing demographics at the local level. The paper concludes by considering the implications of these arguments for an understanding of Irish ethnicity in multicultural Britain.     

西部民族地区流动人口户籍迁移意愿及影响因素——以新疆为例

西部民族地区流动人口的户籍迁移意愿不仅关系到农业转移人口的市民化进程和城镇化质量,还关系到民族团结和构建和谐社会的进程。基于2012年新疆流动人口动态监测调查数据,运用二元logistic回归模型,分析了不同地区和不同民族流动人口户籍迁移意愿及其影响因素的异同。研究发现,新疆流动人口户籍迁移意愿整体水平较高,愿意将户籍迁入现流入地的比例达到半数以上,且北疆地区略高于南疆,少数民族高于汉族。模型显示,总体而言新疆对人力资本和经济禀赋较高的流动人口落户吸引力不强,而民族类型、在流入地的居住时间和社会融合程度是影响新疆流动人口户籍迁移的关键因素。同时,新疆不同地区和不同民族流动人口在户籍迁移时考虑的因素存在异同,但社会融合特征因素不存在区域和民族差异,均表现为社会融合程度的提高显著增强其户籍迁移意愿。     

跨境流动视阈下的节庆文化与民族认同研究——中越边境苗族花山节案例

边界是分割不同政治实体的界线,但国家对于边界的管治往往是有弹性的,因而孕育了丰富的“流动”,成为经济融合、社会交流与文化对话的重要场域。跨境民族是受其影响的典型群体,他们在原本生活区域被分隔的情况下,从未间断过跨境流动。总体来看,跨境流动过程中的文化认同及其形成机制是多元复杂的。本文以云南省河口县中越边境地区的苗族花山节为研究切入点,通过质性研究方法探讨节庆所折射的民族文化认同与国家认同的建构过程。研究发现：跨界的流动性加强了民族文化的交流与认同,共同促成了花山节的文化传承,维系了跨境民族的亲缘关系。这样的跨界流动亦强化了边界所形成的发展轨迹差异的感知,从而增强了中国籍苗族边民的国家认同与国家自豪感。