Research on seismic performance of shear walls with concrete filled steel tube columns and concealed steel trusses

In order to further improve the seismic performance of RC shear walls, a new composite shear wall with concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns and concealed steel trusses is proposed. This new shear wall is a double composite shear wall; the first composite being the use of three different force systems, CFT, steel truss and shear wall, and the second the use of two different materials, steel and concrete. Three 1/5 scaled experimental specimens: a traditional RC shear wall, a shear wall with CFT columns, and a shear wall with CFT columns and concealed steel trusses, were tested under cyclic loading and the seismic performance indices of the shear walls were comparatively analyzed. Based on the data from these experiments, a thorough elastic-plastic finite element analysis and parametric analysis of the new shear walls were carried out using ABAQUS software. The finite element results of deformation, stress distribution, and the evolution of cracks in each phase were compared with the experimental results and showed good agreement. A mechanical model was also established for calculating the load-carrying capacity of the new composite shear walls. The results show that this new type of shear wall has improved seismic performance over the other two types of shear walls tested.     

水泥砂浆面层加固砌体墙抗震可靠指标研究

采用水泥砂浆面层加固方法加固砌体房屋是一种简单有效的方法。对比分析了《砌体结构加固设计规范》(GB 50702-2011)^[3]和《建筑抗震加固技术规程》(JGJ 116-2009)^[4]中钢筋网水泥砂浆面层加固砌体墙的可靠性;对10片未加固低强度砖墙和20片单面钢筋网水泥砂浆面层加固低强度砖墙进行拟静力试验,分析了未加固和加固墙体的破坏模式和机理,并提出了适用于钢筋网水泥砂浆面层加固砌体墙的抗震验算公式。研究表明：两标准的可靠水平差别较大,实际应用时,易产生矛盾;未加固墙主要发生沿阶梯形斜裂缝受剪破坏,加固墙主要发生沿通缝受剪破坏和沿阶梯形斜裂缝受剪破坏;建议公式的计算值与试验值吻合良好,未加固墙抗震可靠指标为2.2,加固墙抗震可靠指标为2.5～3.1;砂浆面层加固砌体结构可以显著提高结构的抗震性能。     

Lessons learned from the ＂5.12＂ Wenchuan Earthquake： evaluation of earthquake performance objectives and the importance of seismic conceptual design principles

Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake intensities, a comparison between the observed building damage, and the three earthquake performance objectives and seismic conceptual design principles specified by the national ＂Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001,＂ was carried out. Actual damage and predicted damage for a given earthquake level for different types of structures is compared. Discussions on seismic conceptual design principles, with respect to multiple defense lines, strong column-weak beam, link beam of shear walls, ductility detailing of masonry structures, exits and staircases, and nonstructural elements, etc. are carried out. Suggestions for improving the seismic design of structures are also proposed. It is concluded that the seismic performance objectives for three earthquake levels, i.e., ＂no failure under minor earthquake level, ＂＂repairable damage under moderate earthquake level＂ and ＂no collapse under major earthquake level＂ can be achieved if seismic design principles are carried out by strictly following the code requirements and ensuring construction quality.     

大开间小型混凝土砌块10层模型房屋抗震性能试验研究(Ⅰ)

我国抗震设计规范（GB50011－2001）规定在6、7、8度区，混凝土小砌块结构分别可以建七、六、五层。由于混凝土小砌块结构的最大优势在于10－20层（与混凝土框架或框架剪力墙结构比）。本文按1／4比例制作了10层混凝土小砌块结构模型，按7度设防要求实施构造措施，通过振动台试验研究模型结构的抗震性能。结果表明，模型结构完全能够满足在7度区“小震不坏，大震不倒”的要求。圈梁、构造柱以及水平拉结筋构成的约束体系抗震作用是明显的。试验利用砌块的非注芯孔灌注铁砂来模拟墙体出平面动力效应。在本模型的构造措施下，平出面反应不对结构破坏起控制作用。     

双层打包带加固窗间墙抗震性能试验研究

地震时砌体结构窗间墙易发生破坏,为了提高其抗震性能,对高宽比为1的2组共4片墙体,其中:2片为双层打包带加固墙体,2片为原墙,进行了拟静力试验,研究墙体的破坏形态、水平承载力、滞回曲线和耗能等抗震性能。试验发现原墙发生剪切破坏,加固后墙体发生摇摆破坏,加固改变了墙体破坏模式,加固后墙体滞回曲线饱满但有捏笼,破坏荷载、延性和耗能能力都有提高,破坏时未发生剥离,表明双层打包带加固法有效地提高了窗间墙体抗震性能,对承受较大竖向应力墙体效果更好,建议加固时要加强加固层与窗下和窗上墙体的连接。     

Seismic behaviour of masonry buildings built of low compressive strength units

Seismic behaviour of masonry buildings, built of low compressive strength units, is discussed. Although such materials have already been tested and approved for use from mechanical and thermal insulation point of view, the knowledge regarding their structural behaviour is still lacking. In order to investigate the resistance and deformation capacity of this particular type of masonry construction in seismic conditions, a series of eight walls and model of a two-storey full scale confined masonry building have been tested by subjecting the specimens to cyclic shear loads. All tests were conducted under a combination of constant vertical load and quasi static, cyclically imposed horizontal load. The behaviour of tested specimens was of typical shear type. Compared with the behaviour of plain masonry walls, the presence of tie-columns resulted into higher resistance and displacement capacity, as well as smaller lateral resistance degradation. The response of the model was determined by storey mechanism with predominant shear behaviour of the walls and failure mechanism of the same type as in the case of individual confined masonry walls. Adequate seismic behaviour of this particular masonry structural type can be expected under the condition that the buildings are built as confined masonry system with limited number of stories.     

ECC面层加固空斗墙抗震性能试验研究

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)具有高强度、高延性和水硬过程中粘结性能良好,在砌体加固工程中具有广泛的应用前景。通过对2片未加固、2片单面和2片双面ECC面层加固后空斗墙进行水平拟静力试验,对比加固不同砌法下单面和双面空斗墙破坏模式、滞回曲线、刚度退化、承载能力和延性性能,进而研究ECC面层加固对墙体抗震性能的影响。利用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用预留孔洞的整体建模方式进行有限元分析,对比了试验值与计算值。结果表明:ECC面层与砖墙之间粘结较可靠,ECC面层优越的材料抗力可以抵抗墙体承担的水平剪力;单、双面ECC面层加固后空斗墙体极限变形能力及极限承载力均得到大幅提升,试件延性和抗震性能同步改善;有限元计算的水平承载力值与试验值相差不大。     

Revision of seismic design codes corresponding to building damagesin the “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake

A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake. Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings, seismic design codes have been updated. This paper briefly summarizes some of the major revisions that have been incorporated into the "Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions GB50223-2008" and "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001." The definition of seismic fortification class for buildings has been revisited, and as a result, the seismic classifications for schools, hospitals and other buildings that hold large populations such as evacuation shelters and information centers have been upgraded in the GB50223-2008 Code. The main aspects of the revised GB50011-2001 code include: (a) modification of the seismic intensity specified for the Provinces of Sichuan, Shanxi and Gansu; (b) basic conceptual design for retaining walls and building foundations in mountainous areas; (c) regularity of building configuration; (d) integration of masonry structures and precast RC floors; (e) requirements for calculating and detailing stair shafts; and (f) limiting the use of single-bay RC frame structures. Some significant examples of damage in the epicenter areas are provided as a reference in the discussion on the consequences of collapse, the importance of duplicate structural systems, and the integration of RC and masonry structures.     

带斜筋单排配筋L形截面剪力墙的非工程方向抗震性能1

带斜筋单排配筋混凝土剪力墙结构是为取代粘土砖多层住宅结构而发展起来的一种新型多层混凝土结构,其经济性合理,抗震性能优于传统的砌体结构.为进一步充分了解其抗震性能,开展该新型结构体系中“L”形截面剪力墙的非工程轴方向抗震性能试验研究.进行1个单排配筋混凝土“L”形截面剪力墙和1个带斜筋的单排配筋混凝土“L”形截面剪力墙低周反复荷载试验,对比分析其破坏特征、滞回特性、耗能能力、承载力、延性、刚度,并利用ABAQUS软件进行非线性有限元分析,探究斜筋对其抗震性能的影响.研究结果表明,在非工程轴方向,带斜筋单排配筋“L”形截面混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能优于不带斜筋的剪力墙.     

不同构造措施的钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙是一种新型抗震剪力墙,为了比较不同构造措施对该新型剪力墙抗震性能的影响,进行了3个剪跨比为1.5的钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙低周反复荷载试验。其中,试验模型1为墙体钢板与边框柱钢管焊接,试验模型2为墙体钢板与边框柱钢管螺栓连接,试验模型3为墙体钢板开孔并与边框柱钢管焊接。通过试验研究,比较了各剪力墙的破坏特征、滞回特性、承载力、刚度、延性以及耗能能力。结果表明：在墙体钢板与边框柱钢管的连接方式中,采用焊接或栓接对剪力墙的整体性能影响不大;与普通钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙相比,钢板开孔钢管混凝土边框钢板剪力墙在开孔率不大的情况下,其承载力、延性、刚度和耗能能力没有明显变化。     

高强钢筋混凝土短肢剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

通过对采用高强钢筋的6片T形混凝土短肢剪力墙和采用高强钢筋高强混凝土的6片L形短肢剪力墙进行低周往复加载试验,研究了T形和L形的破坏形态与性能差异,分析了高厚比、轴压比、配箍间距等参数对构件破坏形态、滞回耗能、骨架曲线、延性及耗能等抗震性能的影响,对比分析了构件与普通短肢剪力墙的抗震性能差异。试验结果表明:采用腹板端部箍筋加密的方式可减轻构件端部的损伤和降低正负向加载时承载力和延性的不对称性;T形构件中高厚比为5的试件表现为弯曲破坏,其他构件表现为弯剪破坏;试验中高厚比小的构件相对于高厚比大的试件延性耗能更好,轴压比增大,构件承载力提高但延性降低;与普通短肢剪力墙相比,T形短肢剪力墙承载力和变形能力提高,耗能增加,L形短肢剪力墙承载力提高较大,极限位移增大,构件后期变形能力略有降低,但可以满足抗震性能要求。     

汶川8.0级地震青川县乡镇砖混结构民房震害调查及原因浅析

对位于汶川8.0级地震烈度区度区的青川县乡镇砖混结构民房破坏现象进行了调查和整理,分析了灾区砖混结构民房震害原因.参照现行《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB 50011-2010）、《建筑抗震鉴定标准》（GB 50023-2009）中对砖混结构房屋一般要求条款,探讨了居民自建砖混结构民房采用一般抗震措施的安全限度.     

带窗洞的加气混凝土砌块砌体墙抗震性能分析

为了研究设窗洞的蒸压加气混凝土砌块砌体承重墙的抗震性能,运用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对其进行了非线性分析。首先将有限元模型的计算结果与足尺试件的试验结果进行了对比验证,在此基础上,通过改变墙体的竖向压应力、水平配筋和开洞大小,研究了这些参数对墙体抗震性能的影响。研究表明:随着竖向压应力的增大,墙体水平承载力提高,而极限变形能力则有降低趋势;水平配筋可以提高墙体的承载力和变形性能;增大洞口水平尺寸导致极限承载力明显降低,而对其相应位移的影响则小得多。     

夯土墙在单调和反复水平荷载下的试验研究

通过对不同类型的夯土墙在单调荷载和反复荷载作用下的试验研究,分析了不同添加材料对夯土墙抗剪性能、抗震性能的影响,得到了夯土墙的裂缝开展规律、破坏特征、承载能力、延性及滞回性能。借用砌体结构的抗震承载力计算公式,给出了夯土墙抗剪、抗震计算的简化公式。     

型钢混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能研究

型钢混凝土剪力墙(亦称为SRC剪力墙)是一种新型的剪力墙,其抗弯承载力、抗剪承载力及延性均好于普通剪力墙。本文简要总结了近年来国内外关于型钢混凝土剪力墙抗震研究的成果。在此基础上,进行了较高轴压比下内藏钢桁架混凝土组合高剪力墙的抗震性能试验研究。试验研究表明,内藏钢桁架的存在明显改善了高轴压比下型钢混凝土高剪力墙的抗震性能。     

Estimation of load reduction factors for clay masonry walls

The in‐plane cyclic behaviour of three types of unreinforced clay masonry was characterized by means of laboratory tests on full‐scale specimens. The masonry walls were assembled with various bonding arrangements (head joints made with mortar pockets, dry head joints with mechanical interlocking, thin‐layer mortar bed joints), which are not yet inserted in seismic codes. Experimental behaviour was modelled with an analytical hysteretic model able to predict lateral load–displacement curves in case of shear failure of the unreinforced walls. According to the experimental results and those of the selected analytical model, parametric study to evaluate the reduction in lateral strength demand produced by non‐linear behaviour in masonry walls, i.e. the load reduction factor was carried out by non‐linear dynamic analyses. The calculated values of the load reduction factor were modest. The differences in values found for the three masonry types, although consistent with them, were not great. This may indicate that, in the ultimate limit state, the type of masonry cannot significantly affect the behaviour of an entire building. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型钢节点木构架-生土墙结构抗震性能拟静力试验研究

针对我国村镇地区仍广泛存在生土结构房屋,且其结构整体性及抗震性能较差的现状,提出一种可有效提高其抗震性能、具有施工便捷性和装配属性的新型钢节点木构架-生土墙结构形式。进行了新型钢节点木构架-生土墙与农房中常见的素生土墙、上土坯下砖砌体混砌墙、传统榫接木构架-生土墙的拟静力对比试验,比较了4个墙体试件的破坏形态、滞回曲线和骨架曲线特征,以及延性系数、耗能能力、极限层间位移角等抗震性能指标。研究表明:素生土墙和上土坯下砖砌体混砌墙抗震性能较差,木构架的约束作用可有效提升生土墙的抗剪承载力和延性,新型钢节点连接的木构架-生土墙抗震性能优于榫接形式,具备一定的推广应用价值。     

单调及低周往复荷载作用下砌体非线性分析

带构造柱和圈梁的约束砌体结构在四川灾区乡镇房屋重建中被广泛采用,其抗震性能是人们所关心的.基于绵竹市土门镇当地重建房屋常用建筑材料的实验数据以及通用有限元软件ANSYS中Solid 65单元的性质和特点,用有限元模型模拟了粘土砖砌体在不同压应力状态(σ-/fm)下沿通缝截面抗剪强度试验,给出了相关单元在模拟砖砌体开裂中闭合及开口剪力传递系数的建议值;利用这些结果,分别建立了带约束(构造柱、圈梁等)和不带约束砌体墙的有限元模型,进而分析了他们在单调荷载以及低周往复荷载作用下的抗震性能.结果表明,与不带约束的墙体相比,带约束墙体在单调水平荷载作用下的初裂性能、极值荷载和延性都有很大的提高,在低周往复荷载作用下其耗能能力得到了改善.所得结果可供相应结构抗震设计的参考.     

Experimental study on seismic behavior of Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) brick walls strengthened with shotcrete

In this study, the efficiency of conventional shotcrete technique for strengthening of Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) walls was shown using an experimental program. In addition, in this program the possible benefit of using anchors for connecting the shotcrete reinforcement layer to the R/C foundation was studied. The experimental program consisted of testing five full scale specimens with two different height-to-length aspect ratios and so different failure modes, under in-plane cyclic loading conditions. Two specimens were tested as reference and others were strengthened on a single-face using shotcrete layer. According to the results, strengthening of URM walls using traditional shotcrete approach created a completely stiff panel and prevented the formation of cracks. The failure mode in both reference and strengthened short length walls was rocking and the shotcrete layer could increase the strength capacity, energy dissipation, and stiffness of wall due to yielding and rupture of steel bars anchored to the foundation. On the other hand, in strengthened long length walls, shotcrete layer increased the shear sliding capacity with no or small increasing in their rocking capacity. Therefore, the failure mode of strengthened walls converted from shear sliding to rocking, even in the specimen with anchorage system. The distributed type of anchorage system could not improve the strength capacity of long length wall. Anchorage system was able to improve the out-of-plane performance of strengthened walls.     

低层装配式钢筋混凝土水平坐浆墙体抗震性能试验研究

为了研究低层装配式钢筋混凝土水平坐浆墙体的抗震性能,对3个不同剪跨比的低层装配式钢筋混凝土水平坐浆墙体进行了低周反复荷载试验。根据试验结果,分析了剪跨比对墙体的破坏形态、承载力、变形能力、刚度退化和耗能能力的影响。结果表明:随着剪跨比的减小,墙体的破坏形态由弯曲破坏转为剪切破坏;试件SW2和试件SW3的承载力相对于试件SW1分别提高68%和110%,延性分别降低21.8%和37.5%;试件SW1的耗能能力最好,刚度退化速度最缓慢;预制钢筋混凝土墙板与现浇边缘构件协同合作,连接处无竖向裂缝,墙体整体性较好,具有良好的抗震性能,可用于我国城镇建设中的低层住宅结构。