用接收函数研究川滇地区国家地震台下地壳厚度及波速比

本文利用远震接收函数的方法,对川滇地区的昆明、腾冲、成都和攀枝花等4个国家地震台的台基下方不同方向的莫霍面深度及波速比进行了研究和分析。结果表明:昆明地震台台基下方的莫霍面深度基本在50km左右,波速比为1.62～1.69,地壳厚度和波速比不因方向不同而发生明显的变化;腾冲地震台台基下方的地壳厚度有着比较明显的方向性,东北方向厚为40.7km,东南方向为49.7km,两个方向的波速比相差也很大,差值达到0.2;成都地震台台基下方莫霍面的深度在40km左右,但是东北和西南方向要加深8km,两个方向波速比相差0.13;攀枝花地震台台基下方的地壳厚度比较稳定,厚度在60km左右,波速比变化也不明显。     

新疆巴楚和塔什库尔干地震台下方地壳结构研究

利用位于新疆塔里木盆地的巴楚地震台（BCH）和西昆仑山区的塔什库尔干地震台（TAG）多年记录的高质量远震波形数据,应用接收函数H-k叠加方法研究了台站下方的地壳结构。研究结果显示,BCH和TAG地震台下方地壳厚度差异分明,区域地壳厚度与地形有很好的对应关系;两个台都具有高的地壳平均波速比Vp／Vs值。BCH台下方的地壳厚度为44km、地壳内的平均波速比为1．849,在该台地壳中部21km处存在清晰的间断面,该间断面内存在低的平均P波波速和作／K值,该间断面的深度与邻近巴楚台的伽师震源区的精确定位的震源深度下界面一致,可能为地壳内的脆．韧转换带。TAG台下方的地壳厚度为69km,地壳内的平均波速比为1．847,较厚的地壳和高波速比可能表明该台下地壳的物质易于发生塑性流动,为地壳的变形和增厚创造了条件。     

岷县漳县M_S6.6地震震源区地壳速度结构特征初步研究

利用距离2013年岷县漳县地震最近的固定台站岷县台2008-2009年的远震接收函数,确定了该地震震源区及临近区域的地壳厚度和波速比。结果表明:岷县台下方地壳速度结构的横向非均匀性较强,各方位接收函数差异较大,特别是震源区与临近区域存在明显的差别。临近区域的中下地壳存在明显的低速层,而震源区中下地壳中存在明显的高速区;且震源区地壳平均波速比为1.76,上地壳的波速比仅为1.62。据此推断:震源区是坚硬的上地壳覆盖在较软的中下地壳之上,岷县漳县地震破裂有可能是下地壳流的活动导致上地壳的破裂。     

晋冀蒙交界地区的地壳厚度与泊松比特征

根据晋冀蒙交界地区固定台和流动台共计78个台站记录的高质量远震资料, 得到了共计6978个接收函数, 反演了晋冀蒙交界地区的地壳厚度与波速比结果。 结果显示, 研究区的地壳厚度在31~45 km, 变化幅度较大, 具有由东向西逐渐加厚的横向变化, 并且沿着东南—西北方向有渐变特征。 台站下方地壳速度比在1.63~1.90, 对应的泊松比在0.18~0.31, 具有明显的分块特征。 波速比相对较高的地区多为沉积盆地断陷中心地带及附近区域, 波速比较低的区域分布在太行山脉中段与吕梁山地区等隆起区域附近。 大同火山区波速比高于周边地区, 是火山剧烈活动引起地幔物质上涌的反映。 太行山山前断裂带附近的台站下方地壳平均速度比呈现由北向南逐渐减小的特征, 表明此区域地壳分层结构明显, 同时也反映了平原地区与山脉地区的地壳介质成分的差异。     

利用远震接收函数探测襄樊台下方地壳厚度及泊松比

利用襄樊台2015—2018年记录的震中距30°—90°,震级5.5级以上(含5.5级)的高信噪比远震波形事件,通过时间域反褶积方法提取台站接收函数,并用H-k扫描叠加方法得到台站下方地壳厚度和波速比。结果表明,襄樊台下方地壳厚度为35 km,略高于大陆地壳平均厚度33 km,处于西部山区厚地壳与中东部薄地壳的过渡地带。泊松比偏低,存在因区域内地壳应力积累发生微小地震的可能性。     

利用远震接收函数反演山西地区台站下方的地壳厚度及泊松比

利用2008—2013年山西数字地震台网远震宽频带记录波形资料,运用H-Kappa叠加方法得到各台站下方的地壳厚度和波速比。研究结果表明,山西地区地壳厚度存在明显的差异。研究区内地壳平均厚度约39km,南北地壳厚度变化幅度较大,其中SHZ(上皇庄台)地壳厚度最大为43km,ANZ(安泽台)地壳厚度最小为36km,南北两端差异达7km。泊松比值在0.24~0.31之间变化,与全球的泊松比估计值相当。山西的地壳厚度与地表地形存在着明显正相关,而地壳厚度和泊松比则呈现负相关的关系。     

利用接收函数方法研究中国东北东南部地区不同构造体的地壳特征

基于我们布设的探测深俯冲的中国东北地震台阵NECsaids台阵和固定地震台长时段的观测记录及NECESSArray流动台阵共计152个台站数据提取得到的33752条P波接收函数,采用H-κ叠加分析和共转换点（CCP）叠加成像等方法进行统一分析处理,并汇集他人接收函数研究结果得到中国东北东南部地区迄今为止最高分辨率的地壳厚度和平均波速比分布图像.对中国东北东南部地区不同构造体的地壳特征综合分析研究表明：研究区不同陆块的地壳属性存在明显差别,张广才岭地块中南部的地壳厚度和波速比与华北克拉通东北缘相当,地壳厚度同地表地形之间显示有明显的正相关关系;松辽地块东南缘地壳最薄、波速比最高,地壳厚度同壳内波速比之间显示出明显的负相关关系;兴凯地块西部地区的地壳结构表现为稍厚的地壳厚度和研究区内最低的壳内波速比,其地壳厚度同壳内波速比之间亦显示出明显的负相关关系;佳木斯地块西南缘在具有"正常"的壳内波速比同时地壳最厚.研究区内的郯庐断裂带北延段在切穿其下Moho面的同时表现出南北分段的特征：北段（44.4°N—47°N）两分支之下的Moho面整体下凹,而南段（41.5°N—43.3°N）两分支之下的Moho面则整体上隆.长白山天池火山下方表现为Moho面下凹沉落及高壳内波速比特征,推测其壳内岩浆囊很可能存在于火山口东北隅至少10 km的范围内.     

汶川地震破裂带地壳速度结构研究

利用分布在汶川地震破裂带上三个固定台站两年的远震接收函数,结合该区域已有面波频散结果,首先确定了各台站下方不同方位地壳的厚度、波速比和纵波平均速度,进而构建初始模型,对各台站下方不同方位地壳速度结构进行了线性反演.结果表明:位于汶川地震破裂带两端单台下方地壳结构的横向非均匀性较强,各方位接收函数差异较大,而破裂带中部台...     

利用接收函数研究延边地震台下方地壳结构

收集整理2007年以来延边地震台记录的113个远震数字波形资料,采用远震接收函数反演延边地震台下方地壳结构,运用H-Kappa叠加方法,计算得到台站下方地壳厚度和泊松比.采用全球平均地壳模型作为初始模型,反演台站下方0-100 km的S波速结构.反演结果表明,延边地震台下方地壳厚度为30.8 km,波速比为1.84,泊松比较高,为0.29.在台站下方15-20 km及25-30 km处存在低速层.     

一种改进的适应于倾斜Moho面的H-κ-θ叠加方法及应用

地壳厚度、波速比或泊松比是研究地壳结构和性质的基本地震学参数,对于研究地壳组分特征及构造演化具有重要意义.经典H-κ叠加方法是利用远震接收函数资料求取台站下方地壳厚度和波速比最为简便高效的方法.但该方法隐含着Moho面是水平界面的假设条件,意味着Ps转换波及后续多次波相对P波的走时主要取决于地壳厚度和纵横波速度,而忽略了界面产状的影响.理论模拟表明,如果不考虑Moho面的产状,特别是在Moho面倾角较大的情况下,利用经典H-κ叠加方法得到的地壳厚度和波速比会偏离实际模型,尤其会造成波速比的过高估计,从而影响到对地壳结构和性质的认知.为了解决Moho面倾斜条件下的地壳厚度和波速比求取问题,本文推导了界面倾斜条件下Ps转换波与后续多次波相对于直达P波的理论到时公式;基于经典H-κ叠加方法的思想,提出了一种可以同步求取地壳厚度-波速比-Moho面倾角的H-κ-θ叠加方法.通过理论模型测试,验证了该方法具备较高的稳定性和可靠性,并将此方法应用于青藏高原南部Hi-CLIMB台阵资料,显示出较好的应用潜力.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.